Arocena, P., Núñez, I., and Villanueva, M. 2007. The effect of enhancing workers’ employability on small and medium enterprises: Evidence from Spain. Small Business Economics 29: 191–201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Audretsch, D. B., and Thurik, A. R. 2000. Capitalism and democracy in the 21st century: From the managed to the entrepreneurial economy. Journal of Evolutionary Economics 101: 17–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Audretsch, D. B., and Thurik, A. R. 2001. What is new about the economy: Sources of growth in the managed and entrepreneurial economies. Industrial and Corporate Change 10: 267–315.Google Scholar

Bacon, N., Ackers, P., Storey, J., and Coates, D. 1996. It’s a small world: Managing human resources in small businesses. International Journal of Human Resource Management 71: 82–100.Google Scholar

Banfield, P., Jennings, P. L., and Beaver, G. 1996. Competence-based training for small firms – An expensive failure? Long Range Planning 291: 94–102.Google Scholar

Banks, M. C., Bures, A. L., and Champion, D. L. 1987. Decision making factors in small business: Training and development. Journal of Small Business Management 25(1): 19–25.Google Scholar

Barclays Bank. 1994. Bridging the Skills Gap. London: Barclays.Google Scholar

Birley, S., Moss, C., and Saunders, P. 1987. Do women entrepreneurs require different training? American Journal of Small Business 12(Summer): 27–35.Google Scholar

Booth, A. L., and Snower, D. J., eds., 1990. Acquiring Skills: Market Failures, Their Symptoms and Policy Responses. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Brown, J. M. 2014. How important are small businesses to local economies? Houston Chronicle. http://smallbusiness.chron.com/important-small-businesses-local-economies-5251.html (accessed May 18, 2017).Google Scholar

Bruderl, J., and Schussler, R. 1990. Organizational mortality: The liabilities of newness and adolescence. Administrative Science Quarterly 35: 530–547.Google Scholar

Cannon, T. 1997. Management development and business performance: What do we know and what do we need to know? Managing the Solution. London: Management Charter Initiative.Google Scholar

Cardon, M. S., and Stevens, C. E. 2004. Managing human resources in small organizations: What do we know? Human Resource Management Review 14(3): 295–323.Google Scholar

Carlson, D. S., Upton, N., and Seaman, S. 2006. The impact of human resource practices and compensation design on performance: An analysis of family-owned SMEs. Journal of Small Business Management 44(4): 531–543.Google Scholar

Cassell, C., Nadin, S., Gray, M., and Clegg, C. 2002. Exploring human resource management practices in small and medium sized enterprises. Personnel Review 31(5/6): 671–692.Google Scholar

Chandler, G. N., and McEvoy, G. M. 2000. Human resource management, TQM, and firm performance in small and medium-size enterprises. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice (Fall): 43–57.Google Scholar

Chittenden, F., and Robertson, M. 1994. Small firms and the prospect of recovery: A note on policy. Small Business and Enterprise Development 1: 54–60.Google Scholar

Coetzer, A. 2006. Managers as learning facilitators in small manufacturing firms. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development 133: 351–362.Google Scholar

Cosh, A., Duncan, J., and Hughes, A. 1998. Investment in Training and Small Firm Growth and Survival: An Empirical Analysis for the UK 1987–95. London: Department of Education and Employment.Google Scholar

Cromie, S., Stephenson, B., and Montieth, D. 1995. The management of family firms: An empirical investigation. International Small Business Journal 13: 11–34.Google Scholar

Cunningham, L. X., and Rowley, C. 2007. Human resource management in Chinese small and medium enterprises. Personnel Review 36(3): 415–439.Google Scholar

Curran, J., Blackburn, R., Kitching, J., and North, J. 1997. Small firms and workforce training: Some results, analysis and policy implications from a national survey. In Ram, M., Deakins, D., and Smallbone, D., eds., Small Firms: Enterprising Futures, 90–101. London: Paul Chapman Press.Google Scholar

De Kok, J. M. P., and Uhlaner, L. M. 2001. Organization context and human resource management in the small firm. Small Business Economics 174: 273–291.Google Scholar

De Kok, J. M. P., Uhlaner, L. M., and Thurik, A. R. 2006. Professional HRM practices in family owned-managed enterprises. Journal of Small Business Management 44(3): 441–460.Google Scholar

Devins, D., and Johnson, S. 2003. Training and development activities in SMEs: Some findings from an evaluation of the ESF Objective 4 Programme in Britain. International Small Business Journal 21(2): 205–218.Google Scholar

Devins, D., Johnson, S., and Sutherland, J. 2004. Employer characteristics and employee training outcomes in UK SMEs: A multivariate analysis. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development 11(4): 449–457.Google Scholar

Ekpe, I., Razak, R. C., and Mat, N. B. 2013. The performance of female entrepreneurs: Credit, training and moderating effect of attitude towards risk taking. International Journal of Management 303: 10–13.Google Scholar

English, J. 2001. How to Organize and Operate a Small Business. Sydney, Australia: Allen and Unwin.Google Scholar

European Commission, 2000. The quality of vocational training: Proposal for Action. Brussels: Directorate General for Training and Education.Google Scholar

Fayolle, A., Gailly, B., and Lassas-Clerc, N. 2006. Assessing the impact of entrepreneurship education programmes: A new methodology. Journal of European Industrial Training 30(9): 701–720.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gamage, A., and Sadoi, Y. 2008. Determinants of training and development practices in SMEs: A case of Japanese manufacturing firms. Sri Lankan Journal of Human Resource Management 21: 46–61.Google Scholar

Hannan, M. T., and Freeman, J. 1984. The population ecology of organizations. American Sociological Review 49: 149–164.Google Scholar

Harris, R. I. D., Reid, R. S., and McAdam, R. 2004. Employee involvement in family and non-family owned businesses in Great Britain. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior and Research 10(1/2): 49–58.Google Scholar

Heneman, R. L., Tansky, J. W., and Camp, S. M. 2000. Human resource management practices in small and medium-sized enterprises: Unanswered questions and future research perspectives. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice 25: 11–27.Google Scholar

Hill, R., and Stewart, J. 2000. Human resource development in small organizations. Journal of European Industrial Training 24(2/4): 105–117.Google Scholar

Jennings, P. L., and Beaver, G. 1995. The managerial dimension of small business failure. Briefings in Entrepreneurial Finance 44: 185–200.Google Scholar

Johnson, S., and Gubbins, A. 1992. Training in small and medium enterprises: Lessons from North Yorkshire. In Caley, K., Chell, E., Chittenden, F., and Mason, C., eds., Small Enterprise Development: Policy and Practice in Action, 28–42. London: Paul Chapman Publishing.Google Scholar

Jones, F. F., Morris, M. H., and Rockmore, W. 1995. HR practices that promote entrepreneurship. HR Magazine 40(5): 86–88.Google Scholar

Kao, R. W. Y., and Chiang, L. C. 2000. Training and development of women entrepreneurs in China: A conceptual model. Journal of Enterprising Culture 81: 85–102.Google Scholar

Keep, E., and Mayhew, K. 1996. Evaluating assumptions that underline training policy. In Booth, A. L. and Snower, D. J., eds., Acquiring Skills: Market Failures, Their Symptoms and Policy Responses, 303–334. London: Centre for Economic Policy Research.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kirby, D. 1990. Management education and small business development: An exploratory study of small firms in the UK. Journal of Small Business Management 28: 78–87.Google Scholar

Kitching, J. 2008. Rethinking UK small employers’ skill policies and the role of workplace learning. International Journal of Training and Development 12(2): 100–120.Google Scholar

Kitching, J., and Blackburn, R. 2002. The Nature of Training and Motivation to Train in Small Firms. London: Kingston University Small Business Research Centre.Google Scholar

Koch, M. J., and McGrath, R. G. 1996. Improving labor productivity: Human resource management policies do matter. Strategic Management Journal 17: 335–354.Google Scholar

Kock, H., and Ellström, P. E. 2011. Formal and integrated strategies for competence development in SMEs. Journal of European Industrial Training 35(1): 71–88.Google Scholar

Kock, H., Gill, A., and Ellström, P. E. 2008. Why do small enterprises participate in a programme for competence development? Journal of Workplace Learning 20(3): 181–194.Google Scholar

Kotey, B., and Folker, C. 2007. Employee training in SMEs: Effect of size and firm type–family and nonfamily. Journal of Small Business Management 45(2): 214–238.Google Scholar

Kotey, B., and Sheridan, A. 2004. Changing HRM practices with firm size. International Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development 11(4): 474–485.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kotey, B., and Slade, P. 2005. Formal human resource management practices in small growing firms. Journal of Small Business Management 43(1): 16–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lange, T., Ottens, M., and Taylor, A. 2000. SMEs and barriers to skills development: A Scottish perspective. Journal of European Industrial Training 24(1): 5–11.Google Scholar

Lans, T., Wesselink, R., Biemans, H. J. A., and Mulder, M. 2004. Work-related lifelong learning for entrepreneurs in the agri-food section. International Journal of Training and Development 8: 73–89.Google Scholar

Lepak, D. P., and Snell, S. A. 1999. The human resource architecture: Toward a theory of human capital allocation and development. Academy of Management Review 24(1): 31–48.Google Scholar

Leung, A., Foo, M. Der, and Chaturvedi, S. 2013. Imprinting effects of founding core teams on HR values in new ventures. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 37(1): 87–106.Google Scholar

