38 results
A randomised controlled trial of the monoaminergic stabiliser (−)-OSU6162 in treatment of myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome
- Marie Karin Lena Nilsson, Olof Zachrisson, Carl-Gerhard Gottfries, Michael Matousek, Birgitta Peilot, Sara Forsmark, Robert Christiaan Schuit, Maria Lizzie Carlsson, Angelica Kloberg, Arvid Carlsson
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- Journal:
- Acta Neuropsychiatrica / Volume 30 / Issue 3 / June 2018
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 07 December 2017, pp. 148-157
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Objective
The monoaminergic stabiliser (−)-OSU6162 has in previous studies shown promising effects on mental fatigue after stroke and traumatic brain injury. This study investigated the safety and effectiveness of (−)-OSU6162 in patients with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome.
MethodsA total of 62 patients were randomly assigned to placebo or (−)-OSU6162. Primary outcomes were assessment on the mental fatigue scale (MFS) and the clinical global impression of change (CGI-C) scale. Secondary outcomes were results on the FibroFatigue scale (FF), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the pain visual analogue scale and neuropsychological tests. Assessments were performed at baseline, after 1 and 2 weeks of treatment and at follow-up after 6 weeks.
ResultsMFS and CGI-C showed significant improvements for both treatment groups after treatment but not at follow-up; a similar pattern was seen for FF and BDI. However, significant differences between groups could not be demonstrated. On the other hand, correlation analyses showed a significant correlation between (−)-OSU6162 concentration and change in MFS, FF, and BDI score within the concentration interval 0.1–0.7 µM. Exploratory subgroup analyses showed a larger treatment effect with (−)-OSU6162 in improving MFS and FF symptoms in patients on antidepressant therapy compared to those without antidepressant treatment.
Conclusion(−)-OSU6162 was found to be safe and well tolerated. When analysing the entire material (−)-OSU6162 was not found to differ significantly from placebo in alleviating fatigue in ME patients but was superior to placebo in counteracting fatigue in a subgroup of ME patients who received concomitant pharmacological treatment for depression.
Metaphiomys (Rodentia: Phiomyidae) from the paleogene of southwestern Tanzania
- Nancy J. Stevens, Patrick M. O'Connor, Michael D. Gottfried, Eric M. Roberts, Sifael Ngasala, Mary R. Dawson
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- Journal:
- Journal of Paleontology / Volume 80 / Issue 2 / March 2006
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 14 July 2015, pp. 407-409
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The evolutionary history of the living African rodent families is a topic of considerable debate, yet it is generally agreed that the modern cane rats (Thryonomys Fitzinger, 1867) and dassie rats (Petromus Smith, 1831) have an evolutionary history within the infraorder Phiomorpha (e.g., Wood, 1968). Phiomorphs possess hystricognathous mandibular morphology, multiserial incisor enamel, and hystricomorphous attachment of the masseteric musculature (e.g., Lavocat, 1978; Holroyd, 1994). In his initial work on the group, Wood (1968) placed all phiomorph taxa into a single family, and named a handful of morphologically diverse species based mainly on size. Lavocat (1978) later revised the taxonomy of the group, raising many of the differences among species to the family level. More recently, Holroyd (1994) observed that these contrasting views likely stemmed from the fact that Wood's phiomorph work emphasized the overall similarity of Paleogene specimens from the Fayum of Egypt, whereas Lavocat endeavored to explain the diverse Miocene rodent faunas from East Africa, envisioning that each of the Miocene forms had an ancestor among the Paleogene taxa. In this paper we adopt Holroyd's (1994) revised version of family-level relationships among the phiomorphs.
