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6 - Life Chances: Thinking with art to Generate new Understandings of Low-Income Situations
- Edited by Morag McDermont, University of Bristol, Tim Cole, University of Bristol, Janet Newman, Angela Piccini, University of Bristol
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- Book:
- Imagining Regulation Differently
- Published by:
- Bristol University Press
- Published online:
- 03 March 2021
- Print publication:
- 29 January 2020, pp 105-126
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Summary
Introduction
In what ways do regulatory regimes enact, delimit and inhibit the progress of families on low incomes across England and Wales? Although they may not explicitly interact, diverse regimes are affectively experienced, including immigration status (including from European Union [EU] countries), employment assessments and activation, mental health, child protection, structural and overt racism, and the nonportability of professional qualifications across national systems. In this chapter, we explore how contemporary social practice art materialises these intersections and enables disruptions of regulatory regimes in ways not possible using traditional social science approaches. We focus on a research team that included artists Close and Remote, and explain how the team co-produced, with community members and academics, a socially engaged artwork – Life Chances – that aimed to generate new knowledges about the regulatory regimes that low-income families with children experience. Aiming towards what sociologist Yasmin Gunaratnam (2012) describes as a form of improvisational empathy, Life Chances worked with Thomas More's (1516) Utopia and Ruth Levitas's (2013) Utopia as Method as ‘a form of speculative sociology of the future’ (Levitas, 2013: 85). By staging and troubling contradictory notions of ‘life chances’ through art, we specifically ask how the regulatory services that families encounter in two urban settings – the Easton area of Bristol and Butetown, Riverside and Grangetown in Cardiff – shape, constrain and enable the life chances of individual families and communities, or what Pierre Bourdieu (1977) refers to as doxa, and how these services might be ‘otherwise’.
Life Chances was co-designed by academics from Bristol and Cardiff Universities, artists Close and Remote, and two community organisations: the Single Parent Action Network (SPAN) in Bristol and South Riverside Community Development Centre (SRCDC) in Cardiff. From the outset, there was an intention to work with social practice art. In addition to its emphasis on collaborative working closely reflecting the principles of co-production, we wanted to work with the everyday materials that families on low incomes encounter. Moreover, we were interested in working with a creative practice that would manifest the distributed, entangled and durational relationships across diverse regulatory regimes.
1 - Introduction: From the Regulation of Engagement to Regulating for Engagement
- Edited by Morag McDermont, University of Bristol, Tim Cole, University of Bristol, Janet Newman, Angela Piccini, University of Bristol
-
- Book:
- Imagining Regulation Differently
- Published by:
- Bristol University Press
- Published online:
- 03 March 2021
- Print publication:
- 29 January 2020, pp 1-22
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Summary
Introduction
Regulation permeates everyday life and is yet almost invisible – a network of rules, procedures, bureaucracies and forms that must daily be navigated and negotiated. Regulation is understood as a central role of states – protecting citizens from the consequences of markets and competition – but is nevertheless highly contested. The financial crisis exposed the inability of states to control the financial sector, as has their subsequent lack of action to limit bank bailouts, excessive salaries, fraud and poor risk management. More recently, regulation has become a key target of the anti-statist, anti-expert political discourses witnessed in the ‘Leave’ campaign to take the UK out of the European Union and the 2016 US presidential campaign of Donald Trump.
Yet, activists and theorists have long argued and fought for an intensification of reforms through regulation: health and safety regulation in the interests of workers; rent and building standards to protect tenants; the regulation of hate speech to protect migrants; and controls on schooling to protect and further the interests of children. Furthermore, as more functions shift away from direct state control, we have seen the proliferation of calls for the extension of state-based regulation to secure justice and protect citizens. For example, the fire in the Grenfell Tower flats in London in 2017, which led to the deaths of 72 residents, stimulated public debate about who should be controlling construction standards, and how. Grenfell Tower exposed what happens when regulatory systems are unable (or unwilling) to listen to the concerns of those whose identities are not necessarily inscribed in bureaucratic power – the residents who could see, and had to live with, the dangers of regulatory failure.
Imagining Regulation Differently takes a bottom-up approach to rethinking regulation. Here, we are interested in how societies, not just government, regulate, and so our framing is more holistic and multi-vectored than many approaches to regulation. In this book, we recognise that the expertise of communities at the margins of power structures can produce different capabilities that we believe could transform the terrain and spaces of regulatory systems. In the chapters that follow, we explore experiences of regulation across diverse spheres in ways that aim to support policymakers and community organisations to develop new approaches, while, at the same time, challenging academic thinking.
