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INTERNALIZED STIGMA – HOW WE VIEW OUR MENTAL ILLNESS
- M. Vieira, B. Fonseca Silva, J. Silva Ribeiro
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- Journal:
- European Psychiatry / Volume 66 / Issue S1 / March 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 19 July 2023, p. S1032
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Introduction
Stigma in mental health settings is described as a set of negative and unrealistic beliefs about those with mental illness. Authors suggest that stigma is consistently underdefined and overused, leading to resources toward preventing and managing this problem lacking intention and efficiency. Three interacting levels of stigma are defined: social, structural, and internalized or self-stigma. Internalized stigma refers to how people with mental illness see themselves as mentally unwell and, therefore, of lesser value.
ObjectivesWe aim to discuss the impact of internalized stigma on psychiatric patients and ways of prevention and stigma resistance.
MethodsWe performed a non-systematic literature review from the data base PubMed using the key words “internalized stigma” and “mental illness”.
ResultsInternalized stigma is one of the major factors leading to delayed contact with psychiatric care up to two years in outpatients. In psychiatric patients, higher internalized stigma was associated with weakened social support and integration, hopelessness and lower self-esteem and sense of coherence. Low self-esteem is the most significantly associated factor and mediates lower quality of life and higher treatment avoidance. The risk of self-esteem loss seems higher in patients with more insight, especially if they also have a loss of valued social identity. Although some studies suggest higher levels of internalized stigma in female, single and lower educated patients, adjusted statistical analyses do not validate these sociodemographic variations. It is however more prevalent in those with depression and who had been hospitalized because of their mental illness. The impact of internalized stigma is often compared to the levels of the illness burden itself, leading to higher levels of depression and greater psychiatric symptom severity. Additionally, more self-stigma seems to predict suicidal ideation, particularly in young adults.
ConclusionsThe internalization of negative stereotypes undermines empowerment and negatively impacts the evolution and recovery of psychiatric patients. There’s strong evidence that general stigma constitutes a risk factor for poor biopsychosocial health outcomes. Programs addressing multiple stigma components seem to be most effective in improving suicide prevention. However, most self-stigma interventions involve groups, which can create barriers for people who are not comfortable disclosing a mental health condition to others. Anti-stigma programs are most effective when they involve people with lived experience of mental health conditions in all aspects of development. Interventions from a younger age should focus on prevention of general stigma by improving understanding of mental illness and reducing self and outwards discrimination. Working on professionals own stigmatizing behaviors is also key to improve the way we communicate and educate populations on how to internally process mental health problems.
Disclosure of InterestNone Declared
Performance, carcass traits and meat quality of lambs fed with different roughage: concentrate ratios associated with variable physically effective neutral detergent fibre content
- L. de O. Queiroz, A. M. Barbosa, G. B. Mourão, M. A. Fonseca, L. F. B. Pinto, J. M. da Silva Júnior, T. M. Silva, A. G. V. O. Lima, L. R. Bezerra, R. L. Oliveira
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- Journal:
- The Journal of Agricultural Science / Volume 159 / Issue 3-4 / April 2021
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 21 June 2021, pp. 293-303
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This study evaluated the effect of roughage:concentrate (R:C) ratio associated with a variable particle size of physically effective neutral detergent fibre (peNDF8) in the forage (Tifton-85 hay) on the performance, carcass traits and meat quality of lambs. Seventy-two 4-month-old, non-castrated Santa Ines male lambs (23.5 ± 2.32 kg BW) were distributed in a completely randomized design, in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement [two peNDF8 hay particle sizes (13 and 6 mm) and two R:C ratios (700:300 and 500:500 g/kg DM total)]. DMI, DM, NFC and TDN digestibility's, N-intake and N-faecal excretion were affected by the R:C ratio (P < 0.05). However, the N-retained was not affected by the studied variables (P > 0.05). It was observed an interaction (P < 0.05) between the peNDF8 and R:C ratios for final BW, average daily gain (ADG), colour parameters and pH 24 h. The lower roughage ratio provided greater (P < 0.05) concentrations of C14:1, C16:1–cis9, C18:1–cis9, ΣMUFA, Σn–6:Σn–3 and hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic index, enzymatic activity Δ9desaturase-C16 and -C18. Lambs fed a lower roughage diet had improved performance and feed efficiency, however, presented reduced polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) concentrations in the meat, especially Σn–3 family. Higher roughage diet and larger peNDF8 particle size improved the concentrations of PUFA while decreased Σn–6:Σn–3 ratio in meat. Larger peNDF8 particle size associated with higher roughage proportion, have reduced animal performance however, it increased protein concentration, a* and C* colour parameter without affecting fatty acids profile of Longissimus lumborum muscle.