Cooperative foraging behaviour by crabeater seals (Lobodon carcinophaga) at Pleneau Island, Antarctic Peninsula
- Michael D. Gottfried
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- Journal:
- Antarctic Science / Volume 26 / Issue 3 / June 2014
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 02 January 2014, pp. 263-264
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Urinary excretion of in vivo13C-labelled milk oligosaccharides in breastfed infants
- Silvia Rudloff, Gottfried Pohlentz, Christian Borsch, Michael J. Lentze, Clemens Kunz
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- Journal:
- British Journal of Nutrition / Volume 107 / Issue 7 / 14 April 2012
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 05 September 2011, pp. 957-963
- Print publication:
- 14 April 2012
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Recent observations indicate that human milk oligosaccharides (HMO) are involved in a variety of physiological processes in infants. Their metabolic fate, however, is virtually unknown. We investigated metabolic aspects in infants after endogenous 13C-labelling of HMO. An oral bolus of natural and 13C-labelled galactose (Gal; 23 g Gal+4 g 13C-Gal) was given to ten lactating women. Aliquots of milk at each nursing as well as breath samples from the mothers and urine from their infants were collected over 36 h. The 13C-enrichment of HMO and their renal excretion was determined by isotope ratio-MS; characterisation was achieved by fast atom bombardment-MS. After the Gal bolus was given, an immediate 13C-enrichment in milk and in infants' urine was observed which lasted 36 h. Mass spectrometric analysis of 13C-enriched urinary fractions confirmed the excretion of a variety of neutral and acidic HMO without metabolic modification of their structures. Components with glucose split off at the reducing end were also detectable. Quantitative data regarding the infants' intake of lacto-N-tetraose and its monofucosylated derivative lacto-N-fucopentaose II ranged from 50 to 160 mg with each suckling, respectively; renal excretion of both components varied between 1 and 3 mg/d. Since the intake of individual HMO by the infants was in the range of several hundred mg per suckling, i.e. several g/d, and some of these components were excreted in mg amounts as intact HMO with the infants' urine, not only local but also systemic effects might be expected.
12 - Alpine Bryophytes as Indicators for Climate Change: a Case Study from the Austrian Alps
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- By Daniela Hohenwallner, Federal Environment Agency Austria, Austria, Harald Gustav Zechmeister, University of Vienna, Austria, Dietmar Moser, Federal Environment Agency Austria, Austria, Harald Pauli, University of Vienna, Austria, Michael Gottfried, University of Vienna, Austria, Karl Reiter, University of Vienna, Austria, Georg Grabherr, University of Vienna, Austria
- Edited by Zoltán Tuba, Nancy G. Slack, Sage Colleges, New York, Lloyd R. Stark, University of Nevada, Las Vegas
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- Bryophyte Ecology and Climate Change
- Published online:
- 05 October 2012
- Print publication:
- 06 January 2011, pp 237-250
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Summary
Introduction
The climate of Europe has changed in the past century. An increase in mean annual air temperature of +0.90°C could be observed between 1901 and 2005 (Jones & Moberg 2003). For the period 1977–2000, trends are even higher for Europe's mountain regions (Böhm et al. 2001). Beniston (2005) showed that for the alpine region minimum temperatures have increased up to 2 °C during the twentieth century, whereas the snow cover period has been reduced (IPCC 2007). The alpine and nival (uppermost altitudinal zone of the Alps above the closed alpine grassland) zones (e.g., Grabherr 1997) of high mountain ecosystems are considered to be particularly sensitive to warming (Diaz & Bradley 1997; Haeberli & Beniston 1998) as these ecosystems are determined by low temperature conditions. This life zone offers ideal conditions to study climate change effects because (1) direct human impact is very low, (2) its ecological systems are comparatively simple, at least in the upper elevation levels, and (3) its systems are dominated by abiotic, climate-related ecological factors. The importance of biotic factors such as competition decreases with altitude (Körner 1994; Callaway et al. 2002). Since high mountain plants have proven to respond sensitively to climate change (Grabherr et al. 1994, 2001), great efforts were made to establish the large-scale monitoring network GLORIA (Global Observation Research Initiative in Alpine environments) (Pauli et al. 2003).