Contributors
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- By Mitchell Aboulafia, Frederick Adams, Marilyn McCord Adams, Robert M. Adams, Laird Addis, James W. Allard, David Allison, William P. Alston, Karl Ameriks, C. Anthony Anderson, David Leech Anderson, Lanier Anderson, Roger Ariew, David Armstrong, Denis G. Arnold, E. J. Ashworth, Margaret Atherton, Robin Attfield, Bruce Aune, Edward Wilson Averill, Jody Azzouni, Kent Bach, Andrew Bailey, Lynne Rudder Baker, Thomas R. Baldwin, Jon Barwise, George Bealer, William Bechtel, Lawrence C. Becker, Mark A. Bedau, Ernst Behler, José A. Benardete, Ermanno Bencivenga, Jan Berg, Michael Bergmann, Robert L. Bernasconi, Sven Bernecker, Bernard Berofsky, Rod Bertolet, Charles J. Beyer, Christian Beyer, Joseph Bien, Joseph Bien, Peg Birmingham, Ivan Boh, James Bohman, Daniel Bonevac, Laurence BonJour, William J. Bouwsma, Raymond D. Bradley, Myles Brand, Richard B. Brandt, Michael E. Bratman, Stephen E. Braude, Daniel Breazeale, Angela Breitenbach, Jason Bridges, David O. Brink, Gordon G. Brittan, Justin Broackes, Dan W. Brock, Aaron Bronfman, Jeffrey E. Brower, Bartosz Brozek, Anthony Brueckner, Jeffrey Bub, Lara Buchak, Otavio Bueno, Ann E. Bumpus, Robert W. Burch, John Burgess, Arthur W. Burks, Panayot Butchvarov, Robert E. Butts, Marina Bykova, Patrick Byrne, David Carr, Noël Carroll, Edward S. Casey, Victor Caston, Victor Caston, Albert Casullo, Robert L. Causey, Alan K. L. Chan, Ruth Chang, Deen K. Chatterjee, Andrew Chignell, Roderick M. Chisholm, Kelly J. Clark, E. J. Coffman, Robin Collins, Brian P. Copenhaver, John Corcoran, John Cottingham, Roger Crisp, Frederick J. Crosson, Antonio S. Cua, Phillip D. Cummins, Martin Curd, Adam Cureton, Andrew Cutrofello, Stephen Darwall, Paul Sheldon Davies, Wayne A. Davis, Timothy Joseph Day, Claudio de Almeida, Mario De Caro, Mario De Caro, John Deigh, C. F. Delaney, Daniel C. Dennett, Michael R. DePaul, Michael Detlefsen, Daniel Trent Devereux, Philip E. Devine, John M. Dillon, Martin C. Dillon, Robert DiSalle, Mary Domski, Alan Donagan, Paul Draper, Fred Dretske, Mircea Dumitru, Wilhelm Dupré, Gerald Dworkin, John Earman, Ellery Eells, Catherine Z. Elgin, Berent Enç, Ronald P. Endicott, Edward Erwin, John Etchemendy, C. Stephen Evans, Susan L. Feagin, Solomon Feferman, Richard Feldman, Arthur Fine, Maurice A. Finocchiaro, William FitzPatrick, Richard E. Flathman, Gvozden Flego, Richard Foley, Graeme Forbes, Rainer Forst, Malcolm R. Forster, Daniel Fouke, Patrick Francken, Samuel Freeman, Elizabeth Fricker, Miranda Fricker, Michael Friedman, Michael Fuerstein, Richard A. Fumerton, Alan Gabbey, Pieranna Garavaso, Daniel Garber, Jorge L. A. Garcia, Robert K. Garcia, Don Garrett, Philip Gasper, Gerald Gaus, Berys Gaut, Bernard Gert, Roger F. Gibson, Cody Gilmore, Carl Ginet, Alan H. Goldman, Alvin I. Goldman, Alfonso Gömez-Lobo, Lenn E. Goodman, Robert M. Gordon, Stefan Gosepath, Jorge J. E. Gracia, Daniel W. Graham, George A. Graham, Peter J. Graham, Richard E. Grandy, I. Grattan-Guinness, John Greco, Philip T. Grier, Nicholas Griffin, Nicholas Griffin, David A. Griffiths, Paul J. Griffiths, Stephen R. Grimm, Charles L. Griswold, Charles B. Guignon, Pete A. Y. Gunter, Dimitri Gutas, Gary Gutting, Paul Guyer, Kwame Gyekye, Oscar A. Haac, Raul Hakli, Raul Hakli, Michael Hallett, Edward C. Halper, Jean Hampton, R. James Hankinson, K. R. Hanley, Russell Hardin, Robert M. Harnish, William Harper, David Harrah, Kevin Hart, Ali Hasan, William Hasker, John Haugeland, Roger Hausheer, William Heald, Peter Heath, Richard Heck, John F. Heil, Vincent F. Hendricks, Stephen Hetherington, Francis Heylighen, Kathleen Marie Higgins, Risto Hilpinen, Harold T. Hodes, Joshua Hoffman, Alan Holland, Robert L. Holmes, Richard Holton, Brad W. Hooker, Terence E. Horgan, Tamara Horowitz, Paul Horwich, Vittorio Hösle, Paul Hoβfeld, Daniel Howard-Snyder, Frances Howard-Snyder, Anne Hudson, Deal W. Hudson, Carl A. Huffman, David L. Hull, Patricia Huntington, Thomas Hurka, Paul Hurley, Rosalind Hursthouse, Guillermo Hurtado, Ronald E. Hustwit, Sarah Hutton, Jonathan Jenkins Ichikawa, Harry A. Ide, David Ingram, Philip J. Ivanhoe, Alfred L. Ivry, Frank Jackson, Dale Jacquette, Joseph Jedwab, Richard Jeffrey, David Alan Johnson, Edward Johnson, Mark D. Jordan, Richard Joyce, Hwa Yol Jung, Robert Hillary Kane, Tomis Kapitan, Jacquelyn Ann K. Kegley, James A. Keller, Ralph Kennedy, Sergei Khoruzhii, Jaegwon Kim, Yersu Kim, Nathan L. King, Patricia Kitcher, Peter D. Klein, E. D. Klemke, Virginia Klenk, George L. Kline, Christian Klotz, Simo Knuuttila, Joseph J. Kockelmans, Konstantin Kolenda, Sebastian Tomasz Kołodziejczyk, Isaac Kramnick, Richard Kraut, Fred Kroon, Manfred Kuehn, Steven T. Kuhn, Henry E. Kyburg, John Lachs, Jennifer Lackey, Stephen E. Lahey, Andrea Lavazza, Thomas H. Leahey, Joo Heung Lee, Keith Lehrer, Dorothy Leland, Noah M. Lemos, Ernest LePore, Sarah-Jane Leslie, Isaac Levi, Andrew Levine, Alan E. Lewis, Daniel E. Little, Shu-hsien Liu, Shu-hsien