Isolated perfused udder model for transcriptome analysis in response to Streptococcus agalactiae
- Mayara M. D. C. A. Weller, Isabela Fonseca, Ana P. Sbardella, Isabella S. B. Pinto, Lyderson F. Viccini, Humberto M. Brandão, Juliana C. Gern, Wanessa A. Carvalho, Alessandro S. Guimarães, Maria A. V. P. Brito, Danísio P. Munari, Marcos V. G. B. Silva, Marta F. Martins
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- Journal:
- Journal of Dairy Research / Volume 86 / Issue 3 / August 2019
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 27 August 2019, pp. 307-314
- Print publication:
- August 2019
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This study aimed to evaluate the transcriptional changes occurring in isolated perfused mammary alveolar tissue in response to inoculation with S. agalactiae and to identify the most affected biological functions and pathways after 3 h. Four udders taken at slaughter from cows with healthy mammary gland were perfused ex situ with warmed and gassed Tyrode's solution. Mammary alveolar tissue samples were taken from the left fore and rear quarters (IQ-inoculated quarters) before inoculation (hour 0) and at 3 h post inoculation (hpi) and at the same times from control right fore and rear quarters (not inoculated: NIQ). A total of 1756 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between IQ and NIQ at 3 hpi using edgeR package. Within this set of DEGs, 952 were up regulated and mainly involved with innate immune response and inflammatory response, e.g., CD14, CCL5, TLR2, IL-8, SAA3, as well as in transcriptional regulation such as FOS, STAT3 and NFKBIA. Genes down-regulated (804) included those involved with lipid synthesis e.g., APOC2, SCD, FABP3 and FABP4. The most affected pathways were chemokine signaling, Wnt signaling and complement and coagulation cascades, which likely reflects the early stage response of mammary tissue to S. agalactiae infection. No significant gene expression changes were detected by RNA-Seq in the others contrasts. Real time-PCR confirmed the increase in mRNA abundance of immune-related genes: TLR2, TLR4, IL-1β, and IL-10 at 3 hpi between IQ and NIQ. The expression profiles of Casp1 and Bax for any contrasts were unaffected whereas Bcl2 was increased in IQ, which suggests no induction of apoptosis during the first hours after infection. Results provided novel information regarding the early functional pathways and gene network that orchestrate innate immune responses to S. agalactiae infection. This knowledge could contribute to new strategies to enhance resistance to this disease, such as genomic selection.
Ion-channel laser growth rate and beam quality requirements
- X. Davoine, F. Fiúza, R. A. Fonseca, W. B. Mori, L. O. Silva
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- Journal:
- Journal of Plasma Physics / Volume 84 / Issue 3 / June 2018
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 21 May 2018, 905840304
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In this paper, we determine the growth rate of the exponential radiation amplification in the ion-channel laser, where a relativistic electron beam wiggles in a focusing ion channel that can be created in a wakefield accelerator. For the first time the radiation diffraction, which can limit the amplification, is taken into account. The electron beam quality requirements to obtain this amplification are also presented. It is shown that both the beam energy and wiggler parameter spreads should be limited. Two-dimensional and three-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations of the self-consistent ion-channel laser confirm our theoretical predictions.
Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 is involved in glycogen metabolism control and embryogenesis of Rhodnius prolixus
- FLÁVIA B. MURY, MAGDA D. LUGON, RODRIGO NUNES DA FONSECA, JOSE R. SILVA, MATEUS BERNI, HELENA M. ARAUJO, MARCIO RIBEIRO FONTENELE, LEONARDO ARAUJO DE ABREU, MARÍLVIA DANSA, GLÓRIA BRAZ, HATISABURO MASUDA, CARLOS LOGULLO
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- Journal:
- Parasitology / Volume 143 / Issue 12 / October 2016
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 24 August 2016, pp. 1569-1579
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Rhodnius prolixus is a blood-feeding insect that transmits Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma rangeli to vertebrate hosts. Rhodnius prolixus is also a classical model in insect physiology, and the recent availability of R. prolixus genome has opened new avenues on triatomine research. Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) is classically described as a key enzyme involved in glycogen metabolism, also acting as a downstream component of the Wnt pathway during embryogenesis. GSK-3 has been shown to be highly conserved among several organisms, mainly in the catalytic domain region. Meanwhile, the role of GSK-3 during R. prolixus embryogenesis or glycogen metabolism has not been investigated. Here we show that chemical inhibition of GSK-3 by alsterpaullone, an ATP-competitive inhibitor of GSK3, does not affect adult survival rate, though it alters oviposition and egg hatching. Specific GSK-3 gene silencing by dsRNA injection in adult females showed a similar phenotype. Furthermore, bright field and 4’−6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining analysis revealed that ovaries and eggs from dsGSK-3 injected females exhibited specific morphological defects. We also demonstrate that glycogen content was inversely related to activity and transcription levels of GSK-3 during embryogenesis. Lastly, after GSK-3 knockdown, we observed changes in the expression of the Wingless (Wnt) downstream target β-catenin as well as in members of other pathways such as the receptor Notch. Taken together, our results show that GSK-3 regulation is essential for R. prolixus oogenesis and embryogenesis.
15 - Primate diversity patterns and their conservation in Amazonia
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- By José Maria Cardoso Da Silva, Conservation International do Brasil, Av Nazare 541/310, 66035-170 Belém, Pará, Brazil, Anthony B. Rylands, Center for Applied Biodiversity Science, Conservation International, 1919 M Street, NW Suite 600, Washington, DC 20036, USA, José S. Silva Júnior, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Departamento de Zoologia, C. P. 399, 66017-970 Belém, Pará, Brazil, Claude Gascon, Center for Applied Biodiversity Science, Conservation International, 1919 M Street NW, Suite 600, Washington, DC 20036, USA, Gustavo A. B. Da Fonseca, Center for Applied Biodiversity Science, Conservation International, 1919 M St, NW Suite 600, Washington, DC 20036, USA
- Edited by Andrew Purvis, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, John L. Gittleman, University of Virginia, Thomas Brooks, Conservation International, Washington DC
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- Book:
- Phylogeny and Conservation
- Published online:
- 04 December 2009
- Print publication:
- 22 September 2005, pp 337-364
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Summary
INTRODUCTION
Amazonia is the world's most diverse wilderness area. Encompassing more than 6 million square kilometres in nine countries of northern South America, its biodiversity, in the full meaning of the word, is impressive. Tropical landscapes range from savannas, to forests seasonally and even permanently flooded by the largest rivers in the world, to white-sand forest and scrub, and terra firme forests (Prance 1987). More than one tenth of the world's species occur there (Prance & Lovejoy 1985), with all the untapped genetic resources, increasingly recognised, and exploited, as an essential for our future.
Recent compilations indicate at least 40 000 plant species, 427 mammals, 1294 birds, 378 reptiles, 427 amphibians and around 3000 fishes (Mittermeier et al. 2002). The conservation of Amazonia is a global challenge, given its biodiversity, besides its importance in the regulation of regional hydrological regimes and climate and terrestrial carbon storage (Fearnside 1997, 1999, 2000; Saint-Paul et al. 1999).
A biome-level conservation system for the Amazon requires a good understanding not only of the major biodiversity patterns within the region but also of the relative importance of the evolutionary and ecological processes responsible for their generation and maintenance. In this chapter, we explore these issues; we use primates as a study group and hence update the insights provided by Alfred Russel Wallace (1852) in his remarkable account of primate biogeography in Amazonia. First, we describe the areas of endemism currently recognised for vertebrates in the region.