This chapter explores the application of the substantive obligations in Article 2 of the European Convention on Human Rights (the right to life) to military operations. The chapter begins by setting out the normal Convention standards applied by the European Court of Human Rights under Article 2, such as the condition that force should only be used when absolutely necessary and the positive obligation to protect persons from foreseeable harm. The chapter proceeds to explore the practical difficulties States encounter upholding these obligations during military operations, particularly extra-territorial military operations where the State lacks the institutional support it typically has in its domestic territory. It is argued that the application of Article 2 to military operations is weakening the standards of absolute necessity, proportionality and the positive obligations to protect applied by the Court. The chapter also explores the influence of international humanitarian law over this area of law.