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Longitudinal clinical and functional outcome in distinct cognitive subgroups of first-episode psychosis: a cluster analysis
- Priscilla P. Oomen, Marieke J. H. Begemann, Bodyl A. Brand, Lieuwe de Haan, Wim Veling, Sanne Koops, Jim van Os, Filip Smit, P. Roberto Bakker, Nico van Beveren, Nynke Boonstra, Sinan Gülöksüz, Martijn Kikkert, Joran Lokkerbol, Machteld Marcelis, Bram-Sieben Rosema, Franciska de Beer, Shiral S. Gangadin, Chris N. W. Geraets, Erna van ‘t Hag, Yudith Haveman, Inge van der Heijden, Alban E. Voppel, Elske Willemse, Therese van Amelsvoort, Maarten Bak, Albert Batalla, Agaath Been, Marinte van den Bosch, Truus van den Brink, Gunnar Faber, Koen P. Grootens, Martin de Jonge, Rikus Knegtering, Jörg Kurkamp, Amrita Mahabir, Gerdina H. M. Pijnenborg, Tonnie Staring, Natalie Veen, Selene Veerman, Sybren Wiersma, Ellen Graveland, Joelle Hoornaar, Iris E. C. Sommer
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- Journal:
- Psychological Medicine / Volume 53 / Issue 6 / April 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 19 October 2021, pp. 2317-2327
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Background
Cognitive deficits may be characteristic for only a subgroup of first-episode psychosis (FEP) and the link with clinical and functional outcomes is less profound than previously thought. This study aimed to identify cognitive subgroups in a large sample of FEP using a clustering approach with healthy controls as a reference group, subsequently linking cognitive subgroups to clinical and functional outcomes.
Methods204 FEP patients were included. Hierarchical cluster analysis was performed using baseline brief assessment of cognition in schizophrenia (BACS). Cognitive subgroups were compared to 40 controls and linked to longitudinal clinical and functional outcomes (PANSS, GAF, self-reported WHODAS 2.0) up to 12-month follow-up.
ResultsThree distinct cognitive clusters emerged: relative to controls, we found one cluster with preserved cognition (n = 76), one moderately impaired cluster (n = 74) and one severely impaired cluster (n = 54). Patients with severely impaired cognition had more severe clinical symptoms at baseline, 6- and 12-month follow-up as compared to patients with preserved cognition. General functioning (GAF) in the severely impaired cluster was significantly lower than in those with preserved cognition at baseline and showed trend-level effects at 6- and 12-month follow-up. No significant differences in self-reported functional outcome (WHODAS 2.0) were present.
ConclusionsCurrent results demonstrate the existence of three distinct cognitive subgroups, corresponding with clinical outcome at baseline, 6- and 12-month follow-up. Importantly, the cognitively preserved subgroup was larger than the severely impaired group. Early identification of discrete cognitive profiles can offer valuable information about the clinical outcome but may not be relevant in predicting self-reported functional outcomes.
Epilogue: Confessions of a Presidential Biographer
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- By H. W. Brands
- Edited by Michael Patrick Cullinane, Roehampton University, London, Sylvia Ellis
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- Book:
- Constructing Presidential Legacy
- Published by:
- Edinburgh University Press
- Published online:
- 01 May 2021
- Print publication:
- 14 November 2018, pp 277-283
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Summary
One can write about American presidents historically without writing biographies. In fact, most presidential historians do not write biographies, preferring episodic accounts and policy-oriented analyses. But some do write biographies, for one or more of the following reasons.
First, biographies sell. This is no small thing. Many people develop an aversion to history, as history, in school. Perhaps their teachers are uninspiring; perhaps young people simply tend to look forward rather than back. But the result is a widespread belief that history is a dry collection of dates and facts. Biographies, by contrast, deal with living, breathing people—or people who were once living and breathing. Biography, of all the genres of historical nonfiction, is the one that most closely approximates the novel. It has a protagonist and often antagonists. Its characters speak, through letters, diaries, and other primary materials. The chore of the biographer is quite similar to that of the novelist: to place readers inside the head of another person. The result is that many people who would not think of picking up a history book are happy to read lives of important and interesting figures.
Second, presidents justify biographical treatment more than some other historical figures. A common critique of presidential biographies is that they tend to confirm the great man theory of history. And so they do. But if there are any great men in history, presidents are among the likeliest suspects. Presidents are more important than other people because their actions have large consequences. This is not a moral evaluation; it is simply a statement of fact. Historians, including biographers, seek to explain how the world has become the way it is. Insights into presidential minds and hearts provide greater leverage in this explanatory process than similar insights into people who wield less power.
Third, presidents generate profuse historical records. And these are generally preserved and made available to researchers. Governors, senators, business leaders, actors, athletes, and other celebrities also generate records, but the number of these records is typically smaller, their collection and preservation is more haphazard, and their accessibility to researchers is far from guaranteed. People who never achieve renown sometimes generate records, but these usually disappear before or after the death of the generator.