Litz, R. A., and Stewart, A. C. 2000. Trade-name franchise membership as a human resource management strategy: Does buying group training deliver “true value” for small retailers? Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice 25(1): 125–135.Google Scholar

Loan-Clarke, J., Boocock, G., Smith, A. J., and Whittaker, J. 1999. Investment in management training and development by small businesses. Employee Relations 21(3): 296–310.Google Scholar

Mabey, C. 2008. Management development and firm performance in Germany, Norway, Spain and the UK. Journal of International Business Studies 39(8): 1327–1342.Google Scholar

Margerison, C. 1991. Adding value through management. Target Management Development Review 8(3): 13–19.Google Scholar

Marlow, S., and Patton, D. 1993. Managing the employment relationship in the small firm: Possibilities for human resource management. International Small Business Journal 11(4): 57–64.Google Scholar

Matlay, H. 1998. The paradox of training in the small business sector of the British economy. Journal of Vocational Education and Training 49(4): 573–589.Google Scholar

Murphy, J., and Young, J. 1995. Marketing development and small business: Exploring emergent issues. Management Learning 26(3): 319–330.Google Scholar

Muse, L. a., Rutherford, M. W., Oswald, S. L., and Raymond, J. E. 2005. Commitment to employees: Does it help or hinder small business performance? Small Business Economics 24(2): 97–111.Google Scholar

Nagesh, P., and Murthy, M. 2008. The effectiveness of women entrepreneurship training program: a case study. The Icfai University Journal of Entrepreneurship Development 3: 24–40.Google Scholar

Notebloom, B. 1993. Firm size effects on transaction costs. Small Business Economics 5: 283–295.Google Scholar

Pajo, K., Coetzer, A., and Guenole, N. 2010. Formal development opportunities and withdrawal behaviors by employees in small and medium-sized enterprises. Journal of Small Business Management 48(3): 281–301.Google Scholar

Premalatha, U. M. 2010. An empirical study on the impact of training and development on women entrepreneurs in Karnataka. The IUP Journal of Soft Skills 4(3): 49–64.Google Scholar

Ram, M. 2000. Investors in people in small firms: Case study evidence from the business services sector. Personnel Review 29(1): 69–91.Google Scholar

Ranger-Moore, J. 1997. Bigger may be better, but is older wiser? Organizational age and size in the New York life insurance industry. American Sociological Review 62: 903–920.Google Scholar

Reid, R. S., and Harris, R. I. D. 2002. The determinants of training in SMEs in Northern Ireland. Education and Training 44(8): 443–450.Google Scholar

Reid, S. 1987. Designing management education and training programs for service firm entrepreneurs. Journal of Small Business Management 25(1): 51–60.Google Scholar

Roberts, I., Sawbridge, D., and Bamber, G. 1992. Employee relations in small firms. In Towers, B. A., ed., Handbook of Industrial Relations Practice, 240–257. London: Kogan.Google Scholar

Ross, K. 1993. Training and evaluation in SMEs: Manufacturing enterprises in the West Midlands. Local Economy 8(2): 143–154.Google Scholar

Saru, E. 2007. Organisational learning and HRD: How appropriate are they for small firms? Journal of European Industrial Training 31(1): 36–51.Google Scholar

Sels, L., De Winne, S., Delmotte, J., Maes, J., Faems, D., and Forrier, A. 2006. Linking HRM and small business performance: An examination of the impact of HRM intensity on the productivity and financial performance of small businesses. Small Business Economics 26(1): 83–101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Singh, R. K., Garg, S. K., and Deshmukh, S. G. 2009. The competitiveness of SMEs in a globalized economy. Management Research Review 33(1): 54–65.Google Scholar

Sirmon, D. G., and Hitt, M. A. 1992. Managing resources: Linking unique resources, management, and wealth creation in family firms. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice 27(4): 339–358.Google Scholar

Smith, A. J., and Whittaker, J. 1998. Management development in SMEs: What needs to be done? Small Business and Enterprise Development 5(2): 176–185.Google Scholar

Smith, A. J., Boocock, G., Loan-Clarke, J., and Whittaker, J. 2002. IIP and SMEs: Awareness, benefits and barriers. Personnel Review 31(1): 62–85.Google Scholar

Solomon, G. T., Duffy, S., and Tarabishy, A. 2002. The state of entrepreneurship education in the United States: A nationwide survey and analysis. International Journal of Entrepreneurship Education 11: 1–21.Google Scholar

Stinchcombe, A. L. 1965. Social structure and organizations. In March, J. G., ed., Handbook of Organizations, 142–193. Chicago: Rand McNally.Google Scholar

Storey, D. J. 1994. Understanding the small business sector. CENGAGE Learning EMEA. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/18241 (accessed May 18, 2017).Google Scholar

Storey, D. J., and Westhead, P. 1997. Management training in small firms: A case of market failure? Human Resource Management Journal 7(2): 61–71.Google Scholar

Timmons, J. A. 1999. New Venture Creation: Entrepreneurship for the 21st Century. New York: Irwin McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar

Toh, S., Morgeson, F. P., and Campion, M. A. 2008. Human resource configurations: Investigating fit with the organizational context. Journal of Applied Psychology 93(4): 864–882.Google Scholar

Ulrich, T. A., and Cole, G. S. 1987. Toward more effective training of future entrepreneurs. Journal of Small Business Management, 25(4): 32–39.Google Scholar

Wagner, J. 1997. Firm size and job quality: A survey of the evidence from Germany. Small Business Economics 9: 411–425.Google Scholar

Watkins, D. 1982. Management development and the owner/manager. Small Business Research, 193–215.Google Scholar

Westhead, P., and Storey, D. J. 1996. Management training and small firm performance: Why is the link so weak? International Small Business Journal 14: 13–24.Google Scholar

Williamson, I. O. 2001. Employer legitimacy and recruitment success in small business. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice 26(Fall): 27–42.Google Scholar

Wong, C., Marshall, J. N., Alderman, N., and Thwaites, A. 1997. Management training in small and medium-sized enterprises: Methodological and conceptual issues. The International Journal of Human Resource Management 8(1): 44–65.Google Scholar

Wright, P. M., Gardner, T. M., Moynihan, L. M, and Allen, M. R. 2005. The relationship between HR practices and firm performance: Examining causal order. Personnel Psychology 58: 409–446.Google Scholar

Zheng, C., O’Neill, G., and Morrison, M. 2009. Enhancing Chinese SME performance through innovative HR practices. Personnel Review 38(2): 175–194.Google Scholar

Aguinis, H., and Kraiger, K. 2009. Benefits of training and development for individuals and teams, organizations, and society. Annual Review of Psychology 60: 451–474.Google Scholar

Bell, S. T. 2007. Deep-level composition variables as predictors of team performance: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology 92: 595–615.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bell, B. S., Kozlowski, S. W. J., and Blawath, S. 2012. Team learning: A theoretical integration and review. In Kozlowski, S., ed., The Oxford Handbook of Organizational Psychology 2: 859–909. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Blume, B. D., Ford, J. K., Baldwin, T. T., and Huang, J. L. 2010. Transfer of training: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Management 36: 1065–1105.Google Scholar

Brown, K. W., and Ryan, R. M. 2003. The benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological wellbeing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 84: 822–848.Google Scholar

Cannon-Bowers, J. A., Tannenbaum, S. I., Salas, E., and Volpe, C. E. 1995. Defining competencies and establishing team training requirements. In R. A. Guzzo and E. Salas, eds., Team Effectiveness and Decision-making in Organizations, 333–338. San Francisco: Jossey Bass.Google Scholar

Clay-Williams, R., McIntosh, C. A., Kerridge, R., and Braithwaite, J. 2013. Classroom and simulation team training: A randomized controlled trial. International Journal for Quality in Health Care 25: 314–321.Google Scholar

Cleirigh, D. O., and Greaney, J. 2014. Mindfulness and group performance: An exploratory investigation into the effects of brief mindfulness intervention on group task performance. Mindfulness 6: 601–609.Google Scholar

Combs, J., Liu, Y., Hall, A., and Ketchen, D. 2006. How much do high-performance work practices matter? A meta-analysis of their effects on organizational performance. Personnel Psychology 59: 501–528.Google Scholar

Cooke, N. J., Stout, R., and Salas, E. 2001. A knowledge elicitation approach to the measurement of team situation awareness. In M. McNeese, M. Endsley, and E. Salas, eds., New Trends in Cooperative Activities: System Dynamics in Complex Settings, 114–139. Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.Google Scholar

Davidovitch, L., Parush, A., and Shtub, A. 2010. Simulator-based team training to share resources in a matrix structure organization. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management 57: 288–300.Google Scholar

deBoer, H., Donker-Bergstra, A. S., and Kostons, D. D. N. M. 2013. Effective Strategies for Self-regulated Learning: A Meta-analysis. Groningen, Netherlands: GION.Google Scholar

Deering S., Rosen M. A, Ludi V., Munroe, M., Pocrnich, A., Laky, C., and Napolitano, P. G. 2011. On the front lines of patient safety: implementation and evaluation of team training in Iraq. Joint Commission Journal on Quality and Patient Safety 37: 350–356.Google Scholar

Delise, L. A., Gorman, C. A., Brooks, A. M., Rentsch, J. R., and Steele-Johnson, D. 2010. The effects of team training on team outcomes: A meta-analysis. Performance Improvement Quarterly 22: 53–80.Google Scholar