Liu, Alan K. L. Chan, Brian Loar, Lawrence B. Lombard, John Longeway, Dominic McIver Lopes, Michael J. Loux, E. J. Lowe, Steven Luper, Eugene C. Luschei, William G. Lycan, David Lyons, David Macarthur, Danielle Macbeth, Scott MacDonald, Jacob L. Mackey, Louis H. Mackey, Penelope Mackie, Edward H. Madden, Penelope Maddy, G. B. Madison, Bernd Magnus, Pekka Mäkelä, Rudolf A. Makkreel, David Manley, William E. Mann (W.E.M.), Vladimir Marchenkov, Peter Markie, Jean-Pierre Marquis, Ausonio Marras, Mike W. Martin, A. P. Martinich, William L. McBride, David McCabe, Storrs McCall, Hugh J. McCann, Robert N. McCauley, John J. McDermott, Sarah McGrath, Ralph McInerny, Daniel J. McKaughan, Thomas McKay, Michael McKinsey, Brian P. McLaughlin, Ernan McMullin, Anthonie Meijers, Jack W. Meiland, William Jason Melanson, Alfred R. Mele, Joseph R. Mendola, Christopher Menzel, Michael J. Meyer, Christian B. Miller, David W. Miller, Peter Millican, Robert N. Minor, Phillip Mitsis, James A. Montmarquet, Michael S. Moore, Tim Moore, Benjamin Morison, Donald R. Morrison, Stephen J. Morse, Paul K. Moser, Alexander P. D. Mourelatos, Ian Mueller, James Bernard Murphy, Mark C. Murphy, Steven Nadler, Jan Narveson, Alan Nelson, Jerome Neu, Samuel Newlands, Kai Nielsen, Ilkka Niiniluoto, Carlos G. Noreña, Calvin G. Normore, David Fate Norton, Nikolaj Nottelmann, Donald Nute, David S. Oderberg, Steve Odin, Michael O’Rourke, Willard G. Oxtoby, Heinz Paetzold, George S. Pappas, Anthony J. Parel, Lydia Patton, R. P. Peerenboom, Francis Jeffry Pelletier, Adriaan T. Peperzak, Derk Pereboom, Jaroslav Peregrin, Glen Pettigrove, Philip Pettit, Edmund L. Pincoffs, Andrew Pinsent, Robert B. Pippin, Alvin Plantinga, Louis P. Pojman, Richard H. Popkin, John F. Post, Carl J. Posy, William J. Prior, Richard Purtill, Michael Quante, Philip L. Quinn, Philip L. Quinn, Elizabeth S. Radcliffe, Diana Raffman, Gerard Raulet, Stephen L. Read, Andrews Reath, Andrew Reisner, Nicholas Rescher, Henry S. Richardson, Robert C. Richardson, Thomas Ricketts, Wayne D. Riggs, Mark Roberts, Robert C. Roberts, Luke Robinson, Alexander Rosenberg, Gary Rosenkranz, Bernice Glatzer Rosenthal, Adina L. Roskies, William L. Rowe, T. M. Rudavsky, Michael Ruse, Bruce Russell, Lilly-Marlene Russow, Dan Ryder, R. M. Sainsbury, Joseph Salerno, Nathan Salmon, Wesley C. Salmon, Constantine Sandis, David H. Sanford, Marco Santambrogio, David Sapire, Ruth A. Saunders, Geoffrey Sayre-McCord, Charles Sayward, James P. Scanlan, Richard Schacht, Tamar Schapiro, Frederick F. Schmitt, Jerome B. Schneewind, Calvin O. Schrag, Alan D. Schrift, George F. Schumm, Jean-Loup Seban, David N. Sedley, Kenneth Seeskin, Krister Segerberg, Charlene Haddock Seigfried, Dennis M. Senchuk, James F. Sennett, William Lad Sessions, Stewart Shapiro, Tommie Shelby, Donald W. Sherburne, Christopher Shields, Roger A. Shiner, Sydney Shoemaker, Robert K. Shope, Kwong-loi Shun, Wilfried Sieg, A. John Simmons, Robert L. Simon, Marcus G. Singer, Georgette Sinkler, Walter Sinnott-Armstrong, Matti T. Sintonen, Lawrence Sklar, Brian Skyrms, Robert C. Sleigh, Michael Anthony Slote, Hans Sluga, Barry Smith, Michael Smith, Robin Smith, Robert Sokolowski, Robert C. Solomon, Marta Soniewicka, Philip Soper, Ernest Sosa, Nicholas Southwood, Paul Vincent Spade, T. L. S. Sprigge, Eric O. Springsted, George J. Stack, Rebecca Stangl, Jason Stanley, Florian Steinberger, Sören Stenlund, Christopher Stephens, James P. Sterba, Josef Stern, Matthias Steup, M. A. Stewart, Leopold Stubenberg, Edith Dudley Sulla, Frederick Suppe, Jere Paul Surber, David George Sussman, Sigrún Svavarsdóttir, Zeno G. Swijtink, Richard Swinburne, Charles C. Taliaferro, Robert B. Talisse, John Tasioulas, Paul Teller, Larry S. Temkin, Mark Textor, H. S. Thayer, Peter Thielke, Alan Thomas, Amie L. Thomasson, Katherine Thomson-Jones, Joshua C. Thurow, Vzalerie Tiberius, Terrence N. Tice, Paul Tidman, Mark C. Timmons, William Tolhurst, James E. Tomberlin, Rosemarie Tong, Lawrence Torcello, Kelly Trogdon, J. D. Trout, Robert E. Tully, Raimo Tuomela, John Turri, Martin M. Tweedale, Thomas Uebel, Jennifer Uleman, James Van Cleve, Harry van der Linden, Peter van Inwagen, Bryan W. Van Norden, René van Woudenberg, Donald Phillip Verene, Samantha Vice, Thomas Vinci, Donald Wayne Viney, Barbara Von Eckardt, Peter B. M. Vranas, Steven J. Wagner, William J. Wainwright, Paul E. Walker, Robert E. Wall, Craig Walton, Douglas Walton, Eric Watkins, Richard A. Watson, Michael V. Wedin, Rudolph H. Weingartner, Paul Weirich, Paul J. Weithman, Carl Wellman, Howard Wettstein, Samuel C. Wheeler, Stephen A. White, Jennifer Whiting, Edward R. Wierenga, Michael Williams, Fred Wilson, W. Kent Wilson, Kenneth P. Winkler, John F. Wippel, Jan Woleński, Allan B. Wolter, Nicholas P. Wolterstorff, Rega Wood, W. Jay Wood, Paul Woodruff, Alison Wylie, Gideon Yaffe, Takashi Yagisawa, Yutaka Yamamoto, Keith E. Yandell, Xiaomei Yang, Dean Zimmerman, Günter Zoller, Catherine Zuckert, Michael Zuckert, Jack A. Zupko (J.A.Z.)