Comparison of performance, health and welfare aspects between commercially housed hatchery-hatched and on-farm hatched broiler flocks
- I. C. de Jong, H. Gunnink, T. van Hattum, J. W. van Riel, M. M. P. Raaijmakers, E. S. Zoet, H. van den Brand
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On-farm hatching systems for broiler chicks are increasingly used in practice. We studied whether or not performance, health and welfare aspects differed between commercial flocks hatched on-farm or in a hatchery (control). In two successive production cycles on seven farms, a total of 16 on-farm hatched flocks were paired to 16 control flocks, housed at the same farm. Paired flocks originated from the same batch of eggs and were subjected to similar on-farm management. On-farm hatched and control flocks only differed with respect to hatching conditions, with on-farm hatched flocks not being exposed to, for example, chick handling, post-hatch feed and water deprivation and transport, in contrast to control flocks that were subjected to standard hatchery procedures, subsequently transported and placed in the poultry house. Day-old chick quality (navel and hock scores), 1st week mortality, total mortality, BW at day (d) 0, d7 and at depopulation, and (total) feed conversion ratio were determined. Prevalence of footpad dermatitis, hock burn, breast discoloration/blisters and cleanliness, litter quality and gait score were determined at d21 of age and around depopulation (d39 on average). Gross pathology and gut morphology were examined at depopulation age in a sample of birds of five flocks per treatment. On-farm hatching resulted in a higher BW at d0 (Δ=5.4 g) and d7 (Δ=11.5 g) (P<0.001), but day-old chick quality as measured by navel (P=0.003) and hock (P=0.01) quality was worse for on-farm hatched compared to control birds. Body weight, 1st week and total mortality, and feed conversion ratio at slaughter age were similar for both on-farm hatched and control flocks. On-farm hatched flocks had less footpad dermatitis (P=0.05), which indicated a better welfare. This was likely related to a tendency for better litter quality in on-farm hatched flocks at 21 days of age in comparison to control flocks (P=0.08). No major differences in gross pathology or in intestinal morphology at depopulation age were found between treatments. In conclusion, on-farm hatching resulted in better 1st week broiler performance and better welfare compared to conventional hatching in a hatchery.
Relationships between ovulation rate and embryonic and placental characteristics in multiparous sows at 35 days of pregnancy
- C. L. A. Da Silva, H. van den Brand, B. F. A. Laurenssen, M. L. W. J Broekhuijse, E. F. Knol, B. Kemp, N. M. Soede
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The objective of this study was to investigate relationships between ovulation rate (OR) and embryonic and placental development in sows. Topigs Norsvin® sows (n=91, parity 2 to 17) from three different genetic backgrounds were slaughtered at 35 days of pregnancy and the reproductive tract was collected. The corpora lutea (CL) were counted and the number of vital and non-vital embryos, embryonic spacing (distance between two embryos), implantation length, placental length, placental weight and embryonic weight were assessed. The difference between number of CL and total number of embryos was considered as early embryonic mortality. The number of non-vital embryos was considered as late mortality. Relationships between OR and all other variables were investigated using two models: the first considered parity as class effect (n=91) and the second used a subset of sows with parities 4 to 10 (n=47) to analyse the genetic background as class effect. OR was significantly affected by parity (P<0.0001), but was not affected by the genetic background of the sows. Parity and genetic background did not affect embryonic and placental characteristics at 35 days of pregnancy. OR (varying from 17 to 38 CL) was positively related with early embryonic mortality (β=0.49±0.1 n/ovulations, P<0.0001), with late embryonic mortality or number of non-vital embryos (β=0.24±0.1 n/ovulations, P=0.001) and with the number of vital embryos (β=0.26±0.1 n/ovulations, P=0.01). However, dividing OR in four classes, showed that the number of vital embryos was lowest in OR class 1 (17 to 21 CL), but not different for the other OR classes, suggesting a plateau for number of vital embryos for OR above 22. There was a negative linear relationship between OR and vital embryonic spacing (β=−0.45±0.1 cm/ovulation, P=0.001), implantation length (β=−0.35±0.1 cm/ovulation, P=0.003), placental length (β=−0.38±0.2 cm/ovulation, P=0.05) and empty space around embryonic-placental unit (β=−0.4±0.2 cm/ovulation, P=0.02), indicating uterine crowding. Further analyses showed that effects of OR on embryonic and uterine parameters were related with the increase in late mortality and not early embryonic mortality. Therefore, we conclude that a high OR results in an moderate increase in the number of vital embryos at day 35 of pregnancy, but compromises development in the surviving embryonic/placental units, suggesting that the future growth and survival of the embryos might be further compromised.