Denson, R. W. 1981. Team Training: Literature Review and Annotated Bibliography (Final Rep. AFHRL-TR-80-40). Brooks Air Force Base, TX: HQ Air Force Human Resources Laboratory.Google Scholar

Devine, D. J., Clayton, L. D., Philips, J. L., Dunford, B. B., and Melner, S. B. 1999. Teams in organizations: Prevalence, characteristics and effectiveness. Small Group Research 30: 678–711.Google Scholar

Dierdorff, E. C., and Ellington, J. K. 2012. Members matter in team training: Multilevel and longitudinal relationships between goal orientation, self-regulation, and team outcomes. Personnel Psychology 65: 661–703.Google Scholar

Dyer, J. L. 1984. Team research and team training: A state-of-the-art review. In F. A. Muckier, ed., Human Factors Review, 285–323. Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors Society.Google Scholar

Ellington, J. K., and Dierdorff, E. C. 2014. Individual learning in team training: Self-regulation and team context effects. Small Group Research 45: 37–67. doi: 10.1177/1046496413511670Google Scholar

Ellis, A. P. J., Bell, B. S., Ployhart, R. E., Hollenbeck, J. R., and Ilgen, D. R. 2005. An evaluation of generic teamwork skills training with action teams: Effects on cognitive and skill-based outcomes. Personnel Psychology 58: 641–672.Google Scholar

Ellis, A. P. J., Hollenbeck, J. R., Ilgen, D. R., Porter, C. O. L. H., West, B. J., and Moon, H. 2003. Team learning: Collectively connecting the dots. Journal of Applied Psychology 88: 821–835.Google Scholar

Ellis, A. P. J., and Pearsall, M. J. 2011. Reducing the negative effects of stress in teams through cross-training: A job demands-resources model. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice 15: 16–31.Google Scholar

Espevik, R., Johnsen, B. H., and Eid, J. 2011. Outcomes of shared mental models of team members in cross training and high-intensity simulations. Journal of Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making 5: 352–377.Google Scholar

Fiore, S. M., and Schooler, J. W. 2004. Process mapping and shared cognition: Teamwork and the development of shared problem models. In E. Salas and S. Fiore, eds., Team Cognition: Understanding the Factors That Drive Process and Performance, 133–152. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar

Good, D., Lyddy, C. J., Glomb, T. M., Bono, J. E., Brown, K. W., Duffy, M. K., Baer, R. A., Brewer, J. A., and Lazar, S. W. 2016. Contemplating mindfulness at work: An Integrative review. Journal of Management 42: 114–142.Google Scholar

Gorman, J. C., Cooke, N. J., and Amazeen, P. G. 2010. Training adaptive teams. Human Factors 52: 295–307.Google Scholar

Hackman, J. R. 2003. Learning more from crossing levels: Evidence from airplanes, orchestras, and hospitals. Journal of Organizational Behavior 24: 1–18.Google Scholar

Humphrey, S. E., Morgeson, F. P., and Mannor, M. J. 2009. Developing a theory of the strategic core of teams: The contribution of core and non-core roles to team performance. Journal of Applied Psychology 94: 48–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ilgen, D. R., Hollenbeck, J. R., Johnson, M., and Jundt, D. 2005. Teams in organizations: From input-process-output models to IMOI models. Annual Review of Psychology 56: 517–543.Google Scholar

Keith, N., and Frese, M. 2008. Effectiveness of error management training: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology 93: 59–69.Google Scholar

Klein, C., DiazGranados, D., Salas, E., Le, H., Burke, C. S., Lyons, R., and Goodwin, G. F. 2009. Does team building work? Small Group Research 40: 181–222.Google Scholar

Klimoski, R. 2012. Context matters. Industrial and Organizational Psychology 5: 28–31.Google Scholar

Kirkman, B. L., Cordery, J. L., Mathieu, J. E., Rosen, B., and Kukenberger, M. 2013. Global organizational communities of practice: The effects of nationality diversity, psychological safety, and media richness on community performance. Human Relations 66: 333–362.Google Scholar

Kirkman, B. L., and Mathieu, J. E. 2005. The dimensions and antecedents of team virtuality. Journal of Management 31: 700–718.Google Scholar

Kirkman, B. L., Rosen, B., Tesluk, P. E., and Gibson, C. B. 2004. The impact of team empowerment on virtual team performance: the moderating role of face-to-face interaction. Academy of Management Journal 47: 175–192.Google Scholar

Kirkman, B. L., Rosen, B., Tesluk, P. E., and Gibson, C. B. 2006. Enhancing the transfer of computer-assisted training proficiency in geographically distributed teams. Journal of Applied Psychology 91: 706–716.Google Scholar

Koutantji, M., McCulloch, P., Undre, S., Gautama, S., Cunniffe, S., Sevdalis, N., ... Darzi, A. 2008. Is team training in briefings for surgical teams feasible in simulation? Cognition, Technology & Work 10: 275–285.Google Scholar

Kozlowski, S. W. J., Brown, K. G., Weissbein, D., Cannon-Bowers, J., and Salas, E. 2000. A multilevel approach to training effectiveness: Enhancing horizontal and vertical transfer. In K. Klein and S. W. J. Kozlowski, eds., Multilevel Theory, Research and Methods in Organizations, 157–210. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar

Kozlowski, S. W. J., Chao, G. T., and Jensen, J. M. 2010. Building an infrastructure for organizational learning: A multilevel approach. In S. W. J. Kozlowski and E. Salas, eds., Learning, Training, and Development in Organizations, 363–403. New York: Taylor & Francis Group.Google Scholar

Kozlowski, S. W. J., Gully, S. M., Nason, E. R., and Smith, E. M. 1999. Developing adaptive teams: A theory of compilation and performance across levels and time. In D. R. Ilgen and E. D. Pulakos, eds., The Changing Nature of Work Performance: Implications for Staffing, Personnel Actions, and Development, 240−292. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar

Kraiger, K., Ford, J. K., and Salas, E. 1993. Application of cognitive, skill-based, and affective theories of learning outcomes to new methods of training evaluation. Journal of Applied Psychology 78: 311–328.Google Scholar

LePine, J. A., Piccolo, R. F., Jackson, C. L., Mathieu, J. E., and Saul, J. R. 2008. A meta-analysis of teamwork processes: Tests of a multidimensional model and relationships with team effectiveness criteria. Personnel Psychology 61: 273–307.Google Scholar

Marquardt, N., Robelski, S., and Hoeger, R. 2010. Crew resource management training within the automotive industry: Does it work? Human Factors 52: 308–315.Google Scholar

Martínez-Moreno, E., Zornoza, A., Orengo, V., and Thompson, L. F. 2014. The effects of team self-guided training on conflict management in virtual teams. Group Decision and Negotiation 24(5): 1–19.Google Scholar

Martins, L. L., Gilson, L. L., and Maynard, M. T. 2004. Virtual teams: What do we know and where do we go from here? Journal of Management 30: 805–835.Google Scholar

Martins, L. L., and Shalley, C. E. 2011. Creativity in virtual work effects of demographic differences. Small Group Research 42: 536–561.Google Scholar

Mathieu, J. E., Maynard, M. T., Rapp, T., and Gilson, L. 2008. Team effectiveness 1997-2007: A review of recent advancements and a glimpse into the future. Journal of Management 34: 410–476.Google Scholar

Mathieu, J. E., and Tesluk, P. E. 2010. A multilevel perspective on training and development effectiveness. In S. W. J. Kozlowski and E. Salas, eds., Learning, Training, and Development in Organizations, 405–442. New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar

Maynard, T., Mathieu, J. E., Gilson, L., and Rapp, T. 2012. Something(s) old and something(s) new: Modeling drivers of global virtual team effectiveness. Journal of Organizational Behavior 33: 342–365.Google Scholar

Morey, J. C., Simon, R., Jay, G. D., Wears, R. L., Salisbury, M., Dukes, K. A., and Berns, S. D. 2002. Error reduction and performance improvement in the emergency department through formal teamwork training: Evaluation results of the MedTeams project. Health Services Research 37: 1553–1581.Google Scholar

O’Leary, M. B., and Cummings, J. N. 2007. The spatial, temporal, and configurational characteristics of geographic dispersion in teams. Management Information Science Quarterly 31: 433–452.Google Scholar

Porter, C. O. L. H. 2008. A multilevel, multiconceptualization perspective of goal orientation in teams. In Sessa, V. I. and London, M., eds., Work group Learning: Understanding, Improving, and Assessing How Groups Learn in Organizations, 149–173. New York: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar

Rapp, T. L., and Mathieu, J. E. 2007. Evaluating an individually self-administered generic teamwork skills training program across time and levels. Small Group Research 38: 532–555.Google Scholar

Raver, J., Ehrhart, M. G., and Chadwick, I. C. 2012. The emergence of team helping norms: Foundations within members’ attributes and behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior 33: 616–637.Google Scholar

Rentsch, J. R., Delise, L. A., Mello, A. L., and Staniewicz, M. J. 2014. The integrative team knowledge building training strategy in distributed problem-solving teams. Small Group Research 45: 568–591.Google Scholar

Rentsch, J. R., Delise, L. A., Salas, E., and Letsky, M. P. 2010. Facilitating knowledge building in teams: Can a new team training strategy help? Small Group Research 41: 505–523.Google Scholar

Rosen, B., Furst, S., and Blackburn, R. 2006. Training for virtual teams: An investigation of current practices and future needs. Human Resource Management 45: 229–247.Google Scholar