Contributors
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- By DeAnna L. Adkins, Samir Belagaje, S. Thomas Carmichael, Alex R. Carter, John Chae, François Chollet, Michael Chopp, Leonardo G. Cohen, Maurizio Corbetta, Steven C. Cramer, Rick M. Dijkhuizen, Megan Farrell, Seth P. Finklestein, Leigh R. Hochberg, Barbro B Johansson, Theresa A. Jones, Brett Kissela, Jeffrey A. Kleim, Bryan Kolb, J. Leigh Leasure, Yi Li, Isabelle Loubinoux, Andreas Luft, Randolph J. Nudo, Stephen J. Page, Thomas Platz, Valerie M. Pomeroy, David J. Reinkensmeyer, JingMei Ren, J. C. Rothwell, Dorothee Saur, Timothy Schallert, Gottfried Schlaug, Susan Schwerin, Rüdiger J. Seitz, Gordon L. Shulman, O. Swayne, P. Talelli, G. Campbell Teskey, Maurits P. A. van Meer, Nick S. Ward, Cornelius Weiller, Carolee J. Winstein, Steven L. Wolf
- Edited by Steven C. Cramer, University of California, Irvine, Randolph J. Nudo, Kansas University Medical Center
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- Brain Repair After Stroke
- Published online:
- 10 November 2010
- Print publication:
- 28 October 2010, pp viii-x
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19 - Muslim accounts of the dār al-ḥarb
- from PART III - LITERATURE
- Edited by Robert Irwin, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
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- The New Cambridge History of Islam
- Published online:
- 28 March 2011
- Print publication:
- 22 October 2010, pp 474-494
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Summary
Muslim knowledge about the non-Muslim world, or the dār al-ḥarb (abode of war), was living knowledge. Its bearers – who included state officials, merchants, converts to Islam, Muslim captives in foreign lands, spies and adventurers – tended to circulate this knowledge informally and orally. Since most of this material has now been lost, we are left with writings that have been preserved in literary texts, whether independently or incorporated into larger works. Most of these fall within the classical definition of taʾrῑkh, and can be described in modern terms as geographical, cosmographical, historical, biographical, autobiographical or ethnographic. This chapter will survey these writings in their social and intellectual contexts. It is structured according to the literary genres in which they appear. However, we must keep in mind that these accounts do not constitute one or several genres in and of themselves. They also show practically no limitation in their subject matter and themes: since the travellers and compilers were interested in nearly everything, from mundane observations to spectacular marvels, it is virtually impossible to link particular themes to specific formal categories of texts.
Knowledge about the dār al-ḥarb was not part of the accepted canon of Islamic knowledge, and since information of this kind was usually obtained by individuals who lacked institutional backing or intellectual prestige, it was often contested, neglected or ignored. Furthermore, the number of texts in question is small, both in comparison with Islamic literature in general, and with European travelogues.
Contributors