Contributors
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- By Mitchell Aboulafia, Frederick Adams, Marilyn McCord Adams, Robert M. Adams, Laird Addis, James W. Allard, David Allison, William P. Alston, Karl Ameriks, C. Anthony Anderson, David Leech Anderson, Lanier Anderson, Roger Ariew, David Armstrong, Denis G. Arnold, E. J. Ashworth, Margaret Atherton, Robin Attfield, Bruce Aune, Edward Wilson Averill, Jody Azzouni, Kent Bach, Andrew Bailey, Lynne Rudder Baker, Thomas R. Baldwin, Jon Barwise, George Bealer, William Bechtel, Lawrence C. Becker, Mark A. Bedau, Ernst Behler, José A. Benardete, Ermanno Bencivenga, Jan Berg, Michael Bergmann, Robert L. Bernasconi, Sven Bernecker, Bernard Berofsky, Rod Bertolet, Charles J. Beyer, Christian Beyer, Joseph Bien, Joseph Bien, Peg Birmingham, Ivan Boh, James Bohman, Daniel Bonevac, Laurence BonJour, William J. Bouwsma, Raymond D. Bradley, Myles Brand, Richard B. Brandt, Michael E. Bratman, Stephen E. Braude, Daniel Breazeale, Angela Breitenbach, Jason Bridges, David O. Brink, Gordon G. Brittan, Justin Broackes, Dan W. Brock, Aaron Bronfman, Jeffrey E. Brower, Bartosz Brozek, Anthony Brueckner, Jeffrey Bub, Lara Buchak, Otavio Bueno, Ann E. Bumpus, Robert W. Burch, John Burgess, Arthur W. Burks, Panayot Butchvarov, Robert E. Butts, Marina Bykova, Patrick Byrne, David Carr, Noël Carroll, Edward S. Casey, Victor Caston, Victor Caston, Albert Casullo, Robert L. Causey, Alan K. L. Chan, Ruth Chang, Deen K. Chatterjee, Andrew Chignell, Roderick M. Chisholm, Kelly J. Clark, E. J. Coffman, Robin Collins, Brian P. Copenhaver, John Corcoran, John Cottingham, Roger Crisp, Frederick J. Crosson, Antonio S. Cua, Phillip D. Cummins, Martin Curd, Adam Cureton, Andrew Cutrofello, Stephen Darwall, Paul Sheldon Davies, Wayne A. Davis, Timothy Joseph Day, Claudio de Almeida, Mario De Caro, Mario De Caro, John Deigh, C. F. Delaney, Daniel C. Dennett, Michael R. DePaul, Michael Detlefsen, Daniel Trent Devereux, Philip E. Devine, John M. Dillon, Martin C. Dillon, Robert DiSalle, Mary Domski, Alan Donagan, Paul Draper, Fred Dretske, Mircea Dumitru, Wilhelm Dupré, Gerald Dworkin, John Earman, Ellery Eells, Catherine Z. Elgin, Berent Enç, Ronald P. Endicott, Edward Erwin, John Etchemendy, C. Stephen Evans, Susan L. Feagin, Solomon Feferman, Richard Feldman, Arthur Fine, Maurice A. Finocchiaro, William FitzPatrick, Richard E. Flathman, Gvozden Flego, Richard Foley, Graeme Forbes, Rainer Forst, Malcolm R. Forster, Daniel Fouke, Patrick Francken, Samuel Freeman, Elizabeth Fricker, Miranda Fricker, Michael Friedman, Michael Fuerstein, Richard A. Fumerton, Alan Gabbey, Pieranna Garavaso, Daniel Garber, Jorge L. A. Garcia, Robert K. Garcia, Don Garrett, Philip Gasper, Gerald Gaus, Berys Gaut, Bernard Gert, Roger F. Gibson, Cody Gilmore, Carl Ginet, Alan H. Goldman, Alvin I. Goldman, Alfonso Gömez-Lobo, Lenn E. Goodman, Robert M. Gordon, Stefan Gosepath, Jorge J. E. Gracia, Daniel W. Graham, George A. Graham, Peter J. Graham, Richard E. Grandy, I. Grattan-Guinness, John Greco, Philip T. Grier, Nicholas Griffin, Nicholas Griffin, David A. Griffiths, Paul J. Griffiths, Stephen R. Grimm, Charles L. Griswold, Charles B. Guignon, Pete A. Y. Gunter, Dimitri Gutas, Gary Gutting, Paul Guyer, Kwame Gyekye, Oscar A. Haac, Raul Hakli, Raul Hakli, Michael Hallett, Edward C. Halper, Jean Hampton, R. James Hankinson, K. R. Hanley, Russell Hardin, Robert M. Harnish, William Harper, David Harrah, Kevin Hart, Ali Hasan, William Hasker, John Haugeland, Roger Hausheer, William Heald, Peter Heath, Richard Heck, John F. Heil, Vincent F. Hendricks, Stephen Hetherington, Francis Heylighen, Kathleen Marie Higgins, Risto Hilpinen, Harold T. Hodes, Joshua Hoffman, Alan Holland, Robert L. Holmes, Richard Holton, Brad W. Hooker, Terence E. Horgan, Tamara Horowitz, Paul Horwich, Vittorio Hösle, Paul Hoβfeld, Daniel Howard-Snyder, Frances Howard-Snyder, Anne Hudson, Deal W. Hudson, Carl A. Huffman, David L. Hull, Patricia Huntington, Thomas Hurka, Paul Hurley, Rosalind Hursthouse, Guillermo Hurtado, Ronald E. Hustwit, Sarah Hutton, Jonathan Jenkins Ichikawa, Harry A. Ide, David Ingram, Philip J. Ivanhoe, Alfred L. Ivry, Frank Jackson, Dale Jacquette, Joseph Jedwab, Richard Jeffrey, David Alan Johnson, Edward Johnson, Mark D. Jordan, Richard Joyce, Hwa Yol Jung, Robert Hillary