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5 - Reimagining Community Safety as community safeguarding in response to extra-familial harm
- Edited by Carlene Firmin, Durham University, Jenny Lloyd, Durham University
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- Book:
- Contextual Safeguarding
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- Bristol University Press
- Published online:
- 23 January 2024
- Print publication:
- 20 July 2023, pp 61-76
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Summary
Introduction
A central argument to the development of CS has been a need to shift responses to EFH away from criminal justice (particularly youth justice) systems and towards child protection systems (Firmin, 2017; Lloyd and Firmin, 2019). Prior to this, many young people affected by EFH were not viewed as being within the remit of child protection systems, and the contexts in which they came to harm were equally considered out of scope for social work intervention. Efforts to implement CS sought to achieve this shift in two ways. Firstly, by integrating reference to extra-familial contexts (like peer groups and public places) into social work activities (such as when recording referrals or conducting assessments) that had traditionally focused on familial contexts. Secondly, by promoting that child protection, rather than criminal justice, legislative frameworks and associated structures provide the scaffolding for coordinating responses to EFH. The merits and challenges of this have been debated elsewhere in this book (see Chapters 2 and 7, for example) – and some ways forward proposed. However, in the latest testing of CS, the role of a third legislative framework, and associated operational structure, has come into view: Community Safety.
In the UK, CSPs are legislatively responsible for coordinating council responses to crime and disorder. This has often resulted in them leading local responses to contexts associated with higher numbers of crime or antisocial behaviour (ASB) reports, as well as sanctioning (through civil orders) those deemed responsible for those crimes/behaviours.
In local areas adopting CS, social workers have found themselves initiating child welfare assessments of contexts that have also been responded to via Community Safety disruption activity. Individual young people on social work plans due to the exploitation they have experienced have also faced Community Safety sanctions for the ASB they have displayed as a result of that exploitation. In both scenarios, Community Safety responses have risked undermining child welfare approaches to contexts and young people affected by EFH. Yet from a legislative, policy and practice perspective, the principal driver for decision making in the case of such contexts or young people is unclear. If part of one response may undermine the other, which one should take precedence?
8 - “If you want to help us, you need to hear us”
- Edited by Carlene Firmin, Durham University, Jenny Lloyd, Durham University
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- Book:
- Contextual Safeguarding
- Published by:
- Bristol University Press
- Published online:
- 23 January 2024
- Print publication:
- 20 July 2023, pp 105-120
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Summary
Introduction
The title of this chapter, “If you want to help us, you need to hear us” (Scale-Up focus group, Site 7), are the words of a young person who participated in our research. While this sounds simple, the current child protection system is not set up in a way that prioritises youth voice and participation (Tidsall, 2017; Warrington and Larkins, 2019; Whittington, 2019).
Since 2019, researchers in the CS teams based at the University of Bedfordshire and Durham University have had the opportunity, within the limitations of COVID restrictions, to work with young people in nine council-level areas as part of the Scale-Up Project (see Chapter 1 for a project summary). This element of the project presented an opportunity to begin thinking about how services can work with young people as partners to inform and develop CS approaches. This work has taken place in the context of wider calls for children and young people to be included in co-designing, evaluating and being more proactively involved in service development and safeguarding (Tidsall, 2017; Warrington and Larkins, 2019; Whittington, 2019).
In this chapter, we present emergent findings from work undertaken with young people as part of the Scale-Up Project, including the Young Researcher's Advisory Panel (YRAP) at the University of Bedfordshire and their longer-standing work on participation as protection (Hamilton et al, 2019). In doing so, we highlight how young people's views align with the need for CS values, in particular collaboration, and how participatory practices can support this. We also offer insight into some of the methods we used as part of the Scale-Up Project to engage young people in critical conversations about safeguarding responses to EFH.
What do we mean by participation?