Salas, E., and Cannon-Bowers, J. A. 1997. Methods, tools, and strategies for team training. In M. A. Quiñones and A. Ehrenstein, eds., Training for a Rapidly Changing Workplace, 249–279. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar

Salas, E., DiazGranados, D., Klein, C., Burke, C. S., Stagl, K. C., Goodwin, G. F., and Halpin, S. M. 2008. Does team training improve team performance? A meta-analysis. Human Factors 50: 903–933.Google Scholar

Salas, E., Dickinson, T. L., Converse, S. A., and Tannenbaum, S. I. 1992. Toward an understanding of team performance and training. In R. W. Swezey and E. Salas, eds., Teams: Their Training and Performance, 3–29. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.Google Scholar

Salas, E., Nichols, D. R., and Driskell, J. E. 2007. Testing three team training strategies in intact teams: A meta-analysis. Small Group Research 38: 471–488.Google Scholar

Salas, E., Rozell, D., Mullen, B., and Driskell, J. E. 1999. The effect of team building on performance. Small Group Research 30: 309–329.Google Scholar

Salas, E., Stagl, K. C., and Burke, C. S. 2004. 25 years of team effectiveness in organizations: Research themes and emerging needs. In C. L. Cooper and I. T. Robertson, eds., International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 47–91. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar

Salas, E., Tannenbaum, S. I., Kraiger, K., and Smith-Jentsch, K. A. 2012. The science of training and development in organizations: What matters in practice. Psychological Science in the Public Interest 13: 74–101.Google Scholar

Singh, N. N., Singh, S. D., Sabaawi, M., Myers, R. E., and Wahler, R. G. 2006. Enhancing treatment team process through mindfulness-based mentoring in an inpatient psychiatric hospital. Behavior Modification 30: 423–441.Google Scholar

Sitzmann, T., and Ely, K. 2011. A meta-analysis of self-regulated learning in work-related training and educational attainment: What we know and where we need to go. Psychological Bulletin 137: 421–442.Google Scholar

Smith-Jentsch, K. A., Cannon-Bowers, J. A., Tannenbaum, S. I., and Salas, E. 2008. Guided team self-correction: Impacts on team mental models, processes, and effectiveness. Journal of Small Group Research 39: 303–327.Google Scholar

Stagl, K. C., Salas, E., Rosen, M. A., Priest, H. A., Burke, C. S., Goodwin, G. F., et al. 2007. Distributed team performance: A multilevel review of distribution, demography, and decision making. Research in Multi-Level Issues 6: 11–58.Google Scholar

Tannenbaum, S. I., Beard, R. L., McNall, L. A., and Salas, E. 2010. Informal learning and development in organizations. In S. W. J. Kozlowski and E. Salas, eds., Learning, Training, and Development in Organizations, 303–332. New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar

Tannenbaum, S. I., Beard, R. L., and Salas, E. 1992. Team building and its influence on team effectiveness: An examination of conceptual and empirical developments. In K. Kelley, ed., Issues, Theory, and Research in Industrial/Organizational Psychology, 117–153. Amsterdam: North-Holland.Google Scholar

Tannenbaum, S. I., Mathieu, J. E., Salas, E., and Cohen, D. 2012. Teams are changing: Are research and practice evolving fast enough? Industrial and Organizational Psychology: Perspectives on Science and Practice 5: 2–24. doi:10.1111/j.1754- 9434.2011.01396.xGoogle Scholar

Taylor, P. J., Russ-Eft, D. F., and Chan, D. W. L. 2005. A meta-analytic review of behavior modeling training. Journal of Applied Psychology 90: 692–709.Google Scholar

Thompson, L. L. 2008. Making the Team: A Guide for Managers, 3rd ed. New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall.Google Scholar

Weaver, S. J., Dy, S. M., and Rosen, M. A. 2014. Team-training in healthcare: A narrative synthesis of the literature. BMJ Quality & Safety 23: 359–372.Google Scholar

Zaccaro, S., Marks, M., and DeChurch, L. 2011. Multiteam Systems: An Organizational Form for Dynamic and Complex Environments. New York: Routledge Academic.Google Scholar

Adair, W. L., Hideg, I., and Spence, J. R. 2013. The culturally intelligent team: The impact of team cultural intelligence and cultural heterogeneity on team shared values. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 44: 941–962.Google Scholar

Aguinis, H., and Kraiger, K. 2009. Benefits of training and development for individuals, teams, organizations, and society. Annual Review of Psychology 60: 451–74.Google Scholar

Albert, R. D. 1983. The intercultural sensitizer or culture assimilator: A cognitive approach. In Landis, D. and Brislin, R.W., eds., Handbook of Intercultural Training, 2: 186–217. New York: Pergamon.Google Scholar

Allport, G. 1954. The Nature of Prejudice. Reading, MA: Addison Wesley.Google Scholar

Ang, S., and Inkpen, A. C. 2008. Cultural intelligence and offshore outsourcing success: A framework of firm-level intercultural capability. Decision Sciences 39: 33–358.Google Scholar

Ang, S., and Van Dyne, L., 2008. Conceptualization of cultural intelligence: Definition, distinctiveness, and nomological network. In Ang, S., and Van Dyne, L., eds., Handbook on Cultural Intelligence: Theory, Measurement and Applications, 3–15. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.Google Scholar

Ang, S., and Van Dyne, L., eds. 2008. Handbook on Cultural Intelligence: Theory, Measurement and Applications. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.Google Scholar

Ang., S., Van Dyne, L., and Rockstuhl, T. 2015. Cultural intelligence: Origins, conceptualization, evolution, and methodological diversity. In Gelfand, M., Chiu, C. Y., and Hong, Y. Y., eds., Advances in Culture and Psychology, 5: 273–323. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Ang, S., Van Dyne, L., Koh, C., Ng, K. Y., Templer, K. J., Tay, C., and Chandrasekar, N. A. 2007. Cultural intelligence: Its measurement and effects on cultural judgment and decision making, cultural adaptation and task performance. Management and Organization Review 3: 335–371.Google Scholar

Arthur, W., Jr., Bennett, W., Jr., Edens, P. S., and Bell, S. T. 2003. Effectiveness of training in organizations: A meta-analysis of design and evaluation features. Journal of Applied Psychology 88: 234–245.Google Scholar

Berry, J. W. 1989. Psychology of acculturation. In Brown, J., ed., Cross-cultural Perspectives: Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, 201–234. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.Google Scholar

Berry, J. W., and Sam, D. L. 1997. Acculturation and adaptation. In Berry, J. W., Poortinga, Y. H., and Pandey, J., eds., Handbook of Cross-cultural Psychology, 2nd ed., 291–326. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn and Bacon.Google Scholar

Bhawuk, D. P. S. 1998. The role of culture theory in cross-cultural training: A multimethod study of culture specific, culture-general, and culture theory based assimilators. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 295: 630–655.Google Scholar

Bhawuk, D. P. S., and Brislin, R. W. 2000. Cross-cultural training: A review. Applied Psychology: An International Review 491: 162–191.Google Scholar

Black, J. S., and Mendenhall, M. 1990. Cross-cultural training effectiveness: A review and a theoretical framework for future research. Academy of Management Review 151: 113–136.Google Scholar

Blume, B. D., Ford, J. K., Baldwin, T. T., and Huang, J. L. 2010. Transfer of training: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Management 36: 1065–1105.Google Scholar

Brislin, R. W., and Horvath, A. 1997. Cross-cultural training and multicultural education. In Berry, J. W., Poortinga, Y. H., and Pandey, J., eds., Handbook of Cross-cultural Psychology, 2nd ed., 327–369. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn and Bacon.Google Scholar

Bücker, J. J. L. E., and Korzilius, H. 2015. Developing cultural intelligence: Assessing the effects of the Ecotonos cultural simulation game for international business students. The International Journal of Human Resource Management 26: 1995–2014.Google Scholar

Caligiuri, P., Mencin, A., and Jiang, K. 2013. Win-win-win: The influence of company-sponsored volunteerism programs on employees, NGOs and business units. Personnel Psychology 66: 825–860.Google Scholar

Chen, M. L., and Lin, C. P. 2013. Assessing the effects of cultural intelligence on team knowledge sharing from a socio-cognitive perspective. Human Resources Management 52: 675–695.Google Scholar

Chen, X. P., Liu, D., and Portnoy, R. 2012. A multilevel investigation of motivational cultural intelligence, organizational diversity climate, and cultural sales: Evidence from U.S. real estate firms. Journal of Applied Psychology 97: 93–106.Google Scholar

Chen, G., Kirkman, B. L., Kim, K., Farh, C. I. C., and Tangirala, S. 2010. When does cross-cultural motivation enhance expatriate effectiveness? A multilevel investigation of the moderating roles of subsidiary support and cultural distance. Academy of Management Journal 53: 1110–1130.Google Scholar

Chong., R., and Fleming, M. 2014. Why IBM gives top employees a month to do service abroad. Harvard Business Review. November 5. https://hbr.org/2014/11/why-ibm-gives-top-employees-a-month-to-do-service-abroad (accessed February 1, 2016).Google Scholar

Chua, R. Y. J., Morris, M. W., and Mor, S. 2012. Collaborating across cultures: Cultural metacognition and affect-based trust in creative collaboration. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 118: 116–131.Google Scholar

Church, A. 1982. Sojourner adjustment. Psychological Bulletin 91: 540–572.Google Scholar

Crowne, K. A. 2008. What leads to cultural intelligence? Business Horizons 515: 391–399.Google Scholar