Kane, Tomis Kapitan, Jacquelyn Ann K. Kegley, James A. Keller, Ralph Kennedy, Sergei Khoruzhii, Jaegwon Kim, Yersu Kim, Nathan L. King, Patricia Kitcher, Peter D. Klein, E. D. Klemke, Virginia Klenk, George L. Kline, Christian Klotz, Simo Knuuttila, Joseph J. Kockelmans, Konstantin Kolenda, Sebastian Tomasz Kołodziejczyk, Isaac Kramnick, Richard Kraut, Fred Kroon, Manfred Kuehn, Steven T. Kuhn, Henry E. Kyburg, John Lachs, Jennifer Lackey, Stephen E. Lahey, Andrea Lavazza, Thomas H. Leahey, Joo Heung Lee, Keith Lehrer, Dorothy Leland, Noah M. Lemos, Ernest LePore, Sarah-Jane Leslie, Isaac Levi, Andrew Levine, Alan E. Lewis, Daniel E. Little, Shu-hsien Liu, Shu-hsien Liu, Alan K. L. Chan, Brian Loar, Lawrence B. Lombard, John Longeway, Dominic McIver Lopes, Michael J. Loux, E. J. Lowe, Steven Luper, Eugene C. Luschei, William G. Lycan, David Lyons, David Macarthur, Danielle Macbeth, Scott MacDonald, Jacob L. Mackey, Louis H. Mackey, Penelope Mackie, Edward H. Madden, Penelope Maddy, G. B. Madison, Bernd Magnus, Pekka Mäkelä, Rudolf A. Makkreel, David Manley, William E. Mann (W.E.M.), Vladimir Marchenkov, Peter Markie, Jean-Pierre Marquis, Ausonio Marras, Mike W. Martin, A. P. Martinich, William L. McBride, David McCabe, Storrs McCall, Hugh J. McCann, Robert N. McCauley, John J. McDermott, Sarah McGrath, Ralph McInerny, Daniel J. McKaughan, Thomas McKay, Michael McKinsey, Brian P. McLaughlin, Ernan McMullin, Anthonie Meijers, Jack W. Meiland, William Jason Melanson, Alfred R. Mele, Joseph R. Mendola, Christopher Menzel, Michael J. Meyer, Christian B. Miller, David W. Miller, Peter Millican, Robert N. Minor, Phillip Mitsis, James A. Montmarquet, Michael S. Moore, Tim Moore, Benjamin Morison, Donald R. Morrison, Stephen J. Morse, Paul K. Moser, Alexander P. D. Mourelatos, Ian Mueller, James Bernard Murphy, Mark C. Murphy, Steven Nadler, Jan Narveson, Alan Nelson, Jerome Neu, Samuel Newlands, Kai Nielsen, Ilkka Niiniluoto, Carlos G. Noreña, Calvin G. Normore, David Fate Norton, Nikolaj Nottelmann, Donald Nute, David S. Oderberg, Steve Odin, Michael O’Rourke, Willard G. Oxtoby, Heinz Paetzold, George S. Pappas, Anthony J. Parel, Lydia Patton, R. P. Peerenboom, Francis Jeffry Pelletier, Adriaan T. Peperzak, Derk Pereboom, Jaroslav Peregrin, Glen Pettigrove, Philip Pettit, Edmund L. Pincoffs, Andrew Pinsent, Robert B. Pippin, Alvin Plantinga, Louis P. Pojman, Richard H. Popkin, John F. Post, Carl J. Posy, William J. Prior, Richard Purtill, Michael Quante, Philip L. Quinn, Philip L. Quinn, Elizabeth S. Radcliffe, Diana Raffman, Gerard Raulet, Stephen L. Read, Andrews Reath, Andrew Reisner, Nicholas Rescher, Henry S. Richardson, Robert C. Richardson, Thomas Ricketts, Wayne D. Riggs, Mark Roberts, Robert C. Roberts, Luke Robinson, Alexander Rosenberg, Gary Rosenkranz, Bernice Glatzer Rosenthal, Adina L. Roskies, William L. Rowe, T. M. Rudavsky, Michael Ruse, Bruce Russell, Lilly-Marlene Russow, Dan Ryder, R. M. Sainsbury, Joseph Salerno, Nathan Salmon, Wesley C. Salmon, Constantine Sandis, David H. Sanford, Marco Santambrogio, David Sapire, Ruth A. Saunders, Geoffrey Sayre-McCord, Charles Sayward, James P. Scanlan, Richard Schacht, Tamar Schapiro, Frederick F. Schmitt, Jerome B. Schneewind, Calvin O. Schrag, Alan D. Schrift, George F. Schumm, Jean-Loup Seban, David N. Sedley, Kenneth Seeskin, Krister Segerberg, Charlene Haddock Seigfried, Dennis M. Senchuk, James F. Sennett, William Lad Sessions, Stewart Shapiro, Tommie Shelby, Donald W. Sherburne, Christopher Shields, Roger A. Shiner, Sydney Shoemaker, Robert K. Shope, Kwong-loi Shun, Wilfried Sieg, A. John Simmons, Robert L. Simon, Marcus G. Singer, Georgette Sinkler, Walter Sinnott-Armstrong, Matti T. Sintonen, Lawrence Sklar, Brian Skyrms, Robert C. Sleigh, Michael Anthony Slote, Hans Sluga, Barry Smith, Michael Smith, Robin Smith, Robert Sokolowski, Robert C. Solomon, Marta Soniewicka, Philip Soper, Ernest Sosa, Nicholas Southwood, Paul Vincent Spade, T. L. S. Sprigge, Eric O. Springsted, George J. Stack, Rebecca Stangl, Jason Stanley, Florian Steinberger, Sören Stenlund, Christopher Stephens, James P. Sterba, Josef Stern, Matthias Steup, M. A. Stewart, Leopold Stubenberg, Edith Dudley Sulla, Frederick Suppe, Jere Paul Surber, David George Sussman, Sigrún Svavarsdóttir, Zeno G. Swijtink, Richard Swinburne, Charles