In this chapter, and in our practice as researchers, our understanding of ‘participation’ is grounded in children's rights. Article 12 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) advocates children's right to have their views taken into account in matters that affect them. In relation to this, the UNCRC make clear that ‘effective inclusion of children in protective measures requires that children be informed about their right to be heard and to grow up free from all forms of physical and psychological violence (UNCRC, 2009). Within the field of safeguarding, there is arguably a ‘false juxtaposition of participation and protection’ (Warrington and Larkins, 2019: 133).
The wellbeing neuro course: a randomised controlled trial of an internet-delivered transdiagnostic psychological intervention for adults with neurological disorders
- Milena Gandy, Andreea I. Heriseanu, Tanya Balakumar, Eyal Karin, Jennie Walker, Taylor Hathway, Madelyne A. Bisby, Amelia J. Scott, Joanne Dudeney, Alana Fisher, Nickolai Titov, Blake F. Dear
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- Psychological Medicine / Volume 53 / Issue 14 / October 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 March 2023, pp. 6817-6827
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Background
Mental health and functional difficulties are highly comorbid across neurological disorders, but supportive care options are limited. This randomised controlled trial assessed the efficacy of a novel transdiagnostic internet-delivered psychological intervention for adults with neurological disorders.
Methods221 participants with a confirmed diagnosis of epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, or an acquired brain injury were allocated to either an immediate treatment group (n = 115) or treatment-as-usual waitlist control (n = 106). The intervention, the Wellbeing Neuro Course, was delivered online via the eCentreClinic website. The Course includes six lessons, based on cognitive behavioural therapy, delivered over 10 weeks with support from a psychologist via email and telephone. Primary outcomes were symptoms of depression (PHQ-9), anxiety (GAD-7) and disability (WHODAS 2.0).
Results215 participants commenced the trial (treatment n = 111; control n = 104) and were included in intention-to-treat analysis. At post-treatment, we observed significant between-group differences in depression (PHQ-9; difference = 3.07 [95% CI 2.04–4.11], g = 0.62), anxiety (GAD-7; difference = 1.87 [0.92–2.81], g = 0.41) and disability (WHODAS 2.0 difference = 3.08 [1.09–5.06], g = 0.31), that favoured treatment (all ps < 0.001). Treatment-related effects were maintained at 3-month follow-up. Findings were achieved with minimal clinician time (average of 95.7 min [s.d. = 59.3] per participant), highlighting the public health potential of this approach to care. No adverse treatment events were reported.
ConclusionsInternet-delivered psychological interventions could be a suitable model of accessible supportive care for patients with neurological disorders.
Severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) outbreaks in nursing homes involving residents who had completed a primary coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine series—13 US jurisdictions, July–November 2021
- W. Wyatt Wilson, Amelia A. Keaton, Lucas G. Ochoa, Kelly M. Hatfield, Paige Gable, Kelly A. Walblay, Richard A. Teran, Meghan Shea, Urooj Khan, Ginger Stringer, Joanne G. Colletti, Erin M. Grogan, Carly Calabrese, Andrew Hennenfent, Rebecca Perlmutter, Katherine A. Janiszewski, Ishrat Kamal-Ahmed, Kyle Strand, Emily Berns, Jennifer MacFarquhar, Meghan Linder, Dat J. Tran, Patricia Kopp, Rebecca M. Walker, Rebekah Ess, Jennifer S. Read, Chelsey Yingst, James Baggs, John A. Jernigan, Alex Kallen, Jennifer C. Hunter, the MOVIN Surveillance Team
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- Journal:
- Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology / Volume 44 / Issue 6 / June 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 16 January 2023, pp. 1005-1009
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- June 2023
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Among nursing home outbreaks of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) with ≥3 breakthrough infections when the predominant severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variant circulating was the SARS-CoV-2 δ (delta) variant, fully vaccinated residents were 28% less likely to be infected than were unvaccinated residents. Once infected, they had approximately half the risk for all-cause hospitalization and all-cause death compared with unvaccinated infected residents.