- Edited by Robert Audi, University of Notre Dame, Indiana
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- The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy
- Published online:
- 05 August 2015
- Print publication:
- 27 April 2015, pp ix-xxx
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Use of vitamin D supplements during infancy in an international feeding trial
- Eveliina Lehtonen, Anne Ormisson, Anita Nucci, David Cuthbertson, Susa Sorkio, Mila Hyytinen, Kirsi Alahuhta, Carol Berseth, Marja Salonen, Shayne Taback, Margaret Franciscus, Teba González-Frutos, Tuuli E Korhonen, Margaret L Lawson, Dorothy J Becker, Jeffrey P Krischer, Mikael Knip, Suvi M Virtanen, , Thomas Mandrup-Poulsen, Elias Arjas, Åke Lernmark, Barbara Schmidt, Jeffrey P. Krischer, Hans K. Åkerblom, Mila Hyytinen, Mikael Knip, Katriina Koski, Matti Koski, Eeva Pajakkala, Marja Salonen, David Cuthbertson, Jeffrey P. Krischer, Linda Shanker, Brenda Bradley, Hans-Michael Dosch, John Dupré, William Fraser, Margaret Lawson, Jeffrey L. Mahon, Mathew Sermer, Shayne P. Taback, Dorothy Becker, Margaret Franciscus, Anita Nucci, Jerry Palmer, Minna Pekkala, Suvi M. Virtanen, Jacki Catteau, Neville Howard, Patricia Crock, Maria Craig, Cheril L. Clarson, Lynda Bere, David Thompson, Daniel Metzger, Colleen Marshall, Jennifer Kwan, David K. Stephure, Daniele Pacaud, Wendy Schwarz, Rose Girgis, Marilyn Thompson, Shayne P. Taback, Daniel Catte, Margaret L. Lawson, Brenda Bradley, Denis Daneman, Mathew Sermer, Mary-Jean Martin, Valérie Morin, Lyne Frenette, Suzanne Ferland, Susan Sanderson, Kathy Heath, Céline Huot, Monique Gonthier, Maryse Thibeault, Laurent Legault, Diane Laforte, Elizabeth A. Cummings, Karen Scott, Tracey Bridger, Cheryl Crummell, Robyn Houlden, Adriana Breen, George Carson, Sheila Kelly, Koravangattu Sankaran, Marie Penner, Richard A. White, Nancy King, James Popkin, Laurie Robson, Eva Al Taji, Irena Aldhoon, Pavla Mendlova, Jan Vavrinec, Jan Vosahlo, Ludmila Brazdova, Jitrenka Venhacova, Petra Venhacova, Adam Cipra, Zdenka Tomsikova, Petra Krckova, Pavla Gogelova, Ülle Einberg, Mall-Anne Riikjärv, Anne Ormisson, Vallo Tillmann, Päivi Kleemola, Anna Parkkola, Heli Suomalainen, Anna-Liisa Järvenpää, Anu-Maaria Hämälainen, Hannu Haavisto, Sirpa Tenhola, Pentti Lautala, Pia Salonen, Susanna Aspholm, Heli Siljander, Carita Holm, Samuli Ylitalo, Raisa Lounamaa, Anja Nuuja, Timo Talvitie, Kaija Lindström, Hanna Huopio, Jouni Pesola, Riitta Veijola, Päivi Tapanainen, Abram Alar, Paavo Korpela, Marja-Liisa Käär, Taina Mustila, Ritva Virransalo, Päivi Nykänen, Bärbel Aschemeier, Thomas Danne, Olga Kordonouri, Dóra Krikovszky, László Madácsy, Yeganeh Manon Khazrai, Ernesto Maddaloni, Paolo Pozzilli, Carla Mannu, Marco Songini, Carine de Beaufort, Ulrike Schierloh, Jan Bruining, Margriet Bisschoff, Aleksander Basiak, Renata Wasikowa, Marta Ciechanowska, Grazyna Deja, Przemyslawa Jarosz-Chobot, Agnieszka Szadkowska, Katarzyna Cypryk, Malgorzata Zawodniak-Szalapska, Luis Castano, Teba Gonzalez Frutos, Mirentxu Oyarzabal, Manuel Serrano-Ríos, María Teresa Martínez-Larrad, Federico Gustavo Hawkins, Dolores Rodriguez Arnau, Johnny Ludvigsson, Malgorzata Smolinska Konefal, Ragnar Hanas, Bengt Lindblad, Nils-Osten Nilsson, Hans Fors, Maria Nordwall, Agne Lindh, Hans Edenwall, Jan Aman, Calle Johansson, Margrit Gadient, Eugen Schoenle, Dorothy Becker, Ashi Daftary, Margaret Franciscus, Carol Gilmour, Jerry Palmer, Rachel Taculad, Marilyn Tanner-Blasiar, Neil White, Uday Devaskar, Heather Horowitz, Lisa Rogers, Roxana Colon, Teresa Frazer, Jose Torres, Robin Goland, Ellen Greenberg, Maudene Nelson, Holly Schachner, Barney Softness, Jorma Ilonen, Massimo Trucco, Lynn Nichol, Erkki Savilahti, Taina Härkönen, Mikael Knip, Outi Vaarala, Kristiina Luopajärvi, Hans-Michael Dosch
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- Journal:
- Public Health Nutrition / Volume 17 / Issue 4 / April 2014
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 24 June 2013, pp. 810-822
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Objective
To examine the use of vitamin D supplements during infancy among the participants in an international infant feeding trial.