C. Taliaferro, Robert B. Talisse, John Tasioulas, Paul Teller, Larry S. Temkin, Mark Textor, H. S. Thayer, Peter Thielke, Alan Thomas, Amie L. Thomasson, Katherine Thomson-Jones, Joshua C. Thurow, Vzalerie Tiberius, Terrence N. Tice, Paul Tidman, Mark C. Timmons, William Tolhurst, James E. Tomberlin, Rosemarie Tong, Lawrence Torcello, Kelly Trogdon, J. D. Trout, Robert E. Tully, Raimo Tuomela, John Turri, Martin M. Tweedale, Thomas Uebel, Jennifer Uleman, James Van Cleve, Harry van der Linden, Peter van Inwagen, Bryan W. Van Norden, René van Woudenberg, Donald Phillip Verene, Samantha Vice, Thomas Vinci, Donald Wayne Viney, Barbara Von Eckardt, Peter B. M. Vranas, Steven J. Wagner, William J. Wainwright, Paul E. Walker, Robert E. Wall, Craig Walton, Douglas Walton, Eric Watkins, Richard A. Watson, Michael V. Wedin, Rudolph H. Weingartner, Paul Weirich, Paul J. Weithman, Carl Wellman, Howard Wettstein, Samuel C. Wheeler, Stephen A. White, Jennifer Whiting, Edward R. Wierenga, Michael Williams, Fred Wilson, W. Kent Wilson, Kenneth P. Winkler, John F. Wippel, Jan Woleński, Allan B. Wolter, Nicholas P. Wolterstorff, Rega Wood, W. Jay Wood, Paul Woodruff, Alison Wylie, Gideon Yaffe, Takashi Yagisawa, Yutaka Yamamoto, Keith E. Yandell, Xiaomei Yang, Dean Zimmerman, Günter Zoller, Catherine Zuckert, Michael Zuckert, Jack A. Zupko (J.A.Z.)
- Edited by Robert Audi, University of Notre Dame, Indiana
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- The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy
- Published online:
- 05 August 2015
- Print publication:
- 27 April 2015, pp ix-xxx
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Significance of chick quality score in broiler production
- L. J. F. van de Ven, A. V. van Wagenberg, K. A. Uitdehaag, P. W. G. Groot Koerkamp, B. Kemp, H. van den Brand
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The quality of day old chicks is crucial for profitable broiler production, but a difficult trait to define. In research, both qualitative and quantitative measures are used with variable predictive value for subsequent performance. In hatchery practice, chick quality is judged on a binomial scale, as chicks are divided into first grade (Q1-saleable) and second grade (Q2) chicks right after hatch. Incidences and reasons for classifying chicks as Q2, and potential of these chicks for survival and post-hatch performance have hardly been investigated, but may provide information for flock performance. We conducted an experiment to investigate (1) the quality of a broiler flock and the relation with post-hatch flock performance based on a qualitative score (Pasgar©score) of Q1 chicks and based on the incidence of Q2 chicks and (2) the reasons for classifying chicks as Q2, and the potential of these chicks for survival and post-hatch growth. The performance was followed of Q1 and Q2 chicks obtained from two breeder flocks that hatched in two different hatching systems (a traditional hatcher or a combined hatching and brooding system, named Patio). Eggs were incubated until embryo day 18, when they were transferred to one of the two hatching systems. At embryo day 21/post-hatch day 0, all chicks from the hatcher (including Q2 chicks) were brought to Patio, where the hatchery manager marked the Q2 chicks from both flocks and hatching systems and registered apparent reasons for classifying these chicks as Q2. Chick quality was assessed of 100 Q1 chicks from each flock and hatching system. Weights of all chicks were determined at days 0, 7, 21 and 42. There were no correlations between mean Pasgar©score and post-hatch growth or mortality, and suboptimal navel quality was the only quality trait associated with lower post-hatch growth. Growth was clearly affected by breeder flock and hatching system, which could not be linked to mean Pasgar©score or incidence of Q2 chicks. Q2 chicks showed lower post-hatch growth compared to Q1 chicks but effects on flock performance at slaughter weight were limited because early mortality in Q2 chicks was high (62.50% at 7 days). We concluded that chick qualitative scores and the incidence of Q2 chicks may be informative for the quality of incubation, but are not predictive for post-hatch flock performance. Culling Q2 chicks after hatch is well-founded in terms of both animal welfare and profitability.