Language Matters: Developing Inclusive, Strengths-Based Practice in a Cluster of Resource Teachers: Learning and Behaviour
- Fiona Jane Harkness, Joanne Walker, Frauke Meyer
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- Australasian Journal of Special and Inclusive Education / Volume 46 / Issue 2 / December 2022
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 26 September 2022, pp. 138-150
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Resource Teachers: Learning and Behaviour (RTLB) work with teachers to identify learning and behaviour needs of students who experience barriers to educational success. The language RTLB use can have a significant impact on teachers’ response to the inclusion of students with special learning needs and is key to improving educational outcomes for all learners. We examined the extent to which RTLB in New Zealand used inclusive, strengths-based language in initial meetings with teachers and whether shifts could be made through professional learning and development (PLD). Data collected included audio recordings, transcripts of initial meetings pre- and post-PLD, RTLB reflections on both transcripts, and questionnaires. Results indicate limited use of inclusive, strengths-based language prior to PLD. However, PLD that provided targeted opportunities to reflect on evidence of language behaviour and to practise requisite skills markedly increased RTLB awareness, knowledge, and skills with respect to inclusive, strengths-based language. Findings indicate that change often requires disrupting long-held beliefs and practices and a need for evidence of these to be able to do so. The findings have implications for the type of in-depth PLD needed to facilitate change in the language RTLB use when working with teachers.
“The boob answers a lot of problems”: Exploring barriers and enablers to successful extended breastfeeding in women with high BMIs
- Sharleen O'Reilly, Eileen O'Brien, Hannah Walker, Eimear O'Carroll, Joanne Courtney, Fionnuala McAuliffe
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- Proceedings of the Nutrition Society / Volume 79 / Issue OCE2 / 2020
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 10 June 2020, E623
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Introduction:
Breastfeeding provides optimal nutrition for infants yet breastfeeding rates worldwide do not meet WHO targets for 50% exclusive breastfeeding at 6 months. Ireland's breastfeeding rate is one of the lowest in the world (only 58% initiation) and maternal obesity and overweight is prevalent (> 50% pregnancies). Women with obesity and overweight are particularly at risk of having lower breastfeeding rates but little is known about the factors that supported this sub-group to successfully breastfeed. Our aim was to explore barriers and enablers present in: women with high body mass index (BMI) who successfully breastfed for > 6 months, partners of women with > 6 months breastfeeding, and healthcare professionals (HPs) who support women to breastfeed.
Materials and Methods:Women with high BMIs (n = 20) were recruited via an extended breastfeeding Facebook group and snowballing. Partners (n = 20) were recruited via social media and word of mouth. HPs (n = 19) were recruited via posters and direct invitation. Semi-structured interviews were conducted either in-person or on telephone and digitally recorded. Interviews were verbatim transcribed and thematically analysed. Two research students independently coded each interview and consensus decided any discrepancies.
Results:Barriers to breastfeeding identified aligned with previous research but the challenges appear to be increased for either the frequency or intensity of occurrence in women with high BMIs. Common barriers are: a lack of breastfeeding culture; limited access within health services to high quality and consistent breastfeeding advice; large breast size; and issues with breastfeeding in public. Enablers for successful extended breastfeeding are: strong self-efficacy; supportive partner and family; social networks for creating breastfeeding-friendly settings; seeking support from a lactation consultant; and breastfeeding aides (clothing, pillows, lanolin, etc.).
Discussion:Women with high BMIs are able to successfully breastfeed for extended periods of time when they are provided with the right support at the right time and in a way that is acceptable to them and their families. Reorientation of maternity health services to ensure greater and more consistent support for women with high BMIs to initiate breastfeeding is needed. HPs engaging with women with high BMIs should seek to support them through the use of the enablers identified and make a conscious decision to include appropriate advice for women with high BMIs in their antenatal education and any postpartum services provided.