DesignLongitudinal study.
SettingInformation about vitamin D supplementation was collected through a validated FFQ at the age of 2 weeks and monthly between the ages of 1 month and 6 months.
SubjectsInfants (n 2159) with a biological family member affected by type 1 diabetes and with increased human leucocyte antigen-conferred susceptibility to type 1 diabetes from twelve European countries, the USA, Canada and Australia.
ResultsDaily use of vitamin D supplements was common during the first 6 months of life in Northern and Central Europe (>80 % of the infants), with somewhat lower rates observed in Southern Europe (>60 %). In Canada, vitamin D supplementation was more common among exclusively breast-fed than other infants (e.g. 71 % v. 44 % at 6 months of age). Less than 2 % of infants in the USA and Australia received any vitamin D supplementation. Higher gestational age, older maternal age and longer maternal education were study-wide associated with greater use of vitamin D supplements.
ConclusionsMost of the infants received vitamin D supplements during the first 6 months of life in the European countries, whereas in Canada only half and in the USA and Australia very few were given supplementation.
Contributors
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- By Paul S. Appelbaum, Elizabeth K. Dollard, Peter Ash, Madelon V. Baranoski, Alec Buchanan, Philip J. Candilis, J. Richard Ciccone, Eric Elbogen, Graham D. Glancy, Robert P. Granacher, Ezra E. H. Griffith, Jeffrey S. Janofsky, Sally Johnson, Joshua Jones, Alyson Kuroski-Mazzei, Li-Wen Grace Lee, Gregory B. Leong, Barbara McDermott, Richard Martinez, Michael A. Norko, John O’Grady, Debra A. Pinals, Marilyn Price, Patricia Ryan Recupero, Phillip J. Resnick, Robert L. Sadoff, Charles Scott, J. Arturo Silva, Sherif Soliman, Aleksandra Stankovic, Robert Weinstock, Kenneth J. Weiss, Robert M. Wettstein, Cheryl Wills, Howard Zonana
- Edited by Alec Buchanan, Yale University, Connecticut, Michael A. Norko, Yale University, Connecticut
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- The Psychiatric Report
- Published online:
- 07 September 2011
- Print publication:
- 07 July 2011, pp ix-xii
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The Halifax Declaration for a Sustainable Biosphere
- Howard C. Clark, Marilyn MacDonald
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- Journal:
- Environmental Conservation / Volume 19 / Issue 2 / Summer 1992
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 24 August 2009, p. 177
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Longitudinal association between infant disorganized attachment and childhood posttraumatic stress symptoms
- Helen Z. Macdonald, Marjorie Beeghly, Wanda Grant-Knight, Marilyn Augustyn, Ryan W. Woods, Howard Cabral, Ruth Rose-Jacobs, Glenn N. Saxe, Deborah A. Frank
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- Journal:
- Development and Psychopathology / Volume 20 / Issue 4 / Fall 2008
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 07 October 2008, p. 1351
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The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether children with a history of disorganized attachment in infancy were more likely than children without a history of disorganized attachment to exhibit symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) at school age following trauma exposure. The sample consisted of 78 8.5-year-old children from a larger, ongoing prospective study evaluating the effects of intrauterine cocaine exposure (IUCE) on children's growth and development from birth to adolescence. At the 12-month visit, children's attachment status was scored from videotapes of infant–caregiver dyads in Ainsworth's strange situation. At the 8.5-year visit, children were administered the Violence Exposure Scale—Revised, a child-report trauma exposure inventory, and the Diagnostic Interview for Children and Adolescents by an experienced clinical psychologist masked to children's attachment status and IUCE status. Sixteen of the 78 children (21%) were classified as insecure–disorganized/insecure–other at 12 months. Poisson regressions covarying IUCE, gender, and continuity of maternal care indicated that disorganized attachment status at 12 months, compared with nondisorganized attachment status, significantly predicted both higher avoidance cluster PTSD symptoms and higher reexperiencing cluster PTSD symptoms. These findings suggest that the quality of early dyadic relationships may be linked to differences in children's later development of posttraumatic stress symptoms following a traumatic event.
A test of metaphoric comprehension and some preliminary developmental data*
- Marilyn R. Pollio, Howard R. Pollio
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- Journal:
- Journal of Child Language / Volume 6 / Issue 1 / February 1979
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 26 September 2008, pp. 111-120
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The purposes of the present study was to develop a multiple-choice test of figurative language comprehension and to evaluate the development of such comprehension over a wide range of ages and children. To do this, samples of novel and frozen figures were selected from a corpus provided by elementary school children and then administered to 149 different children between 9 and 14 years. Results showed that the test produced was a reliable one, and one that produced meaningful developmental trends. In addition, differences were noted between the comprehension and production of novel and frozen figures of speech. These findings were discussed in terms of their methodological and developmental implications.