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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. Chapman, James H. Charlesworth, Kenneth R. Chase, Chen Zemin, Luciano Chianeque, Philip Chia Phin Yin, Francisca H. Chimhanda, Daniel Chiquete, John T. Chirban, Soobin Choi, Robert Choquette, Mita Choudhury, Gerald Christianson, John Chryssavgis, Sejong Chun, Esther Chung-Kim, Charles M. A. Clark, Elizabeth A. Clark, Sathianathan Clarke, Fred Cloud, John B. Cobb, W. Owen Cole, John A Coleman, John J. Collins, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Paul K. Conkin, Beth A. Conklin, Sean Connolly, Demetrios J. Constantelos, Michael A. Conway, Paula M. Cooey, Austin Cooper, Michael L. Cooper-White, Pamela Cooper-White, L. William Countryman, Sérgio Coutinho, Pamela Couture, Shannon Craigo-Snell, James L. Crenshaw, David Crowner, Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Elizabeth Mason Currier, Emmanuel Cutrone, Mary L. Daniel, David D. Daniels, Robert Darden, Rolf Darge, Isaiah Dau, Jeffry C. Davis, Jane Dawson, Valentin Dedji, John W. de Gruchy, Paul DeHart, Wendy J. Deichmann Edwards, Miguel A. De La Torre, George E. Demacopoulos, Thomas de Mayo, Leah DeVun, Beatriz de Vasconcellos Dias, Dennis C. Dickerson, John M. Dillon, Luis Miguel Donatello, Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, Susanna Drake, Jonathan A. Draper, N. Dreher Martin, Otto Dreydoppel, Angelyn Dries, A. J. Droge, Francis X. D'Sa, Marilyn Dunn, Nicole Wilkinson Duran, Rifaat Ebied, Mark J. Edwards, William H. Edwards, Leonard H. Ehrlich, Nancy L. Eiesland, Martin Elbel, J. Harold Ellens, Stephen Ellingson, Marvin M. Ellison, Robert Ellsberg, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Eldon Jay Epp, Peter C. Erb, Tassilo Erhardt, Maria Erling, Noel Leo Erskine, Gillian R. Evans, Virginia Fabella, Michael A. Fahey, Edward Farley, Margaret A. Farley, Wendy Farley, Robert Fastiggi, Seena Fazel, Duncan S. Ferguson, Helwar Figueroa, Paul Corby Finney, Kyriaki Karidoyanes FitzGerald, Thomas E. FitzGerald, John R. Fitzmier, Marie Therese Flanagan, Sabina Flanagan, Claude Flipo, Ronald B. Flowers, Carole Fontaine, David Ford, Mary Ford, Stephanie A. Ford, Jim Forest, William Franke, Robert M. Franklin, Ruth Franzén, Edward H. Friedman, Samuel Frouisou, Lorelei F. Fuchs, Jojo M. Fung, Inger Furseth, Richard R. Gaillardetz, Brandon Gallaher, China Galland, Mark Galli, Ismael García, Tharscisse Gatwa, Jean-Marie Gaudeul, Luis María Gavilanes del Castillo, Pavel L. Gavrilyuk, Volney P. Gay, Metropolitan Athanasios Geevargis, Kondothra M. George, Mary Gerhart, Simon Gikandi, Maurice Gilbert, Michael J. Gillgannon, Verónica Giménez Beliveau, Terryl Givens, Beth Glazier-McDonald, Philip Gleason, Menghun Goh, Brian Golding, Bishop Hilario M. Gomez, Michelle A. Gonzalez, Donald K. Gorrell, Roy Gottfried, Tamara Grdzelidze, Joel B. Green, Niels Henrik Gregersen, Cristina Grenholm, Herbert Griffiths, Eric W. Gritsch, Erich S. Gruen, Christoffer H. Grundmann, Paul H. Gundani, Jon P. Gunnemann, Petre Guran, Vidar L. Haanes, Jeremiah M. Hackett, Getatchew Haile, Douglas John Hall, Nicholas Hammond, Daphne Hampson, Jehu J. Hanciles, Barry Hankins, Jennifer Haraguchi, Stanley S. Harakas, Anthony John Harding, Conrad L. Harkins, J. William Harmless, Marjory Harper, Amir Harrak, Joel F. Harrington, Mark W. Harris, Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Van A. Harvey, R. Chris Hassel, Jione Havea, Daniel Hawk, Diana L. Hayes, Leslie Hayes, Priscilla Hayner, S. Mark Heim, Simo Heininen, Richard P. Heitzenrater, Eila Helander, David Hempton, Scott H. Hendrix, Jan-Olav Henriksen, Gina Hens-Piazza, Carter