Factors that predict cognitive decline in patients with subjective cognitive impairment
- Jose Andres Saez Fonseca, Rhiannon Ducksbury, Joanne Rodda, Timothy Whitfield, Chitra Nagaraj, Kallur Suresh, Tim Stevens, Zuzana Walker
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- International Psychogeriatrics / Volume 27 / Issue 10 / October 2015
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 27 March 2015, pp. 1671-1677
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Background:
Current evidence supports the concept of a preclinical phase of Alzheimer's disease (AD) where pathological and imaging changes are present in asymptomatic individuals. Subjective cognitive impairment (SCI) may represent the earliest point on the continuum of AD. A better understanding of the baseline characteristics of this group of patients that later decline in cognition will enhance our knowledge of the very early disease processes, facilitate preventive strategies, early diagnosis, timely follow-up and treatment.
Methods:An observational exploratory study which followed up 62 consecutive patients with SCI presenting to a memory clinic and compared baseline characteristics of SCI patients who declined cognitively with those who did not. Cognitive decline was defined as a progression to a diagnosis of amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) or dementia at follow-up.
Results:Patients were followed up for a mean of 44 months (range 12–112 months). At the time of follow up, 24% of patients had declined. Patients that declined were significantly older at onset of symptoms and first presentation to memory clinic, and took significantly more medications for physical illnesses. Patients that declined also performed significantly worse on Trail Making Test (TMT) B and Cambridge Cognitive Examination – Revised (CAMCOG-R) at baseline. Survival analysis identified key variables that predicted decline (later age of onset and later age at first assessment).
Conclusions:Patients who present with subjective memory complaints and are over the age of 61 years are at high risk of cognitive decline and warrant an in-depth assessment and follow-up.
Attitudes of UK psychiatrists to the diagnosis of MCI in clinical practice
- Joanne Rodda, Santhosh Dontham Gandhi, Naaheed Mukadam, Zuzana Walker
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- International Psychogeriatrics / Volume 25 / Issue 2 / February 2013
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 03 October 2012, pp. 286-291
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Background: Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) may represent a transitional stage between normal functioning and dementia. Following the initial criteria developed by Petersen et al. in 1999, which focused on memory deficit in the context of otherwise normal cognition and general functioning, the concept has evolved with the introduction of subtypes of MCI and improved understanding of etiology. Our aim was to investigate current practice as well as familiarity with and attitudes toward the concept of MCI amongst UK old age psychiatrists.
Method: We sent an anonymized postal survey to all clinicians on the Royal College of Psychiatrists Old Age Psychiatry register. Questions covered attitudes toward the concept of MCI in addition to diagnostic criteria and assessment tools used.
Results: The response rate was 39% (453 of 1,154 questionnaires returned completed). The majority of respondents were consultants (83%) and 91% diagnosed MCI. Only 4.4% of the respondents thought that the concept of MCI was not useful and 79% of them required a memory complaint from either the patient or an informant for a diagnosis, but the majority did not have a specific cut-off on cognitive testing. Eighty-two percent reported that they required no or minimal impairment in activities of daily living for a diagnosis of MCI. The two most frequently used tools for assessment were the Mini-Mental State Examination and the Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination–Revised.
Conclusions: Our survey shows that in the United Kingdom, the term MCI has become part of everyday clinical practice in psychiatry, suggesting that clinicians find it a useful term to conceptualize the transitional stage between normal aging and dementia. However, there is variability in diagnostic practice.