Longitudinal association between infant disorganized attachment and childhood posttraumatic stress symptoms
- Helen Z. MacDonald, Marjorie Beeghly, Wanda Grant-Knight, Marilyn Augustyn, Ryan W. Woods, Howard Cabral, Ruth Rose-Jacobs, Glenn N. Saxe, Deborah A. Frank
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- Journal:
- Development and Psychopathology / Volume 20 / Issue 2 / Spring 2008
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 21 April 2008, pp. 493-508
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The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether children with a history of disorganized attachment in infancy were more likely than children without a history of disorganized attachment to exhibit symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) at school age following trauma exposure. The sample consisted of 78 8.5-year-old children from a larger, ongoing prospective study evaluating the effects of intrauterine cocaine exposure (IUCE) on children's growth and development from birth to adolescence. At the 12-month visit, children's attachment status was scored from videotapes of infant–caregiver dyads in Ainsworth's strange situation. At the 8.5-year visit, children were administered the Violence Exposure Scale—Revised, a child-report trauma exposure inventory, and the Diagnostic Interview for Children and Adolescents by an experienced clinical psychologist masked to children's attachment status and IUCE status. Sixteen of the 78 children (21%) were classified as insecure–disorganized/insecure–other at 12 months. Poisson regressions covarying IUCE, gender, and continuity of maternal care indicated that disorganized attachment status at 12 months, compared with nondisorganized attachment status, significantly predicted both higher avoidance cluster PTSD symptoms and higher reexperiencing cluster PTSD symptoms. These findings suggest that the quality of early dyadic relationships may be linked to differences in children's later development of posttraumatic stress symptoms following a traumatic event.
Contributors
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- By Graham Allan, Donna M. Allen, Irwin Altman, Arthur Aron, Donald H. Baucom, Steven R. H. Beach, Ellen Berscheid, Rosemary Blieszner, Jeffrey Boase, Tyfany M. J. Boettcher, Barbara B. Brown, Abraham P. Buunk, Lorne Campbell, Daniel J. Canary, Rodney Cate, John P. Caughlin, Mahnaz Charania, Jennie Y. Chen, F. Scott Christopher, Jennifer A. Clarke, Marilyn Coleman, W. Andrew Collins, Michael K. Coolsen, Nathan R. Cottle, Carolyn E. Cutrona, Marianne Dainton, Valerian J. Derlega, Lisa M. Diamond, Pieternel Dijkstra, Steve Duck, Pearl A. Dykstra, Norman B. Epstein, Beverley Fehr, Frank D. Fincham, Helen E. Fisher, Julie Fitness, Garth J. O. Fletcher, Myron D. Friesen, Lawrence Ganong, Kelli A. Gardner, Jenny de Jong Gierveld, Robin Goodwin, Christine R. Gray, Kathryn Greene, David W. Harris, Willard W. Hartup, John H. Harvey, Kathi L. Heffner, Ted L. Huston, William J. Ickes, Emily A. Impett, Michael P. Johnson, Deborah J. Jones, Deborah A. Kashy, Janice K. Kiecolt‐Glaser, Jeffrey L. Kirchner, Brighid M. Kleinman, Galena H. Kline, Mark L. Knapp, Ascan Koerner, Jean‐Philippe Laurenceau, Kim Leon, Timothy J. Loving, Stephanie D. Madsen, Howard J. Markman, Alicia Mathews, Mario Mikulincer, Patricia Noller, Nickola C. Overall, Letitia Anne Peplau, Daniel Perlman, Sally Planalp, Urmila Pillay, Nicole D. Pleasant, Caryl E. Rusbult, Barbara R. Sarason, Irwin G. Sarason, Phillip R. Shaver, Alan L. Sillars, Jeffry A. Simpson, Susan Sprecher, Susan Stanton, Greg Strong, Catherine A. Surra, Anita L. Vangelisti, C. Arthur VanLear, Theo van Tilburg, Barry Wellman, Amy Wenzel, Carol M. Werner, Adam R. West, Sarah W. Whitton, Heike A. Winterheld
- Edited by Anita L. Vangelisti, University of Texas, Austin, Daniel Perlman, University of British Columbia, Vancouver
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- The Cambridge Handbook of Personal Relationships
- Published online:
- 05 June 2012
- Print publication:
- 05 June 2006, pp xvii-xxii
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Part 1 - Setting the scene
- Robert Walker, Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford
- With Marilyn Howard
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- Book:
- The Making of a Welfare Class?
- Published by:
- Bristol University Press
- Published online:
- 09 September 2022
- Print publication:
- 27 September 2000, pp 1-2
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6 - Unemployment institutions
- Robert Walker, Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford
- With Marilyn Howard
-
- Book:
- The Making of a Welfare Class?
- Published by:
- Bristol University Press
- Published online:
- 09 September 2022
- Print publication:
- 27 September 2000, pp 77-92
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Summary
Summary
Labour market and social security policies changed radically between 1971 and 1999, in ways that were often explicitly designed to influence the size of the unemployed caseload. Small-scale training and work experience schemes introduced in the 1970s were massively expanded in the 1980s, to provide surrogate employment and reduce the claimant count. For a period, some unemployed claimants were financially encouraged to leave the labour market.
Resources devoted to training were then reduced, while new measures to tighten the eligibility conditions for benefit helped to support the emphasis on flexible job search while also reducing expenditure and claimant numbers. In 1996, with the introduction of Jobseeker's Allowance (JSA), benefit receipt was made conditional on signing and following an agreement. This strategy is now complemented by the Labour government's commitment to offer quality training and work experience, obligatory for some groups, through New Deal welfare to work programmes. These policies appear to have reduced claimant unemployment in the context of a growing economy.
A radical shift in the ratio of means-tested to insurance-based support for unemployed claimants occurred as a result of policy changes and lengthening unemployment. This process was also fuelled by policies to increase rents for tenants in social housing, thereby increasing the Housing Benefit (HB) caseload.
Increased means testing focused policy attention on work incentives which, together with evidence of low pay, led to the introduction of in-work benefits for families in order, to adopt the rhetoric of the current government, ‘to make work pay’.