Heyward, Nicholas J. Higham, David Hilliard, Norman A. Hjelm, Peter C. Hodgson, Arthur Holder, M. Jan Holton, Dwight N. Hopkins, Ronnie Po-chia Hsia, Po-Ho Huang, James Hudnut-Beumler, Jennifer S. Hughes, Leonard M. Hummel, Mary E. Hunt, Laennec Hurbon, Mark Hutchinson, Susan E. Hylen, Mary Beth Ingham, H. Larry Ingle, Dale T. Irvin, Jon Isaak, Paul John Isaak, Ada María Isasi-Díaz, Hans Raun Iversen, Margaret C. Jacob, Arthur James, Maria Jansdotter-Samuelsson, David Jasper, Werner G. Jeanrond, Renée Jeffery, David Lyle Jeffrey, Theodore W. Jennings, David H. Jensen, Robin Margaret Jensen, David Jobling, Dale A. Johnson, Elizabeth A. Johnson, Maxwell E. Johnson, Sarah Johnson, Mark D. Johnston, F. Stanley Jones, James William Jones, John R. Jones, Alissa Jones Nelson, Inge Jonsson, Jan Joosten, Elizabeth Judd, Mulambya Peggy Kabonde, Robert Kaggwa, Sylvester Kahakwa, Isaac Kalimi, Ogbu U. Kalu, Eunice Kamaara, Wayne C. Kannaday, Musimbi Kanyoro, Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, Frank Kaufmann, Léon Nguapitshi Kayongo, Richard Kearney, Alice A. Keefe, Ralph Keen, Catherine Keller, Anthony J. Kelly, Karen Kennelly, Kathi Lynn Kern, Fergus Kerr, Edward Kessler, George Kilcourse, Heup Young Kim, Kim Sung-Hae, Kim Yong-Bock, Kim Yung Suk, Richard King, Thomas M. King, Robert M. Kingdon, Ross Kinsler, Hans G. Kippenberg, Cheryl A. Kirk-Duggan, Clifton Kirkpatrick, Leonid Kishkovsky, Nadieszda Kizenko, Jeffrey Klaiber, Hans-Josef Klauck, Sidney Knight, Samuel Kobia, Robert Kolb, Karla Ann Koll, Heikki Kotila, Donald Kraybill, Philip D. W. Krey, Yves Krumenacker, Jeffrey Kah-Jin Kuan, Simanga R. Kumalo, Peter Kuzmic, Simon Shui-Man Kwan, Kwok Pui-lan, André LaCocque, Stephen E. Lahey, John Tsz Pang Lai, Emiel Lamberts, Armando Lampe, Craig Lampe, Beverly J. Lanzetta, Eve LaPlante, Lizette Larson-Miller, Ariel Bybee Laughton, Leonard Lawlor, Bentley Layton, Robin A. Leaver, Karen Lebacqz, Archie Chi Chung Lee, Marilyn J. Legge, Hervé LeGrand, D. L. LeMahieu, Raymond Lemieux, Bill J. Leonard, Ellen M. Leonard, Outi Leppä, Jean Lesaulnier, Nantawan Boonprasat Lewis, Henrietta Leyser, Alexei Lidov, Bernard Lightman, Paul Chang-Ha Lim, Carter Lindberg, Mark R. Lindsay, James R. Linville, James C. Livingston, Ann Loades, David Loades, Jean-Claude Loba-Mkole, Lo Lung Kwong, Wati Longchar, Eleazar López, David W. Lotz, Andrew Louth, Robin W. Lovin, William Luis, Frank D. Macchia, Diarmaid N. J. MacCulloch, Kirk R. MacGregor, Marjory A. MacLean, Donald MacLeod, Tomas S. Maddela, Inge Mager, Laurenti Magesa, David G. Maillu, Fortunato Mallimaci, Philip Mamalakis, Kä Mana, Ukachukwu Chris Manus, Herbert Robinson Marbury, Reuel Norman Marigza, Jacqueline Mariña, Antti Marjanen, Luiz C. L. Marques, Madipoane Masenya (ngwan'a Mphahlele), Caleb J. D. Maskell, Steve Mason, Thomas Massaro, Fernando Matamoros Ponce, András Máté-Tóth, Odair Pedroso Mateus, Dinis Matsolo, Fumitaka Matsuoka, John D'Arcy May, Yelena Mazour-Matusevich, Theodore Mbazumutima, John S. McClure, Christian McConnell, Lee Martin McDonald, Gary B. McGee, Thomas McGowan, Alister E. McGrath, Richard J. McGregor, John A. McGuckin, Maud Burnett McInerney, Elsie Anne McKee, Mary B. McKinley, James F. McMillan, Ernan McMullin, Kathleen E. McVey, M. Douglas Meeks, Monica Jyotsna Melanchthon, Ilie Melniciuc-Puica, Everett Mendoza, Raymond A. Mentzer, William W. Menzies, Ina Merdjanova, Franziska