Memory Complaints with and without Memory Impairment: The Impact of Leukoaraiosis on Cognition
- Melissa Lamar, Thomas M. Dannhauser, Zuzana Walker, Joanne E. Rodda, Darren J. Cutinha, Sukhwinder S. Shergill
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- Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society / Volume 17 / Issue 6 / November 2011
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 19 September 2011, pp. 1104-1112
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White matter alterations, leukoaraiosis (LA) on structural MRI, are associated with cognitive deficits and increased risk of dementia. LA may also impact on subjective memory complaints in otherwise healthy older adults. Little is known about the interplay between LA memory complaints and cognition. We investigated cognitive phenotypes associated with LA in 42 non-demented older adults categorized as having subjective cognitive complaints with no objective cognitive impairment—the subjective cognitive impairment group (SCI; n = 12), amnesic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI; n = 20), or healthy controls (HC; n = 11). We measured LA severity on MRI with a 40-point visual rating scale. Controlling for age and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score, analyses revealed multiple between-group differences. Follow-up linear regression models investigating the underlying contributors to each clinic group's cognitive profile indicated that LA contributed to learning slope variance (after accounting for age and MMSE) but only for the SCI group. Although the SCI group showed a significantly steeper learning slope when compared to HC and aMCI, increasing LA severity negatively impacted this group's rate of learning. This, in conjunction with the significant contribution of age on SCI learning slope performance variance suggests that greater LA burden at a younger age may contribute to subtle changes in learning for individuals with subjective cognitive complaints. (JINS, 2011, 17, 1104–1112)
Dopaminergic imaging: clinical utility now and in the future
- Zuzana Walker, Joanne Rodda
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- International Psychogeriatrics / Volume 23 / Issue S2 / September 2011
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 15 August 2011, pp. S32-S40
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Over the past ten years, dopaminergic imaging has become increasingly part of the assessment and diagnosis of dementia. There are numerous PET and SPECT ligands available that target different steps in the process of neurotransmission. Abnormalities in dopaminergic imaging measures are consistent features of dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and other parkinsonian syndromes, and can be used to facilitate diagnosis, particularly in distinguishing between DLB and Alzheimer's disease. This review summarizes present knowledge in this area and the implications for current and future clinical practice.
Contributors
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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. Chapman, James H. Charlesworth, Kenneth R. Chase, Chen Zemin, Luciano Chianeque, Philip Chia Phin Yin, Francisca H. Chimhanda, Daniel Chiquete, John T. Chirban, Soobin Choi, Robert Choquette, Mita Choudhury, Gerald Christianson, John Chryssavgis, Sejong Chun, Esther Chung-Kim, Charles M. A. Clark, Elizabeth A. Clark, Sathianathan Clarke, Fred Cloud, John B. Cobb, W. Owen Cole, John A Coleman, John J. Collins, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Paul K. Conkin, Beth A. Conklin, Sean Connolly, Demetrios J. Constantelos, Michael A. Conway, Paula M. Cooey, Austin Cooper, Michael L. Cooper-White, Pamela Cooper-White, L. William Countryman, Sérgio Coutinho, Pamela Couture, Shannon