Cushner, K., and Brislin, R. W. 1996. Intercultural Interactions: A Practical Guide, 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar

Deshpande, S. P., and Viswesvaran, C. 1992. Is cross-cultural training of expatriate managers effective: A meta analysis. International Journal of Intercultural Relations 163: 295–310.Google Scholar

Deshpande, S. P, Joseph, J., and Viswesvaran, C. 1994. Does use of student samples affect results of studies in cross-cultural training? A meta-analysis. Psychological Reports 743: 779–785.Google Scholar

Dinges, N. G., and Baldwin, K. D. 1996. Intercultural competence: A research perspective. In Landis, D. and Bhagat, R. S., eds., Handbook of Intercultural Training, 2nd ed., 106–123. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar

Earley, P. C. 1994. Self or group? Cultural effects of training on self-efficacy and performance. Administrative Science Quarterly 391: 89–117.Google Scholar

Earley, P. C., and Ang, S. 2003. Cultural Intelligence: Individual Interactions across Cultures. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar

Earley, P. C., and Peterson, R. S. 2004. The elusive cultural chameleon: Cultural intelligence as a new approach to intercultural training for the global manager. Academy of Management Learning and Education 3: 100–115.Google Scholar

Eccles, J. S., and Wigfield, A. 2002. Motivational beliefs, values, and goals. Annual Review of Psychology 53: 109–132.Google Scholar

Eisenberg, J., Lee, H., Bruck, F., Brenner, B., Claes, M., Mironski, J., and Bell, R. 2013. Can business schools make students culturally competent? Effects of cross-cultural management courses on cultural intelligence. Academy of Management Learning and Education 124: 603–621.Google Scholar

Engle, R. L., and Crowne, K. A. 2014. The impact of international experience on cultural intelligence: An application of contact theory in a structured short-term programme. Human Resource Development International 171: 30–46.Google Scholar

Erez, M., Lisak, A., Harush, R., Glikson, E., Nouri, R., and Shokef, E. 2013. Going global: Developing management students’ cultural intelligence and global identity in culturally diverse virtual teams. Academy of Management Learning and Education 123: 330–355. doi:10.5465/amle.2012.0200Google Scholar

Fiedler, F. E., Mitchell, T., and Triandis, H. C. 1971. The cultural assimilator: An approach to cross cultural training. Journal of Applied Psychology 55: 95–102.Google Scholar

Fischer, R. 2011. Cross-cultural training effects on cultural essentialism beliefs and cultural intelligence. International Journal of Intercultural Relations 356: 767–775.Google Scholar

Furnham, A., and Bochner, S. 1986. Culture Shock: Psychological Reactions to Unfamiliar Environments. London: Methuen.Google Scholar

Gelfand, M. J., Imai, L., and Fehr, R. 2008. Thinking intelligently about cultural intelligence: The road ahead. In Ang, S. and Van Dyne, L., eds., Handbook of Cultural Intelligence: Theory, Measurement, and Applications, 375–387. New York: M. E. Sharpe.Google Scholar

Gelfand, M. J., Nishii, L. H., and Raver, J. L. 2006. On the nature and importance of cultural tightness-looseness. Journal of Applied Psychology 91(6): 1225–1244.Google Scholar

Gelfand, M. J., Raver, J. L., and Ehrhart, K. H. 2002. Methodological issues in cross-cultural organizational research. In Rogelberg, S. G., ed., Handbook of Research Methods in Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 216–246. Malden, MA: Blackwell.Google Scholar

Gertsen, M. C., and Søderberg, A. 2010. Expatriate stories about cultural encounters: A narrative approach to cultural learning processes in multinational companies. Scandinavian Journal of Management 263: 248–257.Google Scholar

Gjertsen, T., Torp, A. M., Tan, M. L., and Koh, C. 2010. The impact of cultural intelligence on homophily in intra-organizational multinational networks. Presented at the 70th Annual Meeting of the Academy of Management, August. Montreal, Canada.Google Scholar

Groves, K., and Feyerherm, A. 2011. Leader cultural intelligence in context: Testing the moderating effects of team cultural diversity on leader and team performance. Group and Organization Management 36: 535–566.Google Scholar

Gudykunst, W. B., Buzley, R. M., and Hammer, M. R. 1996. Designing intercultural training. In Landis, D. and Bhagat, R. S., eds., Handbook of Intercultural Training, 2nd ed., 61–80. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar

Gupta, B., Singh, D., Jandhyala, K., and Bhatt, S. 2013. Self-monitoring, cultural training and prior international work experience as predictors of cultural intelligence – A study of Indian expatriates. Organizations and Markets in Emerging Economies 41: 56–71.Google Scholar

Hammer, M. R., Bennett, M. J., and Wiseman, R. 2003. Measuring intercultural sensitivity: The intercultural development inventory. International Journal of Intercultural Relationships 27: 421–443.Google Scholar

Harrison, J. K. 1993. Individual and combined effects of behavior modeling and the cultural assimilator in cross-cultural management training. Journal of Applied Psychology 77(6): 952–962.Google Scholar

Hodges, N., Watchravesringkan, K., Karpova, E., Hegland, J., O’Neal, G., and Kadolph, S. 2011. Collaborative development of textile and apparel curriculum designed to foster students’ global competence. Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal 39(4): 325–338.Google Scholar

Imai, L., and Gelfand, M. J. 2010. The culturally intelligent negotiator: The impact of cultural intelligence CQ on negotiation sequences and outcomes. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 112: 83–98.Google Scholar

Johnson, J. P., Lenartowicz, T., and Apud, S. 2006. Cross-cultural competence in international business: Toward a definition and a model. Journal of International Business Studies 37: 525–543.Google Scholar

Kealey, D. J., and Protheroe, D. R. 1996. The effectiveness of cross-cultural training for expatriates: An assessment of the literature on the issue. International Journal of Intercultural Relations 20: 141–165.Google Scholar

Kim, Y. J., and Van Dyne, L. 2012. Cultural intelligence and international leadership potential: The importance of contact for members of the majority. Applied Psychology: An International Review 61: 272–294.Google Scholar

Kolb, D. A. 1984. Experiential Learning: Experience as the Source of Learning and Development. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar

Kolb, A. Y., and Kolb, D. A. 2005. Learning styles and learning spaces: Enhancing experiential learning in higher education. Academy of Management Learning and Education 4: 193–212.Google Scholar

Leung, K., Ang, S., and Tan, M. L. 2014. Intercultural competence. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior 1: 489–519.Google Scholar

Li, M., Mobley, W. H., and Kelly, A. 2013. When do global leaders learn best to develop cultural intelligence? An investigation of the moderating role of experiential learning style. Academy of Management Learning and Education 12(1): 32–50.Google Scholar

Littrell, L. N., Salas, E., Hess, H. P., Paley, M., and Riedel, S. 2006. Expatriate preparation: A critical analysis of 25 years of cross-cultural training research. Human Resource Development Review 5: 355–388.Google Scholar

Livermore, D. 2010. Leading with Cultural Intelligence: The New Secret to Success. New York: American Management Association.Google Scholar

Livermore, D., and Van Dyne, L. 2015. Cultural Intelligence: The Essential Intelligence for the 21st Century. SHRM Foundation Effective Practice Guideline Series. Alexandria, VA: SHRM.Google Scholar

Luthans, F., Youssef, C. M., and Avolio, B. J. 2007. Psychological Capital: Developing the Human Competitive Edge. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Maas, S. 2015. Northeastern program connects corporations with NGOs. Boston Globe. May 14. https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2015/05/14/northeastern-program-connects-corporations-with-ngos-developing-nations/WR6plnMpfLC4UUlYPRVl7H/story.html (accessed February 1, 2016).Google Scholar

MacNab, B. R. 2012. An experiential approach to cultural intelligence education. Journal of Management Education 36(1): 66–94.Google Scholar

MacNab, B. R., and Worthley, R. 2012. Individual characteristics as predictors of cultural intelligence development: The relevance of self-efficacy. International Journal of Intercultural Relations 36(1): 62–71.Google Scholar

MacNab, B., Brislin, R., and Worthley, R. 2012. Experiential cultural intelligence development: Context and individual attributes. The International Journal of Human Resource Management 23(7): 1320–1341.Google Scholar

Mak, A. S., and Buckingham, K. 2007. Beyond communication courses: Are there benefits in adding skills-based EXCELL^TM sociocultural training? International Journal of Intercultural Relations 31(3): 277–291.Google Scholar

Mak, A. S., Barker, M., Logan, G., and Millman, L. 1999. Benefits of cultural diversity for international and local students: Contributions from an experiential social learning program the EXCELL Program. In Davis, D. and Olsen, A., eds., International Education: The Professional Edge, 63–76. Sydney, Australia: IDP Education.Google Scholar

Malek, M. A., and Budhwar, P. 2013. Cultural intelligence as a predictor of expatriate adjustment and performance in Malaysia. Journal of World Business 48: 222–231.Google Scholar

Matsumoto, D., and Hwang, H. C. 2013. Assessing cross-cultural competence: A review of available tests. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 44: 849–873.Google Scholar

Moon, H. K., Choi, B. K., and Jung, J. S. 2012. Previous international experience, cross-cultural training, and expatriates’ cross-cultural adjustment: Effects of cultural intelligence and goal orientation. Human Resource Development Quarterly 23: 285–330.Google Scholar

