Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-wq484 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-29T10:44:14.579Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 1 - Healthy Ageing

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 June 2019

Rob Butler
Affiliation:
Waitemata DHB and North Shore Hospital, Auckland
Cornelius Katona
Affiliation:
Helen Bamber Foundation
Get access

Summary

More people are living longer. Consequently the provision of healthcare for older people is increasingly important. Central to that healthcare is to help people to make good lifestyle decisions as they get older to keep themselves as healthy and happy for as long as possible. But what are those lifestyle decisions? Are they the usual suspects (exercise, diet, socialising, avoiding cigarettes and excess alcohol)? What is the evidence that they work? How can we as healthcare professionals help our patients make these good decisions? This chapter addresses these questions. It starts with some background. There is a section on the more prominent theories of ageing. Then a summary of the evidence for how to improve the physical healthcare of people with mental health problems. Seven healthy lifestyle options are discussed. There is a box summarising the outcomes of some of the major cohort studies. We hope our readers pick up some tips for their own successful ageing as well as that of their patients.

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2019

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Social Security Administration (2005) Life Tables for the United States Social Security Area 1900–2100, www.ssa.gov/oact/NOTES/as120/LifeTables_Body.html.Google Scholar
Public Health England (2017) Health Profile for England, www.gov.uk/government/publications/health-profile-for-england.Google Scholar
Department of Health (2012) Long Term Conditions Compendium of Information: Third Edition, www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/216528/dh_134486.pdf.Google Scholar
The Lifepath Consortium (2018) ‘Socioeconomic adversity, disability, and death’. BMJ 360: k1046.Google Scholar
Williams, M. E. (2016) The Art and Science of Ageing Well: A Physician’s Guide to a Healthy Body, Mind and Spirit. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Butler, R. (1975) Why Survive? Being Old in America. New York: Harper and Row.Google Scholar
Kunlin, J. (2010) ‘Modern biological theories of aging’. Aging Dis 1(2): 72–4.Google Scholar
Stewart, E. J., Madden, R., Paul, G., Taddei, F. (2005) ‘Aging and death in an organism that reproduces by morphologically symmetric division’. PLoS Biol 3(2): e45. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0030045. PMC 546039. PMID 15685293.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hayflick, L., Moorhead, P. S. (1961) ‘The serial cultivation of human diploid cell strains’. Exp Cell Res 25: 585621. doi:10.1016/0014-4827(61)90192-6. PMID 13905658.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blackburn, E., Epel, E. (2017) The Telomere Effect: A Revolutionary Approach to Living Younger, Healthier, Longer. New York: Orion Spring.Google Scholar
Anson, R. M., Bohr, V. A. (2000). ‘Mitochondria, oxidative DNA damage, and aging’. J Am Aging 23(4): 199218. doi:10.1007/s11357-000-0020-y.Google Scholar
Hekimi, S., Lapointe, J., Wen, Y. (2011) ‘Taking a “good” look at free radicals in the aging process’. Trends Cell Biol 21(10): 569–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hayyan, M., Hashim, M. A., Al Nashef, I. M. (2016) ‘Superoxide ion: Generation and chemical implications’. Chem Rev 116(5): 3029–85. doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00407.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kirkwood, T. B. (1977) ‘Evolution of ageing’. Nature 270(5635): 301–4. doi:10.1038/270301a0. PMID 593350.Google Scholar
Taylor, R. C., Dillin, A. (2011) ‘Aging as an event of proteostasis collapse’. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 3(5): a004440. doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a004440. PMC 3101847. PMID 21441594.Google Scholar
Barzilai, N., Crandall, J., Kritchevsky, S., et al. (2016) ‘Metformin as a tool to target aging’. Cell Metab 23: 1060–5, www.cell.com/cell-metabolism/pdf/S1550-4131(16)30229-7.pdf.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Milman, S., Huffman, D., Barzilai, N. (2016) ‘The somatotropic axis in human aging: Framework for the current state of knowledge and future research’. Cell Metab 23: 980–9. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2016.05.014.Google Scholar
Cooper, R., Strand, B., Hardy, R., et al. (2014) ‘Physical capability in mid-life and survival over 13 years of follow-up: British Birth Cohort Study’. BMJ 348: g2219. doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.g2219.Google Scholar
Lara, J., Cooper, R., Nissan, J., et al. (2015) ‘A proposed panel of biomarkers of healthy ageing’. BMC Med 13: 222, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916–015-0470–9.Google Scholar
Wloch, E., Kuh, D., and Cooper, R. (2016) ‘Is the hierarchy of loss in functional ability evident in midlife? Findings from a British Birth Cohort’. PLoS ONE 11(5): e0155815. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155815.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hayes, J., Marston, L., Walters, K., et al. (2017) ‘Mortality gap for people with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia: UK-based cohort study 2000–2014’. Br J Psychiatry 211(3): 175–81. doi: 10.1192/bjp.bp.117.202606. Epub 2017 July 6.Google Scholar
Correll, C., Solmi, M., Veronese, N. (2017) ‘Prevalence, incidence and mortality from cardiovascular disease in patients with pooled and specific severe mental illness: A large-scale meta-analysis of 3,211,768 patients and 113,383,368 controls’. World Psychiatry 16(2): 163–80. doi: 10.1002/wps.20420.Google Scholar