Craigo-Snell, James L. Crenshaw, David Crowner, Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Elizabeth Mason Currier, Emmanuel Cutrone, Mary L. Daniel, David D. Daniels, Robert Darden, Rolf Darge, Isaiah Dau, Jeffry C. Davis, Jane Dawson, Valentin Dedji, John W. de Gruchy, Paul DeHart, Wendy J. Deichmann Edwards, Miguel A. De La Torre, George E. Demacopoulos, Thomas de Mayo, Leah DeVun, Beatriz de Vasconcellos Dias, Dennis C. Dickerson, John M. Dillon, Luis Miguel Donatello, Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, Susanna Drake, Jonathan A. Draper, N. Dreher Martin, Otto Dreydoppel, Angelyn Dries, A. J. Droge, Francis X. D'Sa, Marilyn Dunn, Nicole Wilkinson Duran, Rifaat Ebied, Mark J. Edwards, William H. Edwards, Leonard H. Ehrlich, Nancy L. Eiesland, Martin Elbel, J. Harold Ellens, Stephen Ellingson, Marvin M. Ellison, Robert Ellsberg, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Eldon Jay Epp, Peter C. Erb, Tassilo Erhardt, Maria Erling, Noel Leo Erskine, Gillian R. Evans, Virginia Fabella, Michael A. Fahey, Edward Farley, Margaret A. Farley, Wendy Farley, Robert Fastiggi, Seena Fazel, Duncan S. Ferguson, Helwar Figueroa, Paul Corby Finney, Kyriaki Karidoyanes FitzGerald, Thomas E. FitzGerald, John R. Fitzmier, Marie Therese Flanagan, Sabina Flanagan, Claude Flipo, Ronald B. Flowers, Carole Fontaine, David Ford, Mary Ford, Stephanie A. Ford, Jim Forest, William Franke, Robert M. Franklin, Ruth Franzén, Edward H. Friedman, Samuel Frouisou, Lorelei F. Fuchs, Jojo M. Fung, Inger Furseth, Richard R. Gaillardetz, Brandon Gallaher, China Galland, Mark Galli, Ismael García, Tharscisse Gatwa, Jean-Marie Gaudeul, Luis María Gavilanes del Castillo, Pavel L. Gavrilyuk, Volney P. Gay, Metropolitan Athanasios Geevargis, Kondothra M. George, Mary Gerhart, Simon Gikandi, Maurice Gilbert, Michael J. Gillgannon, Verónica Giménez Beliveau, Terryl Givens, Beth Glazier-McDonald, Philip Gleason, Menghun Goh, Brian Golding, Bishop Hilario M. Gomez, Michelle A. Gonzalez, Donald K. Gorrell, Roy Gottfried, Tamara Grdzelidze, Joel B. Green, Niels Henrik Gregersen, Cristina Grenholm, Herbert Griffiths, Eric W. Gritsch, Erich S. Gruen, Christoffer H. Grundmann, Paul H. Gundani, Jon P. Gunnemann, Petre Guran, Vidar L. Haanes, Jeremiah M. Hackett, Getatchew Haile, Douglas John Hall, Nicholas Hammond, Daphne Hampson, Jehu J. Hanciles, Barry Hankins, Jennifer Haraguchi, Stanley S. Harakas, Anthony John Harding, Conrad L. Harkins, J. William Harmless, Marjory Harper, Amir Harrak, Joel F. Harrington, Mark W. Harris, Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Van A. Harvey, R. Chris Hassel, Jione Havea, Daniel Hawk, Diana L. Hayes, Leslie Hayes, Priscilla Hayner, S. Mark Heim, Simo Heininen, Richard P. Heitzenrater, Eila Helander, David Hempton, Scott H. Hendrix, Jan-Olav Henriksen, Gina Hens-Piazza, Carter Heyward, Nicholas J. Higham, David Hilliard, Norman A. Hjelm, Peter C. Hodgson, Arthur Holder, M. Jan Holton, Dwight N. Hopkins, Ronnie Po-chia Hsia, Po-Ho Huang, James Hudnut-Beumler, Jennifer S. Hughes, Leonard M. Hummel, Mary E. Hunt, Laennec Hurbon, Mark Hutchinson, Susan E. Hylen, Mary Beth Ingham, H. Larry Ingle, Dale T. Irvin, Jon Isaak, Paul John Isaak, Ada María Isasi-Díaz, Hans Raun Iversen, Margaret C. Jacob, Arthur James, Maria Jansdotter-Samuelsson, David Jasper, Werner G. Jeanrond, Renée Jeffery, David Lyle Jeffrey, Theodore W. Jennings, David H. Jensen, Robin Margaret Jensen, David Jobling, Dale A. Johnson, Elizabeth A. Johnson, Maxwell E. Johnson, Sarah Johnson, Mark D. Johnston, F. Stanley Jones, James William Jones, John R. Jones, Alissa Jones Nelson, Inge Jonsson, Jan Joosten, Elizabeth Judd, Mulambya Peggy Kabonde, Robert Kaggwa, Sylvester Kahakwa, Isaac Kalimi, Ogbu U. Kalu, Eunice Kamaara, Wayne C. Kannaday, Musimbi