Moon, T. 2010. Organizational cultural intelligence: Dynamic capability perspective. Group and Organization Management 35: 456–493.Google Scholar

Mor, S., Morris, M., and Joh, J. 2013. Identifying and training adaptive cross-cultural management skills: The crucial role of cultural metacognition. Academy of Management Learning and Education 12: 453–475.Google Scholar

Morris, M. A., and Robie, C. 2001. A meta-analysis of the effects of cross-cultural training on expatriate performance and adjustment. International Journal of Training and Development 5: 112–125.Google Scholar

Moynihan, L. M., Peterson, R. S., and Earley, P. C. 2006. In Mannix, E. A., Neale, M., and Chen, Y., eds., Research on Managing Groups and Teams, 9: 299–323. Oxford: Elsevier.Google Scholar

Ng, K. Y., Van Dyne, L., and Ang, S. 2009. From experience to experiential learning: Cultural intelligence as a learning capability for global leader development. Academy of Management Learning and Education 8: 511–526.Google Scholar

Ng, K. Y., Van Dyne, L., and Ang, S. 2012. Cultural intelligence: A review, reflections, and recommendations for future research. In Ryan, A. M., Leong, F. T., and Oswald, F. L., eds., Conducting Multinational Research: Applying Organizational Psychology in the Workplace, 29–58. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar

Noe, R. A., Clarke, A. D. M., and Klein, H. J. 2013. Learning in the twenty-first century workplace. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior 1: 245–275.Google Scholar

Oberg, K. 1960. Culture shock: Adjustment to new cultural environments. Practical Anthropology 7: 177–182.Google Scholar

Oolders, T., Chernyshenko, O. S., and Stark, S. 2008. Cultural intelligence as a mediator of relationships between openness to experience and adaptive performance. In Ang, S. and Van Dyne, L., eds., Handbook of Cultural Intelligence: Theory, Measurement, and Applications, 145–158. New York: M. E. Sharpe.Google Scholar

Pless, N. M., Maak, T., and Stahl, G. K. 2011. Developing responsible global leaders through international service-learning programs: The Ulysses experience. Academy of Management Learning and Education 10: 237–260.Google Scholar

Ramsey, J. R., and Lorenz, M. P. 2016. Exploring the impact of cross-cultural management education on cultural intelligence, student satisfaction, and commitment. Academy of Management Learning and Education 15: 79–99.Google Scholar

Rehg, M. T., Gundlach, M. J., and Grigorian, R. A. 2012. Examining the influence of cross-cultural training on cultural intelligence and specific self-efficacy. Cross Cultural Management 19(2): 215–232.Google Scholar

Reichard, R. J., Dollwet, M., and Louw-Potgieter, J. 2014. Development of cross-cultural psychological capital and its relationship with cultural intelligence and ethnocentrism. Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies 21(2): 150–164.Google Scholar

Reichard, R. J., Serrano, S. A., Condren, M., Wilder, N., Dollwet, M., and Wang, W. 2015. Engagement in cultural trigger events in the development of cultural competence. Academy of Management Learning and Education 14: 461–481.Google Scholar

Rockstuhl, T., and Ng, K. Y. 2008. The effects of cultural intelligence on interpersonal trust in multi-cultural teams. In S. Ang and L. Van Dyne, eds., Handbook of Cultural Intelligence: Theory, Measurement and Applications, 206–220. Armonk, NY: ME Sharpe.Google Scholar

Rockstuhl, T., Ng, K. Y., Ang, S., and Van Dyne, L. 2010. CQ and trust development between culturally diverse team members. Paper presented at Academy of Management Annual Meeting, August. Montreal, Canada.Google Scholar

Rockstuhl, T., Seiler, S., Ang, S., Van Dyne, L., and Annen, H. 2011. Beyond general intelligence IQ and emotional intelligence EQ: The role of cultural intelligence CQ on cross-border leadership effectiveness in a globalized world. Journal of Social Issues 67: 825–840.Google Scholar

Rosenblatt, V., Worthley, R., and MacNab, B. 2013. From contact to development in experiential cultural intelligence education: The mediating influence of expectancy disconfirmation. Academy of Management Learning and Education 12(3): 356–379.Google Scholar

Sahin, F., Gurbuz, S., Kokswal, O, and Ercan, U. 2013. Measuring cultural intelligence in the Turkish context. International Journal of Selection and Assessment 21: 135–144.Google Scholar

Shannon, L. M., and Begley, T. M. 2008. Antecedents of the four factor model of cultural intelligence. In Ang, S. and Dyne, L. Van, eds., Handbook of Cultural Intelligence: Theory, Measurement, and Applications, 41–55. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.Google Scholar

Shirts, R. G. 1977. BAFA, BAFA: A Cross-culture Simulation. Del Mar, CA: Simile II.Google Scholar

Shokef, E., and Erez, M. 2008. Cultural intelligence and global identity in multicultural teams. In Ang, S. and Dyne, L. Van, eds., Handbook of Cultural Intelligence: Theory, Measurement, and Applications, 177–191. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.Google Scholar

Sri Ramalu, S., Shamsudin, F. M., and Subramaniam, C. 2012. The mediating effect of cultural intelligence on the relationship between openness personality and job performance among expatriates on international assignments. International Business Management 6: 601–610.Google Scholar

Tarique, I., and Takeuchi, R. 2008. Developing cultural intelligence: The roles of international nonwork experience. In Ang, S. and Dyne, L. Van, eds., Handbook of Cultural Intelligence: Theory, Measurement, and Applications, 56–70. New York: M. E. Sharpe.Google Scholar

Tay, C., Westman, M., and Chia, A. 2008. Antecedents and consequences of cultural intelligence among short-term business travelers. In Ang, S. and Dyne, L. Van, eds., Handbook of Cultural Intelligence: Theory, Measurement, and Applications, 126–144. New York: M. E. Sharpe.Google Scholar

Taylor, P. J., Russ-Eft, D. F., and Chan, D. W. 2005. A meta-analytic review of behavior modeling training. Journal of Applied Psychology 90: 692–709.Google Scholar

Triandis, H. C., Brislin, R., and Hui, C. H. 1988. Cross-cultural training across the individualism-collectivism divide. International Journal of Intercultural Relations 12: 269–289.Google Scholar

United Nations. 2013. World migration in figures: A joint contribution by UN-DESA and the OECD to the United Nations High-Level Dialogue on Migration and Development. www.oecd.org/els/mig/World-Migration-in-Figures.pdf (accessed March 20, 2015).Google Scholar

United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. 2008. World Investment Report 2008. http://unctad.org/en/Docs/wir2008_en.pdf (accessed April 6, 2015).Google Scholar

United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. 2014. World Investment Report 2014. http://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/wir2014_en.pdf (accessed April 6, 2015.Google Scholar

Van der Zee, K. I., and Van Oudenhoven, J. P. 2000. The Multicultural Personality Questionnaire: A multidimensional instrument of multicultural effectiveness. European Journal of Personality 14: 291–309.Google Scholar

Van Dyne, L., Ang, S., and Koh, C. 2008. Development and validation of the CQS: The cultural intelligence scale. In Ang, S., and Dyne, L. Van, eds., Handbook on Cultural Intelligence: Theory, Measurement and Applications, 16–38. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.Google Scholar

Van Dyne, L., Ang, S., Ng, K.-Y., Rockstuhl, T., Tan, M.L., and Koh, C. 2012. Sub-dimensions of the four factor model of cultural intelligence: Expanding the conceptualization and measurement of cultural intelligence CQ. Social and Personal Psychology: Compass 6(4): 295–313.Google Scholar

Varela, O. E., and Gatlin-Watts, R. 2014. The development of the global manager: An empirical study on the role of academic sojourns. Academy of Management Learning and Education 13: 187–207.Google Scholar

Ward, C., Wilson, J., and Fischer, R. 2011. Assessing the predictive validity of cultural intelligence over time. Personality and Individual Differences 51: 138–142.Google Scholar

Wood, E. D., and St. Peters, H. Y. Z. 2014. Short-term cross-cultural study tours: Impact on cultural intelligence. The International Journal of Human Resource Management 25: 558–570.Google Scholar

The World Bank. 2014. World Development Indicators: Structure of Demand. http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/4.8 (accessed March 20, 2015).Google Scholar

Abbas, M., Raja, U., Darr, W., and Bouckenooghe, D. 2014. Combined effects of perceived politics and psychological capital on job satisfaction, turnover intentions, and performance. Journal of Management 40: 1813–1830.Google Scholar

Aguinis, H., and Kraiger, K. 2009. Benefits of training and development for individuals and teams, organizations, and society. Annual Review of Psychology 60: 451–474.Google Scholar

Arthur, W., Jr., Bennett, W., Jr., Edens, P. S., and Bell, S. T. 2003. Effectiveness of training in organizations: A meta-analysis of design and evaluation features. Journal of Applied Psychology 88: 234–245.Google Scholar

Avey, J. B. 2014. The left side of psychological capital: New evidence on the antecedents of PsyCap. Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies 21: 141–149.Google Scholar

Avey, J. B., Luthans, F., and Youssef, C. M. 2010. The additive value of positive psychological capital in predicting work attitudes. Journal of Management 36: 430–452.Google Scholar

Avey, J. B., Reichard, R. J., Luthans, F., and Mhatre, K. H. 2011. Meta-analysis of the impact of positive psychological capital on employee attitudes, behaviors, and performance. Human Resource Development Quarterly 22: 127–152.Google Scholar