Howard, L. M., Barley, E. A., Davies, E., et al. (2010) ‘Cancer diagnosis in people with severe mental illness: Practical and ethical issues’. Lancet Oncol 11(8): 797804. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(10)70085-1. Epub 2010 July 3.Google Scholar
Tiihonen, J., Mittendorfer-Rutz, E., Torniainen, M., et al. (2016) ‘Mortality and cumulative exposure to antipsychotics, antidepressants, and benzodiazepines in patients with schizophrenia: An observational follow-up study’. Am J Psychiatry 173: 600–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lester, H. (2014) The Lester UK Adaptation of the Positive Cardiometabolic Health Resource (CMH-resource). 2014 Update, www.rcpsych.ac.uk/workinpsychiatry/qualityimprovement/nationalclinicalaudits/schizophrenia/nationalschizophreniaaudit/nasresources.aspx#CMH.Google Scholar
Depp, C., Jeste, D. (2006) ‘Definitions and predictors of successful aging: A comprehensive review of larger quantitative studies’. Am J Geriatr Psychiatr 14(1): 620.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McKee, K., Schüz, B. (2015) ‘Psychosocial factors in healthy ageing’. Psychology and Health 30(6): 607–26.Google Scholar
Huxhold, O., Miche, M., Schüz, B. (2014) ‘Benefits of having friends in older ages: Differential effects of informal social activities on well-being in middle-aged and older adults’. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 69(3): 366–75. doi: 10.1093/geronb/gbt029. Epub 2013 May 16.Google Scholar
Dickens, A., Richards, S., Greaves, C., et al. (2011) ‘Interventions targeting social isolation in older people: A systematic review’. BMC Public Health 11: 647, http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186%2F1471-2458-11-647.Google Scholar
Lindau, S., Schumm, L., Laumann, E., et al. (2007) ‘A study of sexuality and health among older adults in the United States’. N Engl J Med 357: 762–74. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa067423.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Williams, M. E. (1995) The American Geriatrics Society’s Complete Guide to Ageing and Health: How We Age, Caring for Parents, Long-Term Care Choices, Wise Health Care Decisions, Care Financing, Analysis of Common Ailments. New York: Harmony.Google Scholar
O’Keefe, J., Patil, H., Lavie, C., et al. (2012) ‘Potential adverse cardiovascular effects from excessive endurance exercise’. Mayo Clin Proc 87(6): 587–95. doi: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2012.04.005 PMCID: PMC3538475.Google ScholarPubMed
Public Health England (2016) The Eatwell Guide, www.gov.uk/government/publications/the-eatwell-guide.Google Scholar
Maguire, E., Woollett, K., Spiers, H. (2006) ‘London taxi drivers and bus drivers: A structural MRI and neuropsychological analysis’. Hippocampus 16(12): 1091–101.Google Scholar
Wu, C., Odden, M., Fisher, G., et al. (2016) ‘Association of retirement age with mortality: A population-based longitudinal study among older adults in the USA’. J Epidemiol Community Health 70(9): 917–23. doi: 10.1136/jech-2015-207097.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crowther, M., Parker, M., Achenbaum, W., et al. (2002) ‘Rowe and Kahn’s model of successful aging revisited: Positive spirituality – The forgotten factor’. Gerontologist 42(5): 613–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Walker, M. (2017) Why We Sleep: Unlocking the Power of Sleep and Dreams. New York: Penguin.Google Scholar
Alcohol and Ageing Working Group (2006) Alcohol and Ageing: Is Alcohol a Major Threat to Healthy Ageing for the Baby Boomers? Edinburgh and Glasgow: Health Scotland.Google Scholar
Martins, R., McNeil, D. (2009) ‘Review of motivational interviewing in promoting health behaviors’. Clin Psychol Rev 29(4): 283–93.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beswick, A., Rees, K., Dieppe, P., et al. (2008) ‘Complex interventions to improve physical function and maintain independent living in elderly people: A systematic review and meta-analysis’. Lancet 371(9614): 725–35. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60342-6.Google Scholar
Mahmood, L., Vasan, R., et al. (2013) ‘The Framingham Heart Study and the epidemiology of cardiovascular disease: A historical perspective’. Lancet 383(9921): 9991008. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61752-3. PMC 4159698. PMID 24084292.Google Scholar
National Center for Health Statistics (2019) The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes/index.htm.Google Scholar
Riley, K., Snowdon, D., Desrosiers, M., et al. (2005) ‘Early life linguistic ability, late life cognitive function, and neuropathology: Findings from the Nun Study’. Neurobiol Aging 26(3): 341–7.Google Scholar
Finkel, D., Reynolds, C., Larsson, M., et al. (2011) ‘Both odor identification and ApoE-ε4 contribute to normative cognitive aging’. Psychol Aging 26(4): 872–83, https://ki.se/en/meb/satsa-the-swedish-adoptiontwin-study-of-aging.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Deary, I., Gow, A., lan, J., et al. (2012) ‘Cohort profile: The Lothian Birth Cohorts of 1921 and 1936’. Int J Epidemiol 41(6): 1576–84. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyr197. ISSN 0300-5771. PMID 22253310.Google Scholar
Kuh, D., Cooper, R., Richards, M., et al. (2012) ‘A life course approach to healthy ageing: The HALCyon programme’. Public Health 126(3): 193–5. doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2012.01.025. Epub 2012 February 11.Google Scholar
Meier, M., Caspi, A., Ambler, A., et al. (2012) ‘Persistent cannabis users show neuropsychological decline from childhood to midlife’. PNAS 109(40): E2657–64, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1206820109.Google Scholar
Collerton, J., Barrass, K., Bond, J., et al. (2007) ‘The Newcastle 85+ study: Biological, clinical and psychosocial factors associated with healthy ageing: Study protocol’. BMC Geriatr 7: 14. doi: 10.1186/1471-2318-7-14.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×