Kanyoro, Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, Frank Kaufmann, Léon Nguapitshi Kayongo, Richard Kearney, Alice A. Keefe, Ralph Keen, Catherine Keller, Anthony J. Kelly, Karen Kennelly, Kathi Lynn Kern, Fergus Kerr, Edward Kessler, George Kilcourse, Heup Young Kim, Kim Sung-Hae, Kim Yong-Bock, Kim Yung Suk, Richard King, Thomas M. King, Robert M. Kingdon, Ross Kinsler, Hans G. Kippenberg, Cheryl A. Kirk-Duggan, Clifton Kirkpatrick, Leonid Kishkovsky, Nadieszda Kizenko, Jeffrey Klaiber, Hans-Josef Klauck, Sidney Knight, Samuel Kobia, Robert Kolb, Karla Ann Koll, Heikki Kotila, Donald Kraybill, Philip D. W. Krey, Yves Krumenacker, Jeffrey Kah-Jin Kuan, Simanga R. Kumalo, Peter Kuzmic, Simon Shui-Man Kwan, Kwok Pui-lan, André LaCocque, Stephen E. Lahey, John Tsz Pang Lai, Emiel Lamberts, Armando Lampe, Craig Lampe, Beverly J. Lanzetta, Eve LaPlante, Lizette Larson-Miller, Ariel Bybee Laughton, Leonard Lawlor, Bentley Layton, Robin A. Leaver, Karen Lebacqz, Archie Chi Chung Lee, Marilyn J. Legge, Hervé LeGrand, D. L. LeMahieu, Raymond Lemieux, Bill J. Leonard, Ellen M. Leonard, Outi Leppä, Jean Lesaulnier, Nantawan Boonprasat Lewis, Henrietta Leyser, Alexei Lidov, Bernard Lightman, Paul Chang-Ha Lim, Carter Lindberg, Mark R. Lindsay, James R. Linville, James C. Livingston, Ann Loades, David Loades, Jean-Claude Loba-Mkole, Lo Lung Kwong, Wati Longchar, Eleazar López, David W. Lotz, Andrew Louth, Robin W. Lovin, William Luis, Frank D. Macchia, Diarmaid N. J. MacCulloch, Kirk R. MacGregor, Marjory A. MacLean, Donald MacLeod, Tomas S. Maddela, Inge Mager, Laurenti Magesa, David G. Maillu, Fortunato Mallimaci, Philip Mamalakis, Kä Mana, Ukachukwu Chris Manus, Herbert Robinson Marbury, Reuel Norman Marigza, Jacqueline Mariña, Antti Marjanen, Luiz C. L. Marques, Madipoane Masenya (ngwan'a Mphahlele), Caleb J. D. Maskell, Steve Mason, Thomas Massaro, Fernando Matamoros Ponce, András Máté-Tóth, Odair Pedroso Mateus, Dinis Matsolo, Fumitaka Matsuoka, John D'Arcy May, Yelena Mazour-Matusevich, Theodore Mbazumutima, John S. McClure, Christian McConnell, Lee Martin McDonald, Gary B. McGee, Thomas McGowan, Alister E. McGrath, Richard J. McGregor, John A. McGuckin, Maud Burnett McInerney, Elsie Anne McKee, Mary B. McKinley, James F. McMillan, Ernan McMullin, Kathleen E. McVey, M. Douglas Meeks, Monica Jyotsna Melanchthon, Ilie Melniciuc-Puica, Everett Mendoza, Raymond A. Mentzer, William W. Menzies, Ina Merdjanova, Franziska Metzger, Constant J. Mews, Marvin Meyer, Carol Meyers, Vasile Mihoc, Gunner Bjerg Mikkelsen, Maria Inêz de Castro Millen, Clyde Lee Miller, Bonnie J. Miller-McLemore, Alexander Mirkovic, Paul Misner, Nozomu Miyahira, R. W. L. Moberly, Gerald Moede, Aloo Osotsi Mojola, Sunanda Mongia, Rebeca Montemayor, James Moore, Roger E. Moore, Craig E. Morrison O.Carm, Jeffry H. Morrison, Keith Morrison, Wilson J. Moses, Tefetso Henry Mothibe, Mokgethi Motlhabi, Fulata Moyo, Henry Mugabe, Jesse Ndwiga Kanyua Mugambi, Peggy Mulambya-Kabonde, Robert Bruce Mullin, Pamela Mullins Reaves, Saskia Murk Jansen, Heleen L. Murre-Van den Berg, Augustine Musopole, Isaac M. T. Mwase, Philomena Mwaura, Cecilia Nahnfeldt, Anne Nasimiyu Wasike, Carmiña Navia Velasco, Thulani Ndlazi, Alexander Negrov, James B. Nelson, David G. Newcombe, Carol Newsom, Helen J. 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Appendix A - Classification system of ferns and lycophytes
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List of contributors
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10 - Current and future directions in fern ecology
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- By Lawrence R. Walker, University of Nevada, Klaus Mehltreter, Instituto de Ecología, Joanne M. Sharpe, Sharplex Services
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Summary
Introduction