Baldwin, T. T., and Ford, K. J. 1988. Transfer of training: A review and directions for future research. Personnel Psychology 41: 63–105.Google Scholar

Bandura, A. 1977. Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review 84: 191–215.Google Scholar

Bandura, A. 1997. Self-efficacy: The Exercise of Control. New York: Freeman.Google Scholar

Bergheim, K., Eid, J., Hystad, S. W., Nielsen, M. B., Mearns, K., Larsson, G., and Luthans, B. 2013. The role of psychological capital in perception of safety climate among air traffic controllers. Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies 20: 232–241.Google Scholar

Birdi, K., Clegg, C., Patterson, M., Robinson, A., Stride, C. B., Wall, T. D., and Wood, S. J. 2008. The impact of human resource and operational management practices on company productivity: A longitudinal study. Personnel Psychology 61: 467–501.Google Scholar

Blume, B. D., Ford, J. K., Baldwin, T. T., and Huang, J. L. 2010. Transfer of training: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Management 36: 1065–1105.Google Scholar

Brown, K. G., and Gerhardt, M. W. 2002. Formative evaluation: An integrative practice model and case study. Personnel Psychology 55: 951–983.Google Scholar

Brown, K. G., and Sitzmann, T. 2011. Training and employee development for improved performance. In Zedeck, S., ed., Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 2: 469–503. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar

Brown, K. G., and Van Buren, M. 2007. Applying a social capital perspective to evaluation of distance training. In Fiore, S. M. and Salas, E., eds., Toward a Science of Distributed Learning, 41–63. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar

Burke, L. A., and Hutchins, H. M. 2007. Training transfer: An integrative literature review. Human Resource Development Review 6: 263–296.Google Scholar

Burke, R. J., and McKeen, C. A. 1994. Training and development activities and career success of managerial and professional women. Journal of Management Development 13: 53–63.Google Scholar

Cameron, K. S., and Caza, A. 2004. Introduction: Contributions to the discipline of positive organizational scholarship. American Behavioral Scientist 47: 731–739.Google Scholar

Carter, M., and Beier, M. E. 2010. The effectiveness of error management training with working-aged adults. Personnel Psychology 63: 641–675.Google Scholar

Clapp-Smith, R., Vogelgesang, G. R., and Avey, J. B. 2009. Authentic leadership and positive psychological capital: The mediating role of trust at the group level of analysis. Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies 15: 227–240.Google Scholar

Clark, R. E. 1994. Media will never influence learning. Educational Technology Research and Development 42: 21–29.Google Scholar

Colquitt, J. A., LePine, J. A., and Noe, R. A. 2000. Toward an integrative theory of training motivation: A meta-analytic path analysis of 20 years of research. Journal of Applied Psychology 85: 678–707.Google Scholar

Combs, J., Liu, Y., Hall, A., and Ketchen, D. 2006. How much do high-performance work practices matter? A meta-analysis of their effects on organizational performance. Personnel Psychology 59: 501–528.Google Scholar

Dollwet, M., and Reichard, R. J. 2014. Assessing cross-cultural skills: Validation of a new measure of cross-cultural psychological capital. International Journal of Human Resource Management 25: 1669–1696.Google Scholar

Donaldson, S. I., and Ko, I. 2010. Positive organizational psychology, behavior and scholarship: A review of the emerging literature and evidence base. The Journal of Positive Psychology 5: 177–191.Google Scholar

Fan, J., and Wanous, J. P. 2008. Organizational and cultural entry: A new type of orientation program for multiple boundary crossings. Journal of Applied Psychology 93: 1390–1400.Google Scholar

Ford, J. K., Quiñones, M., Sego, D., and Sorra, J. 1992. Factors affecting the opportunity to perform trained tasks on the job. Personnel Psychology 45: 511–527.Google Scholar

Fredrickson, B. L. 2001. The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist 56: 218–226.Google Scholar

Gist, M. E., Schwoerer, C., and Rosen, B. 1989. Effects of alternative training methods on self-efficacy and performance in computer software training. Journal of Applied Psychology 74: 884–891.Google Scholar

Gooty, J., Gavin, M., Johnson, P. D., Frazier, M. L., and Snow, D. B. 2009. In the eyes of the beholder: Transformational leadership, positive psychological capital, and performance. Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies 15: 353–367.Google Scholar

Hicks, W. D., and Klimoski, R. J. 1987. Entry into training programs and its effects on training outcomes: A field experiment. Academy of Management Journal 30: 542–552.Google Scholar

Hutchins, H. M. and Burke, L. A. 2006. Has relapse prevention received a fair shake? A review and implications for future transfer research. Human Resource Development Review 5: 8–24.Google Scholar

Keith, N., and Frese, M. 2008. Effectiveness of error management training: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology 93: 59–69.Google Scholar

Kluemper, D. H., Little, L. M., and DeGroot, T. 2009. State or trait: Effects of state optimism on job-related outcomes. Journal of Organizational Behavior 30: 209–231.Google Scholar

Koen, J., Klehe, U-C., and Van Vianen, A. E. M. 2012. Training career adaptability to facilitate a successful school-to-work transition. Journal of Vocational Behavior 81: 395–408.Google Scholar

Kozlowski, S. W. J., Gully, S. M., Brown, K. G., Salas, E., Smith, E. M., and Nason, E. R. 2001. Effects of training goals and goal orientation traits on multidimensional training outcomes and performance adaptability. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 85: 1–31.Google Scholar

Kraiger, K., Ford, J. K., and Salas, E. 1993. Application of cognitive, skill-based, and affective theories of learning outcomes to new methods of training evaluation. Journal of Applied Psychology 78: 311–328.Google Scholar

Luthans, B. C., Luthans, K. W., and Avey, J. B. 2014. Building the leaders of tomorrow: The development of academic psychological capital. Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies 21: 191–199.Google Scholar

Luthans, F. 2002a. Positive organizational behavior: Developing and managing psychological strengths. Academy of Management Executive 16: 57–72.Google Scholar

Luthans, F. 2002b. The need for and meaning of positive organizational behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior 23: 695–706.Google Scholar

Luthans, F. 2012. Psychological capital: Implications for HRD, retrospective analysis, and future directions. Human Resource Development Quarterly 23: 1–8.Google Scholar

Luthans, F., and Youssef, C. M. 2007. Emerging positive organizational behavior. Journal of Management 33: 321–349.Google Scholar

Luthans, F., Avey, J. B., and Patera, J. L. 2008. Experimental analysis of a web-based training intervention to develop positive psychological capital. Academy of Management Learning and Education 7: 209–221.Google Scholar

Luthans, F., Youssef, C. M., and Avolio, B. J. 2007. Psychological Capital: Developing the Human Competitive Edge. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Luthans, F., Avey, J. B., Avolio, B. J., and Peterson, S. J. 2010. The development and resulting performance impact of positive psychological capital. Human Resource Development Quarterly 21: 41–67.Google Scholar

Luthans, F., Avoilo, B. J., Avey, J. B., and Norman, S. M. 2007. Positive psychological capital: Measurement and relationship with performance and satisfaction. Personnel Psychology 60: 541–572.Google Scholar

Luthans, F., Avolio, B. J., Walumbwa, F. O., and Li, W. 2005. The psychological capital of Chinese workers: Exploring the relationship with performance. Management and Organization Review 1: 249–271.Google Scholar

Luthans, F., Norman, S. M., Avolio, B. J., and Avey, J. B. 2008. The mediating role of psychological capital in the supportive organizational climate – employee performance relationship. Journal of Organizational Behavior 29: 219–238.Google Scholar

Luthans, F., Avey, J. B., Avolio, B. J., Norman, S, M., and Combs, G. M. 2006. Psychological capital development: Toward a micro-intervention. Journal of Organizational Behavior 27: 387–393.Google Scholar

Newman, A., Ucbasaran, D., Zhu, F., and Hirst, G. 2014. Psychological capital: A review and synthesis. Journal of Organizational Behavior 35: S120–S138.Google Scholar

Manzano García, G., and Ayala Calvo, J. C. 2012. Emotional exhaustion of nursing staff: Influence of emotional annoyance and resilience. International Nursing Review 59: 101–107.Google Scholar

Masten, A. S. 2001. Ordinary magic: Resilience processes in development. American Psychologist 56: 227–239.Google Scholar

Meichenbaum, D. H., and Deffenbacher, J. L. 1988. Stress inoculation training. The Counseling Psychologist 16: 69–90.Google Scholar

Payne, S. C., Youngcourt, S. S., and Beaubien, J. M. 2007. A meta-analytic examination of the goal orientation nomological net. Journal of Applied Psychology 92: 128–150.Google Scholar

Peterson, C., and Seligman, M. E. P. 1984. Causal explanations as a risk factor for depression: Theory and evidence. Psychological Review 91: 347–374.Google Scholar

Peterson, S. J., and Byron, K. 2008. Exploring the role of hope in job performance: Results from four studies. Journal of Organizational Behavior 29: 785–803.Google Scholar

Peterson, S. J., and Luthans, F. 2003. The positive impact and development of hopeful leaders. Leadership and Organization Development Journal 24: 26–31.Google Scholar

Peterson, S. J., and Zhang, Z. 2011. Examining the relationships between top management team psychological characteristics, transformational leadership, and business unit performance. In Carpenter, M. A., ed., Handbook of Top Management Team Research, 127–149. Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar.Google Scholar