Effects of fermentable starch and straw-enriched housing on energy partitioning of growing pigs
- J. E. Bolhuis, H. van den Brand, S. T. M. Staals, T. Zandstra, S. J. J. Alferink, M. J. W. Heetkamp, W. J. J. Gerrits
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Both dietary fermentable carbohydrates and the availability of straw bedding potentially affect activity patterns and energy utilisation in pigs. The present study aimed to investigate the combined effects of straw bedding and fermentable carbohydrates (native potato starch) on energy partitioning in growing pigs. In a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement, 16 groups of 12 pigs (approximately 25 kg) were assigned to either barren housing or housing on straw bedding, and to native or pregelatinised potato starch included in the diet. Pigs were fed at approximately 2.5 times maintenance. Nitrogen and energy balances were measured per group during a 7-day experimental period, which was preceded by a 30-day adaptation period. Heat production and physical activity were measured during 9-min intervals. The availability of straw bedding increased both metabolisable energy (ME) intake and total heat production (P < 0.001). Housing conditions did not affect total energy retention, but pigs on straw bedding retained more energy as protein (P < 0.01) and less as fat (P < 0.05) than barren-housed pigs. Average daily gain (P < 0.001), ME intake (P < 0.001) and energy retention (P < 0.01) were lower in pigs on the native potato starch diet compared to those on the pregelatinised potato starch diet. Pigs on the pregelatinised potato starch diet showed larger fluctuations in heat production and respiration quotient over the 24-h cycle than pigs on the native potato starch diet, and a higher activity-related energy expenditure. The effect of dietary starch type on activity-related heat production depended, however, on housing type (P < 0.05). In barren housing, activity-related heat production was less affected by starch type (16.1% and 13.7% of total heat production on the pregelatinised and native potato starch diet, respectively) than in straw-enriched housing (21.1% and 15.0% of the total heat production on the pregelatinised and native potato starch diet, respectively). In conclusion, the present study shows that the availability both of straw bedding and of dietary starch type, fermentable or digestible, affects energy utilisation and physical activity of pigs. The effects of housing condition on protein and fat deposition suggest that environmental enrichment with long straw may result in leaner pigs. The lower energy expenditure on the physical activity of pigs on the native potato starch diet, which was the most obvious in straw-housed pigs, likely reflects a decrease in foraging behaviour related to a more gradual supply of energy from fermentation processes.
Status of PHELIX laser and first experiments
- P. NEUMAYER, R. BOCK, S. BORNEIS, E. BRAMBRINK, H. BRAND, J. CAIRD, E.M. CAMPBELL, E. GAUL, S. GOETTE, C. HAEFNER, T. HAHN, H.M. HEUCK, D.H.H. HOFFMANN, D. JAVORKOVA, H.-J. KLUGE, T. KUEHL, S. KUNZER, T. MERZ, E. ONKELS, M.D. PERRY, D. REEMTS, M. ROTH, S. SAMEK, G. SCHAUMANN, F. SCHRADER, W. SEELIG, A. TAUSCHWITZ, R. THIEL, D. URSESCU, P. WIEWIOR, U. WITTROCK, B. ZIELBAUER
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- Laser and Particle Beams / Volume 23 / Issue 3 / September 2005
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 30 August 2005, pp. 385-389
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This paper reports on the status of the PHELIX petawatt laser which is built at the Gesellschaft fuer Schwerionenforschung (GSI) in close collaboration with the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), and the Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA) in France. First experiments carried out with the chirped pulse amplification (CPA) front-end will also be briefly reviewed.
The Watson Dynasty: The Fiery Reign and Troubled Legacy of IBM's Founding Father and Son. By Richard S. Tedlow. New York: HarperBusiness, 2003. xi + 340 pp. Bibliography, notes, index. Cloth, $26.95. ISBN: 0-060-01405-9.
- H. W. Brands
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- Journal:
- Business History Review / Volume 78 / Issue 3 / Autumn 2004
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 13 December 2011, pp. 535-537
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- Autumn 2004
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5 - The United States, Germany, and the Multilateralization of International Relations
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- By H. W. Brands
- Edited by Detlef Junker, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Germany
- Edited in association with Philipp Gassert, Wilfried Mausbach, David B. Morris
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- The United States and Germany in the Era of the Cold War, 1945–1990
- Published online:
- 05 January 2013
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- 17 May 2004, pp 47-53
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Summary
In its simplest form, multilateralism is a method of diplomacy that considers diplomatic partners several at a time. Bilateralism, by contrast, deals with other countries one by one. Multilateralism can be formal, involving treaty organizations and other multinational institutions; it can also be informal, based simply on an appreciation of how particular events affect several nations simultaneously. In practice the formal and informal entwine; a network of explicit commitments and implicit understandings knit together the participating nations and constrain their actions.
Relations between the United States and Germany since World War II provide a good example of the formal and informal aspects of multilateralism. Formal elements took precedence first, but as the memories of the war faded and the two sides gained confidence in each other, informal multilateralism grew more important. At the same time, the purposes of multilateralism for the two governments changed along with the relative strength of the military, political, economic, and cultural aspects of their relationship. For Washington, multilateralism was initially a method of tying Germany down and binding Bonn to the West; later it became a way of encouraging the Germans to contribute to European security. For Bonn, multilateralism at first served as an alternative to indefinite occupation; later it became an avenue for Germany's reemergence as the leading power in Europe.
Friendly Fire: Lyndon Johnson and the Challenge to Containment
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- By H. W. Brands, Texas A & M University
- Edited by Randall B. Woods, University of Arkansas
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- Book:
- Vietnam and the American Political Tradition
- Published online:
- 21 November 2009
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- 24 February 2003, pp 259-281
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Summary
Great legislators do not make great presidents. In fact, they rarely make presidents of any kind. The greatest senators and representatives in American history – Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun, Daniel Webster, Thomas B. Reed, Joseph Cannon, and Sam Rayburn – never reached the White House. Those lawmakers who did get there – starting with James Madison and continuing through George Bush – failed to distinguish themselves at one end or the other of Pennsylvania Avenue, often both.