The ecology of ferns is a rapidly growing discipline that offers new and exciting insights into general ecological principles and applications. Progress has been made in studying fern biogeography, population dynamics, natural resource use, disturbance responses, species interactions and links with humans (Table 10.1). In this concluding chapter, we explore the lessons learned about each of these topics and how they clarify the ecological role of ferns. We then raise some unanswered questions that might become the foci for future research on fern ecology and improve the integration of ferns into general studies of ecology.
Ferns (and lycophytes) differ from seed plants in fundamental ways. Ferns have a different evolutionary background, phenology, nutrient acquisition patterns, adaptations to xeric environments, responses to disturbance, interactions with fungi and animals and invasion patterns that provide an excellent contrast to seed plants. However, ferns also share fundamental similarities with seed plants, especially herbaceous perennials. Ferns have similar physiological pathways of energy capture and nutrient distribution and share some common traits such as colonization abilities, habitat specificity, leaf function, growth patterns, vegetative propagation, population dynamics, species interactions (e.g., shading) and mycorrhizal infection. Examining differences and similarities between ferns and seed plants is one useful approach to the rapidly expanding field of fern ecology.
Biogeography: dispersal, habitats and diversity
Ferns have only one potentially long distance dispersal phase (spores) while seed plants have two (pollen and seeds). The ecological implications of these contrasting dispersal modes are unclear.
Plate section
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Photo credits
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6 - Ferns, disturbance and succession
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Summary
Key points
1. Ferns often colonize habitats disturbed by tectonic activity, wind, water, fire and humans.
2. Fern dispersal into disturbed habitats can result from long distance movement of spores but is usually by short distance spore dispersal or vegetative expansion of nearby plants.
3. Rapid establishment and dense growth can make ferns competitive with other vascular plants through light reduction and nutrient uptake or immobilization. Fern thickets can delay successional transitions but ferns also provide regeneration sites for other species and stabilize slopes. Fern influences may vary across environmental resource (e.g., light, water, nutrients) and topographic gradients.
4. Ferns can have important roles in the restoration of disturbed ecosystems.
Introduction
A typical image of fern habitat is a wet, shady forest untouched by disturbance. In fact, many ferns colonize recently disturbed and exposed areas such as scoured riverbanks (Reudink et al.,2005) or the uprooted pits, mounds and trunks of fallen trees (Peterson et al., 1990; Nadkarni and Wheelwright, 2000). Ferns tolerate a wide range of environmental conditions (Hemp, 2001), and some species can colonize such highly disturbed habitats as lava flows, dunes, landslides or floodplains as well as areas of forests that have been damaged by burning, ice storms, hurricanes or logging (Walker et al., 1996b; Barson, 1997; Russell et al., 1998; Arens and Sánchez Baracaldo, 1998, 2000; Woods, 2002). One reason some ferns readily colonize recent disturbances is that they have widely dispersed spores that reach even the most remote islands (see Chapter 2; Carlquist, 1980).
Index
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Frontmatter
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Contents
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