Peterson, S. J., Luthans, F., Avolio, B. J., Walumbwa, F. O., and Zhang, Z. 2011. Psychological capital and employee performance: A latent growth modelling approach. Personnel Psychology 64: 427–450.Google Scholar

Rego, A., Sousa, F., Marques, C., and Pina e Cunha, M. 2012. Authentic leadership promoting employees’ psychological capital and creativity. Journal of Business Research 65: 429–437Google Scholar

Reichard, R. J., Dollwet, M., and Louw-Potgieter, J. 2014. Development of cross-cultural psychological capital and its relationship with cultural intelligence and ethnocentrism. Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies 21: 150–164.Google Scholar

Richman-Hirsch, W. L. 2001. Posttraining interventions to enhance transfer: The moderating effects of work environments. Human Resource Development Quarterly 12: 105–120.Google Scholar

Rouiller, J. Z., and Goldstein, I. L. 1993. The relationship between organizational transfer climate and positive transfer of training. Human Resources Development Quarterly 4: 377–390.Google Scholar

Saks, A. M. 1995. Longitudinal field investigation of the moderating and mediating effects of self-efficacy on the relationship between training and newcomer adjustment. Journal of Applied Psychology 80: 211–225.Google Scholar

Salas, E., Tannenbaum, S. I., Kraiger, K., and Smith-Jentsch, K. A. 2012. The science of training and development in organizations: What matters in practice. Psychological Science in the Public Interest 13: 74–101.Google Scholar

Seligman, M. E. P., and Csikszentmihalyi, M. 2000. Positive Psychology: An introduction. American Psychologist 55: 5–14.Google Scholar

Seligman, M. E. P., and Shulman, P. 1986. Explanatory style as a predictor of productivity and quitting among life insurance sales agents. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 50: 832–838.Google Scholar

Smith, B. W., Tooley, E. M., Christopher, P. J., and Kay, V. S. 2010. Resilience as the ability to bounce back from stress: A neglected personal resource? The Journal of Positive Psychology 5: 166–176.Google Scholar

Sitzmann, T. 2011. A meta-analytic examination of the instructional effectiveness of computer-based simulation games. Personnel Psychology 64: 489–528.Google Scholar

Sitzmann, T., and Ely, K. 2010. Sometimes you need a reminder: The effects of prompting self-regulation on regulatory processes, learning, and attrition. Journal of Applied Psychology 95: 132–144.Google Scholar

Sitzmann, T., Bell, B. S., Kraiger, K., and Kanar, A. M. 2009. A multilevel analysis of the effect of prompting self-regulation in technology-delivered instruction. Personnel Psychology 62: 697–734.Google Scholar

Sitzmann, T., Kraiger, K., Stewart, D., and Wisher, R. 2006. The comparative effectiveness of web-based and classroom instruction: A meta-analysis. Personnel Psychology 59: 623–664.Google Scholar

Snyder, C. R. 1995. Conceptualizing, measuring and nurturing hope. Journal of Counseling and Development 73: 355–360.Google Scholar

Stajkovic, A. D., and Luthans, F. 1998a. Social cognitive theory and self-efficacy: Going beyond traditional motivational and behavioral approaches. Organizational Dynamics 26: 62–74.Google Scholar

Stajkovic, A. D., and Luthans, F. 1998b. Self-efficacy and work-related performance: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin 124: 240–261.Google Scholar

Tannenbaum, S. I., Mathieu, J. E., Salas, E., and Cannon-Bowers, J. A. 1991. Meeting trainees’ expectations: The influence of training fulfillment on the development of commitment, self-efficacy, and motivation. Journal of Applied Psychology 76: 759–769.Google Scholar

Taylor, P. J., Russ-Eft, D. F., and Chan, D. W. L. 2005. A meta-analytic review of behavior modeling training. Journal of Applied Psychology 90: 692–709.Google Scholar

Taylor, P. J., Russ-Eft, D. F., and Taylor, H. 2009. Transfer of management training from alternative perspectives. Journal of Applied Psychology 94: 104–121.Google Scholar

Tharenou, P., Saks, A., and Moore, C. 2007. A review and critique of research on training and organizational-level outcomes. Human Resource Management Review 17: 251–273.Google Scholar

Tracey, J. B., Tannenbaum, S. I., and Kavanagh, M. J. 1995. Applying trained skills on the job: The importance of the work environment. Journal of Applied Psychology 80: 239–252.Google Scholar

Tugade, M. M., and Fredrickson, B. L. 2004. Resilient individuals use positive emotions to bounce back from negative emotional experiences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 86: 320–333.Google Scholar

Wang, H., Sui, Y., Luthans, F., Wang, D., and Wu, Y. 2014. Impact of authentic leadership on performance: Role of followers’ positive psychological capital and relational processes. Journal of Organizational Behavior 35: 5–21.Google Scholar

Wang, Y., Liu, L., Wang, J., and Wang, L. 2012. Work-family conflict and burnout among Chinese doctors: The mediating role of psychological capital. Journal of Occupational Health 54: 232–240.Google Scholar

Wanous, J. P., and Reichers, A. E. 2000. New employee orientation programs. Human Resource Management Review 10: 435–451.Google Scholar

Youssef, C. M., and Luthans, F. 2013. Managing psychological capital in organizations: Cognitive, affective, conative, and social mechanisms of happiness. In David, S., Boniwell, I, and Ayers, C., eds., The Oxford Handbook of Happiness, 751–766. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Aarrestad, M., Brøndbo, M. T., and Carlsen, A. 2015. When stakes are high and guards are low: High-quality connections in knowledge creation. Knowledge and Process Management 22(2): 88–98.Google Scholar

Aguinis, H., and Glavas, A. 2012. What we know and don’t know about corporate social responsibility a review and research agenda. Journal of Management 38(4): 932–968.Google Scholar

Aguinis, H., and Kraiger, K. 2009. Benefits of training and development for individuals and teams, organizations, and society, Annual Review of Psychology, 60: 451–474.Google Scholar

Amabile, T., and Kramer, S. 2011. The Progress Principle: Using Small Wins to Ignite Joy, Engagement, and Creativity at Work. Boston: Harvard Business School Publishing.Google Scholar

Amabile, T., Fisher, C. M., and Pillemer, J. 2014. IDEO’s culture of helping. Harvard Business Review 92(1): 54–61.Google Scholar

Arthur, W., Bennett, W., Edens, P. S., and Bell, S. T. 2003. Effectiveness of training in organizations: A meta-analysis of design and evaluation features. Journal of Applied Psychology 88(2): 234–245.Google Scholar

Ashcraft, K. L., Kuhn, T. R., and Cooren, F. 2009. Constitutional amendments: “Materializing” organizational communication. Academy of Management Annals 3: 1–64.Google Scholar

Baker, W. E. 2013a. Zingerman’s Community of Businesses: A Recipe for Building a Positive Business. Ann Arbor: GlobalLens.Google Scholar

Baker, W. E. 2013b. Zingerman’s: Broad-Based Ownership, Governance, and Sustainability. Ann Arbor: GlobalLens.Google Scholar

Barile, S., Franco, G., Nota, G., and Saviano, M. 2012. Structure and dynamics of a “T-shaped” knowledge: From individuals to cooperating communities of practice. Service Science 4(2): 161–180.Google Scholar

Bechky, B. A. 2003. Sharing meaning across occupational communities: The transformation of understanding on a production floor. Organization Science 14(3): 312–330.Google Scholar

Beckman, S. L., and Barry, M. 2007. Innovation as a learning process: Embedding design thinking. California Management Review 50(1): 25.Google Scholar

Bell, B. S., and Kozlowski, S. W. J. 2008. Active learning: Effects of core training design elements on self-regulatory processes, learning and adaptability. Journal of Applied Psychology 93(2): 296–316.Google Scholar

Blume, B. D., Ford, J. K., Baldwin, T. T., and Huang, J. L. 2010. Transfer of training: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Management 36(4): 1065–1105.Google Scholar

Brinkerhoff, R. O., and Gill, S. J. 1994. The Learning Alliance: Systems Thinking in Human Resource Development. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar

Brooks, A. W., Gino, F., and Schweitzer, M. E. 2015. Smart people ask for (my) advice: Seeking advice boosts perceptions of competence. Management Science 61(6):1421–1435.Google Scholar

Brown, K. G., and van Buren, M. E. 2007. Applying a Social Capital Perspective to the Evaluation of Distance Training. In S. M. Fiore and E. Salas, eds., Toward a Science of Distributed Learning, 41–63. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar

Brown, T. 2008. Design thinking. Harvard Business Review 86(6): 84.Google Scholar

Buell, R. W., Kim, T., and Tsay, C.-J. 2014. Cooks make tastier food when they can see their customers. Harvard Business Review (November): 37–38.Google Scholar

Bunz, U. K., and Maes, J. D. 1998. Learning excellence: Southwest Airlines’ approach. Managing Service Quality 8(3): 163–169.Google Scholar

Carlsen, A., Clegg, S., and Gjersvik, R., eds. 2012. Idea Work: Lessons of the Extraordinary in Everyday Creativity. Oslo: Cappelen Damm.Google Scholar

Cerne, M., Nerstad, C., Dysvik, A., and Škerlavaj, M. 2013. What goes around comes around: Knowledge hiding, perceived motivational climate, and creativity. Academy of Management Journal 57(1): 172–192.Google Scholar

Chadwick, C. 2010. Theoretic insights on the nature of performance synergies in human resource systems: Toward greater precision. Human Resource Management Review 20: 85–101.Google Scholar