There is a reason for this. The legislative mentality is not the executive mentality. If anything, the former militates against the latter. The successful legislator is an accommodator, a compromiser, a dealmaker, a person who acknowledges that in a democracy differing viewpoints can be equally valid, by the mere fact that they are held by different citizens, and for that reason must be taken into account. The successful executive, on the other hand, is a leader, a decisionmaker, a buck-stopper, a person who embodies not the least common denominator of the polity but the greatest common multiple. Executives get paid to make hard choices, legislators to prevent hard choices from having to be made.
Lyndon Johnson could have been a great legislator. He had Sam Rayburn for a tutor; more important, he had the right instincts. He delighted in discovering what different people needed from government on a particular issue, and in employing what he discovered to fashion a bill a majority could get behind.
Foreign Policy and the Utopian Imagination. By Susan M. Matarese. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2001. 164p. $28.95.
- H. W. Brands
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- Journal:
- American Political Science Review / Volume 96 / Issue 4 / December 2002
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 December 2002, p. 890
- Print publication:
- December 2002
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The last decade of the nineteenth century was a traumatic time for many Americans. The federal constitution was a hundred years old, and it no longer fit the nation so neatly as it once had. A new class of economic warlords, commonly called robber barons, made a mockery of some hallowed democratic principles; from behind the walls of their well-defended monopolies they laughed at notions that business should serve the public. “The public be damned!” jeered William Vanderbilt. Meanwhile, millions of immigrants flooded American shores; to many of the native born (or merely earlier arrived), the newcomers appeared an alien horde that would drive down wages, depress the standard of living, and change the character of America even as they were already changing its face. In the West, the frontier was disappearing—in fact, had already disappeared, in the statistical judgment of the director of the 1890 census—depriving the country of the demographic and psychic safety valve that had long bled off the worst of American discontent. As if all this were not enough, the 1890s witnessed the worst depression in American history to that point, closing hundreds of banks and factories and throwing hundreds of thousands of breadwinners out of work and onto the streets and highways.
John Jacob Astor: America's First Multimillionaire. ByAxel Madsen. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2001. 304 pp. Notes, bibliography, index. Cloth, $30.00. ISBN 0-471-38503-4.
- H. W. Brands
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- Journal:
- Business History Review / Volume 75 / Issue 3 / Autumn 2001
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 13 December 2011, pp. 596-598
- Print publication:
- Autumn 2001
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Novel Hybrid Covalent / Ionic Self-Assembly Technique for Improved Second-Order Nonlinear Optical Films
- P. J. Neyman, M. Guzy, S. M. Shah, R.M. Davis, K. E. VanCott, H. Wang, H. W. Gibson, C. Brands, J.R. Heflin
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- Journal:
- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 708 / 2001
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 15 March 2011, BB4.4
- Print publication:
- 2001
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Ionically self-assembled monolayer (ISAM) films have been shown to spontaneously produce noncentrosymmetric ordering that gives rise to a substantial second order nonlinear optical (NLO) response. Typically, the ISAM films for NLO response are an assemblage of bilayers of oppositely charged polymers whose thickness can be controlled through variation of pH and ionic strength of the immersion solutions. Here, we investigate the effects of replacing the NLO-active polymer layers with layers of monomeric chromophores containing ionic and covalent bonding sites. Films fabricated exclusively using polyelectrolytes contain some fraction of both randomly oriented and anti-parallel oriented chromophores. We have examined the incorporation of monomeric chromophores into ISAM films in order to increase the net polar orientation of the chromophores and reduce bilayer thickness.
4 - The Idea of the National Interest
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- By H. W. Brands
- Edited by Michael J. Hogan, Ohio State University
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- Book:
- The Ambiguous Legacy
- Published online:
- 05 June 2012
- Print publication:
- 13 November 1999, pp 120-151
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Summary
Prior to diplomacy is policy, which guides the diplomats in their actions; prior to policy are the ideas that inhabit the heads of the policymakers, shaping their perceptions of the world and informing their responses to those perceptions. Monarchs and dictators may manage to determine policy on the basis of narrow notions of personal self-interest, although most even of the autocratic sort persuade or delude themselves of a coincidence between self-interest and national interest. Democracies are hardly spared selfishness in their leaders, but democratic politics demand that policies be defended, even when they do not originate, in terms of national interest – of a conception of an overriding common good transcending the specific interests of parties, factions, and other entities smaller than the nation as a whole.
In American politics and diplomacy, the search for the national interest has been constant, from the founding of the Republic to the present. The first enunciation of national interest coincided with the proclamation of the existence of the United States of America, and indeed the coincidence was as much conceptual as chronological, for until the Treaty of Paris of 1783, national existence – that is, independence – was the essential national interest. National existence remained an issue through the War of 1812, as the British invasion of Washington demonstrated; it was contested in another, more deadly form in the sectional crisis that culminated in the Civil War.
7 - Reinhold Niebuhr and the Foreign Policy of Original Sin
- H. W. Brands, Texas A & M University
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- Book:
- What America Owes the World
- Published online:
- 25 March 2010
- Print publication:
- 13 September 1998, pp 182-208
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Summary
Kennan's invocation of God and faith, while hardly the hinge of his argument, suggested that the religious element in American thinking about the world, so noticeable in the nineteenth century, still lived. American anticommunists during the 1950s certainly made much of the “godless” character of the Soviet and Chinese regimes, and as Kennan and Morgenthau both noted, with more than a little dismay, American attitudes toward the world frequently betrayed the mentality of a religious crusade. As always, Americans tended to assume that God was on their side in matters of international affairs.
