This chapter examines the consequences of losing control over domestic territory for a State’s obligations under the European Convention on Human Rights. It begins by explaining the nature of jurisdiction under Article 1 of the European Convention on Human Rights, exploring the link between a State’s own territory, de facto control and jurisdiction. It highlights how dependent human rights law is on functioning State institutions and the ingrained territorial bias of the European Convention on Human Rights. The chapter explores how the absence of de facto control over territory impacts upon the scope, content and application of the European Convention. It is argued that the consequences of losing control over territory are unclear. At times States are being forced to uphold vestigial positive obligations within territory that they no longer control. The exact scope of these obligations and how States are meant to realistically discharge these obligations are difficult to ascertain.