Labour market and social security policies, and the institutions to design and implement them, altered radically between 1971 and 1999. The process of change was inevitably shaped by a combination of factors in the policy domains – with new perceptions, policy goals and policy models – as well as developments in the labour market, discussed in Chapter 4. An understanding of these changes is important to any assessment of the impact of policy on the numbers of unemployed claimants. For a blow by blow account, the reader is directed to Clasen (1994); here a brief sketch has to suffice.
Government job creation and training
A Conservative government was in power in the early 1970s. Unemployment was still low although, at the time, half a million unemployed seemed high.
8 - Understanding trends in unemployment-related benefits
- Robert Walker, Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford
- With Marilyn Howard
-
- Book:
- The Making of a Welfare Class?
- Published by:
- Bristol University Press
- Published online:
- 09 September 2022
- Print publication:
- 27 September 2000, pp 103-106
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Summary
Summary
Unemployment caseloads have been driven upwards by de-industrialisation and by the priority given to the control of inflation over full employment as a policy goal.
Social security and labour market polices have sought to contain the growth in caseloads, initially by diverting people out of the labour market or into training in large numbers.
Subsequent tightening of the benefit regulations may have reduced the total claimant count by, perhaps, 350,000. It also shifted the balance of provision radically towards means-testing.
Concern about work incentives has led to the provision of in-work benefits that have created a new category of benefit recipient. In 1999 the number of employed people receiving means-tested benefits fell only a little short of the number receiving unemployment-related benefits.
Most recently, proactive welfare to work policies have been developed to reduce the unemployment caseload by providing assistance, training and work experience. Their long-term effectiveness remains to be established. In the short term they are reducing the claimant count by about 215,000.
Having reviewed the literature, what story can be told about the increased number of claims for unemployment-related benefits?
The growth in the number of claimants of unemployment-related benefits between 1971 and 1999 was the direct result of the de industrialisation of the British economy, a process that changed forever the nature of the labour market, added a new dynamic, and radically restructured the set of employment opportunities available (Figure 8.1). The impact of labour market changes was mediated by labour market and social security policies that themselves evolved in response to the new economic environment, and were guided by a varying mix of ideology and pragmatism. A shared understanding developed between successive governments that the goal of full employment had become unrealistic, and that high inflation was a worse evil than high unemployment. From the late 1980s onwards the common belief emerged that policies needed to accommodate the new needs of the flexible labour market.
Although throughout most of the period total employment continued to grow, jobs were lost in large numbers from the traditional manufacturing sectors and ‘replaced’ by service sector jobs, many of which were low paid and latterly part-time and short-term.
12 - Demography and benefits for disabled people
- Robert Walker, Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford
- With Marilyn Howard
-
- Book:
- The Making of a Welfare Class?
- Published by:
- Bristol University Press
- Published online:
- 09 September 2022
- Print publication:
- 27 September 2000, pp 153-164
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Summary
Summary
Increased longevity and the acquisition of impairment in late old age are perhaps the major factors behind the increased caseloads of disability benefits claimed by people over retirement age.
Demographic trends have limited the growth in the number of people of working age claiming disability benefit, but appear to have been more than offset by increased ill-health and disability.
The increased prevalence of impairment may also reflect the advances in medical science that enable people to survive, albeit with some degree of impairment, and the higher incidence of poor health in certain areas and among people in the lower socio-economic groups.
The increased prevalence of certain health conditions, notably mental health problems, may also have added to caseloads.
Institutional changes, both within social security policy and implementation, and in policy interaction with other areas like health and employment, will have contributed to the growth in caseloads. However, the question remains whether the increasing numbers of recipients of disability benefits reflect a rise in numbers of people who have developed an impairment, or simply an artefact of the way that benefit rules have been framed and applied. For instance, how significant is the ageing population and worsening health? Certainly, since the chances of developing impairment increase with age, one might expect – other things being equal – an ageing population to be associated with a higher incidence of impairment. The difficulty is that other things are seldom equal and, as has already been discussed, social attitudes towards disability have changed markedly over the last 30 years, measurement has changed and improved, and people have possibly become more prepared to exercise their right to provision.
An ageing population
A key characteristic in the ageing of Britain's population since 1971 has been the 44% increase in the number of people/pensionable age, over a period when total population increased by less than 7% (Chapter 2). Not surprisingly, therefore, the most obvious impact of an ageing population can be seen in the increased numbers of people of pensionable age who are in receipt of benefits to cover the extra costs associated with disability (largely Attendance Allowance – the increase in numbers of older people continuing to receive Disability Living Allowance was considered in Chapter 11).
19 - Social security provisions for families and children
- Robert Walker, Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford
- With Marilyn Howard
-
- Book:
- The Making of a Welfare Class?
- Published by:
- Bristol University Press
- Published online:
- 09 September 2022
- Print publication:
- 27 September 2000, pp 227-236
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Summary
Summary
The number of families receiving financial assistance for their children was doubled in 1977 by replacing family tax allowances for the second and subsequent child by Child Benefit payable for all children.
A class of working families receiving means-tested benefit was created by the 1971 introduction of Family Income Supplement and by Rent Allowances and Rebates in 1972.
In 1998, lone parents constituted 49% of the 790,000 recipients of Family Credit, the successor to Family Income Supplement, that is, the year before it was replaced by Working Families Tax Credit.
New Deal for Lone Parents, a voluntary scheme offering advice and support to lone parents seeking work, may have reduced Income Support caseloads by more than 3% over an 18-month period.
The 1991 Child Support Act sought to ensure that non-resident parents – mostly men – financially supported their children, but many refused or were unable to do so.
Deregulation of rents and ending ‘bricks-and-mortar’ subsidies for housing increased the Housing Benefit caseload.