Yet the Manicheism of popular anticommunism hardly exhausted the range of religious thought on the appropriate role of the United States. Kennan and Morgenthau both probed the subtle question of whether the kind of morality religions prescribed for the private realm applied to relations among states. Because they approached the intersection of religion and foreign policy from the latter direction, though, the religious aspect of their analyses was intermittent and unsystematic.
Reinhold Niebuhr arrived at the crossing from the religious side. The son of a minister of the German Evangelical Synod, Reinhold – along with brother H. Richard, who also became a distinguished theologian – grew up in small-town Missouri. Reinhold took a master's degree at Yale Divinity School, then worked for a decade as pastor of a middle-class parish in Detroit before joining the faculty of the Union Theological Seminary in New York.
1 - Exceptionalists All! The First Hundred Years
- H. W. Brands, Texas A & M University
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- Book:
- What America Owes the World
- Published online:
- 25 March 2010
- Print publication:
- 13 September 1998, pp 1-21
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Summary
The exemplarists started the debate when John Winthrop proclaimed that the Puritan settlement on the Atlantic's western shore would be a model for the entire world. If the experiment in government by the godly succeeded, its light would illumine humanity; if it failed, all would know. Yet unalloyed exemplarism wasn't a necessary consequence of Puritanism per se. A more vigorous vindicator than Oliver Cromwell would be difficult to conceive. Had Winthrop and associates enjoyed the capacity to do what Cromwell did, they never would have left England. For Winthrop, exemplarism was the refuge of the weak.
It remained so for Americans for a century and a half. Until the inhabitants of Britain's North American colonies wrested sovereignty from London, they were in no position to impose their notions of politics, social order, or anything else on the world at large. To be sure, they leaned heavily on neighboring Indians and somewhat more lightly on the French, Dutch, and Spanish they encountered in the colonial borderlands. Yet without a national government, Americans had no foreign policy distinct from Britain's, and so small was their voice in the formulation of British policy that few bothered to raise it.
Though Thomas Jefferson didn't share many habits of mind with John Winthrop, the author of the Declaration of Independence agreed that Americans were uniquely placed to set a pattern for the earth's less favored denizens.
Frontmatter
- H. W. Brands, Texas A & M University
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- Book:
- What America Owes the World
- Published online:
- 25 March 2010
- Print publication:
- 13 September 1998, pp i-iv
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11 - It Ain't Over till It's Over – and Not Even Then
- H. W. Brands, Texas A & M University
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- Book:
- What America Owes the World
- Published online:
- 25 March 2010
- Print publication:
- 13 September 1998, pp 297-320
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Summary
Ronald Reagan didn't make neoconservatism; the converse was more nearly correct. Yet Reagan gave the constellation of ideas the neoconservatives promoted a genial gloss their hard hearts never could have provided. (He also gave lots of neoconservatives, from Jeane Kirkpatrick down, positions in government.) The wonder of Reagan was his ability to cause Americans to feel warm and fuzzy about a presidency devoted to a crabbed and dismal view of human nature – to a conviction that individuals responded to no higher sentiment than self-interest and that the world would never know peace short of the annihilation of dissent from America's official anticommunist ideology. It was significant that polls regularly showed far higher support for Reagan personally than for his policies.
Mikhail Gorbachev didn't unmake neoconservatism; the converse was more nearly correct – or at least it would have been if some of the neoconservatives had had their way. The neoconservatives recognized that the urgency of their message depended on a condition of confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union. Gorbachev, by directing a restructuring of Soviet society away from the Stalinist model and allowing the introduction of pluralism elsewhere in the East bloc, threatened to deprive the neoconservatives of their present-dangerist raison d'tre. Alarmed by the prospect of their wishes coming true, many of the neoconservatives balked at the brink of success.
But after a couple of years of declaring Gorbachev merely a dictator with a tailor, even the neoconservatives conceded that something important was happening beyond the Elbe.
6 - Kennan, Morgenthau, and the Sources of Superpower Conduct
- H. W. Brands, Texas A & M University
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- Book:
- What America Owes the World
- Published online:
- 25 March 2010
- Print publication:
- 13 September 1998, pp 144-181
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Months after Beard's death, the Senate commenced consideration of a treaty that killed the continentalism he spent the 1930s advocating. A few irreconcilables joined Robert Taft in pronouncing the Atlantic alliance a snare, a delusion, and a repudiation of tested tradition, but a solid majority of Americans – and two-thirds of the Senate – refused to risk a withdrawal from international affairs like that which, they believed, had played a significant part in producing World War II. The twentieth century reached the halfway mark with the United States for the first time formally pledged to defend territory it didn't own.
A variety of factors contributed to America's embrace of what became within a few years a policy of global vindicationism. The most obvious and frequently cited was the failure of appeasement during the 1930s. Had the democracies called Hitler's bluff at Munich, the conventional wisdom contended, either he would have backed down or the Germans would have toppled him, or both. In any case, the late world war wouldn't have happened. Whatever the historical accuracy of this line of reasoning, and whether or not what might have worked against Hitler was required against Stalin and later Mao, the no-more-Munichs line provided the principal justification for Americans’ redefinition of their country's foreign policy.
At a deeper level, the argument for global activism amounted to little more than an elaboration of the case the vindicators had been making for sixteen decades.