Britain has never had a Minister for the Family and the Minister for Women is a creation of the new Labour government. Nor does it have a coherent family policy, governments generally preferring not to intervene directly in family matters (Kammerman and Kahn, 1980). However, at various times, governments have accepted the fact that children increase the risk of families suffering poverty and have introduced policies to raise family incomes. They have also responded, if sometimes reluctantly, to social problems associated with new family forms, typically targeting specific population groups and relying on fiscal and benefit measures rather than promoting an explicit family policy.
It is apparent from earlier chapters that the growth in benefit claims from families with children was influenced by the activities of many social institutions other than social security: moral authorities including the church and other opinion leaders, the legal profession and employers were all agents of change. Space limits consideration in this chapter to key changes in social security policy that have impacted most directly on the numbers of parents and children receiving benefit.
Child Benefit and One Parent Benefit
The one single policy change that most increased the number of families receiving benefit was the introduction of Child Benefit in 1977.
Part 5 - Benefits for retirement
- Robert Walker, Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford
- With Marilyn Howard
-
- Book:
- The Making of a Welfare Class?
- Published by:
- Bristol University Press
- Published online:
- 09 September 2022
- Print publication:
- 27 September 2000, pp 243-244
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5 - Demography and unemployment
- Robert Walker, Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford
- With Marilyn Howard
-
- Book:
- The Making of a Welfare Class?
- Published by:
- Bristol University Press
- Published online:
- 09 September 2022
- Print publication:
- 27 September 2000, pp 69-76
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Summary
Summary
Large cohorts of young people exacerbated already high unemployment in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Numbers have also been boosted by the increased employment participation of women, notably by mothers of young children.
In contrast, male employment rates fell substantially as, to a lesser extent, did those of lone parents. Older men were the worst affected. The economic inactivity rates for men aged 50-59 quadrupled, and rose to 57% among 60 to 64 year olds.
Even so, unemployment rates remained highest among young people and fell much less quickly than among other groups during periods of economic recovery. Unemployment among ethnic minority groups also fell comparatively slowly.
Whereas Chapter 4 was primarily concerned with changes in labour demand that have contributed to variations in the unemployed caseload, the focus in this chapter is on labour supply. It appears that, at certain points over the last 30 years, simple changes in demography have conspired to exacerbate the mismatch between the demand for and supply of labour.
Table 5.1 reveals that the working-age population grew by 13% between 1971 and 1998. Moreover, the growth in the number of people in the early part of their prime working years (namely between 30 and 44 years of age) was, at 36%, very much greater. The passage of this cohort through the labour market exacerbated the problems created by the downturn of the 1980s, since a subset of this cohort would have been aged 15-19 in 1981 when the recession began to bite. Table 5.1 confirms this, showing that the number of people in this age range increased by 23% between 1971 and 1981, while the number aged 20-29 increased by just 2%. Clearly a large cohort of new labour market entrants is likely to be much at risk of unemployment, even in the absence of a downturn in the economy, such as that which occurred in the 1980s.
Large cohorts also tend to pose significant constraints on the chances of career progression and wage growth through promotion for members of the cohort and those cohorts that follow later. This labour market cohort has, therefore, been doubly disadvantaged, and may face further difficulties in the immediate future, as large numbers of people approach the labour market vulnerability associated with late working life.
2 - Taking an overview
- Robert Walker, Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford
- With Marilyn Howard
-
- Book:
- The Making of a Welfare Class?
- Published by:
- Bristol University Press
- Published online:
- 09 September 2022
- Print publication:
- 27 September 2000, pp 21-44
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Summary
Summary
The British economy has altered radically in the last three decades. While international trade in goods still exceeds that in services, employment in manufacturing has halved to just 15% of the total.
After eight years of economic growth, unemployment has fallen back markedly from the historic highs experienced in the early 1990s. Male employment remains at comparatively low levels, part-time employment has risen to 25% of the total and women now account for 45% of the workforce.
There is an increased financial premium on education and a polarisation in wage levels and between employment-rich households, with more than one worker, and employment-poor households, with none.
Population growth has been sluggish for 30 years but demands on the social security system have been increased by growth in the retired population, an almost threefold rise in the number of lone parents and a growing recognition of the needs of disabled people.
Spending on cash benefits has more than doubled in real terms since the early 1970s and now accounts for 30% of total public expenditure. Coverage is comprehensive and nationally uniform and comprises a mix of insurance, means-tested and other non-contributory schemes. Retirement pension is the most expensive element, accounting for 37% of the total, but means-tested schemes, which together absorb 32% of total expenditure, are more important than in continental Europe
Public support for the cash benefit system remains strong but, echoing political rhetoric, there is also concern about its possible disincentive effects and the existence of fraud. Benefit recipients themselves report financial hardship and a sense of shame associated with being a claimant.
A degree of consensus that employment is the principal defence against poverty has replaced outright ideological hostility towards the benefit system, evident among some politicians during the 1980s. Policies are currently being ‘modernised’ and made proactive so as to promote work for those who can and support for those who cannot.
The simple model introduced in the last chapter groups the myriad influences driving social security and social assistance caseloads into four: those relating to the economy, demography, institutions, and beliefs.
The Making of a Welfare Class?
- Benefit Receipt in Britain
- Robert Walker
- With Marilyn Howard
-
- Published by:
- Bristol University Press
- Published online:
- 09 September 2022
- Print publication:
- 27 September 2000
-
Over the last three decades, Britain has witnessed an unprecedented rise in the number of people receiving welfare benefits that has provoked fears of a growing underclass and mass welfare dependency. This book provides the first comprehensive analysis of the reasons for this growth and subjects notions of welfare dependency to empirical test.
Part 3 - Benefits for disabled people
- Robert Walker, Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford
- With Marilyn Howard
-
- Book:
- The Making of a Welfare Class?
- Published by:
- Bristol University Press
- Published online:
- 09 September 2022
- Print publication:
- 27 September 2000, pp 107-108
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