Metzger, Constant J. Mews, Marvin Meyer, Carol Meyers, Vasile Mihoc, Gunner Bjerg Mikkelsen, Maria Inêz de Castro Millen, Clyde Lee Miller, Bonnie J. Miller-McLemore, Alexander Mirkovic, Paul Misner, Nozomu Miyahira, R. W. L. Moberly, Gerald Moede, Aloo Osotsi Mojola, Sunanda Mongia, Rebeca Montemayor, James Moore, Roger E. Moore, Craig E. Morrison O.Carm, Jeffry H. Morrison, Keith Morrison, Wilson J. Moses, Tefetso Henry Mothibe, Mokgethi Motlhabi, Fulata Moyo, Henry Mugabe, Jesse Ndwiga Kanyua Mugambi, Peggy Mulambya-Kabonde, Robert Bruce Mullin, Pamela Mullins Reaves, Saskia Murk Jansen, Heleen L. Murre-Van den Berg, Augustine Musopole, Isaac M. T. Mwase, Philomena Mwaura, Cecilia Nahnfeldt, Anne Nasimiyu Wasike, Carmiña Navia Velasco, Thulani Ndlazi, Alexander Negrov, James B. Nelson, David G. Newcombe, Carol Newsom, Helen J. Nicholson, George W. E. Nickelsburg, Tatyana Nikolskaya, Damayanthi M. A. Niles, Bertil Nilsson, Nyambura Njoroge, Fidelis Nkomazana, Mary Beth Norton, Christian Nottmeier, Sonene Nyawo, Anthère Nzabatsinda, Edward T. Oakes, Gerald O'Collins, Daniel O'Connell, David W. Odell-Scott, Mercy Amba Oduyoye, Kathleen O'Grady, Oyeronke Olajubu, Thomas O'Loughlin, Dennis T. Olson, J. Steven O'Malley, Cephas N. Omenyo, Muriel Orevillo-Montenegro, César Augusto Ornellas Ramos, Agbonkhianmeghe E. Orobator, Kenan B. Osborne, Carolyn Osiek, Javier Otaola Montagne, Douglas F. Ottati, Anna May Say Pa, Irina Paert, Jerry G. Pankhurst, Aristotle Papanikolaou, Samuele F. Pardini, Stefano Parenti, Peter Paris, Sung Bae Park, Cristián G. Parker, Raquel Pastor, Joseph Pathrapankal, Daniel Patte, W. Brown Patterson, Clive Pearson, Keith F. Pecklers, Nancy Cardoso Pereira, David Horace Perkins, Pheme Perkins, Edward N. Peters, Rebecca Todd Peters, Bishop Yeznik Petrossian, Raymond Pfister, Peter C. Phan, Isabel Apawo Phiri, William S. F. Pickering, Derrick G. Pitard, William Elvis Plata, Zlatko Plese, John Plummer, James Newton Poling, Ronald Popivchak, Andrew Porter, Ute Possekel, James M. Powell, Enos Das Pradhan, Devadasan Premnath, Jaime Adrían Prieto Valladares, Anne Primavesi, Randall Prior, María Alicia Puente Lutteroth, Eduardo Guzmão Quadros, Albert Rabil, Laurent William Ramambason, Apolonio M. Ranche, Vololona Randriamanantena Andriamitandrina, Lawrence R. Rast, Paul L. Redditt, Adele Reinhartz, Rolf Rendtorff, Pål Repstad, James N. Rhodes, John K. Riches, Joerg Rieger, Sharon H. Ringe, Sandra Rios, Tyler Roberts, David M. Robinson, James M. Robinson, Joanne Maguire Robinson, Richard A. H. Robinson, Roy R. Robson, Jack B. Rogers, Maria Roginska, Sidney Rooy, Rev. Garnett Roper, Maria José Fontelas Rosado-Nunes, Andrew C. Ross, Stefan Rossbach, François Rossier, John D. Roth, John K. Roth, Phillip Rothwell, Richard E. Rubenstein, Rosemary Radford Ruether, Markku Ruotsila, John E. Rybolt, Risto Saarinen, John Saillant, Juan Sanchez, Wagner Lopes Sanchez, Hugo N. Santos, Gerhard Sauter, Gloria L. Schaab, Sandra M. Schneiders, Quentin J. Schultze, Fernando F. Segovia, Turid Karlsen Seim, Carsten Selch Jensen, Alan P. F. Sell, Frank C. Senn, Kent Davis Sensenig, Damían Setton, Bal Krishna Sharma, Carolyn J. Sharp, Thomas Sheehan, N. Gerald Shenk, Christian Sheppard, Charles Sherlock, Tabona Shoko, Walter B. Shurden, Marguerite Shuster, B. Mark Sietsema, Batara Sihombing, Neil Silberman, Clodomiro Siller, Samuel Silva-Gotay, Heikki Silvet, John K. Simmons, Hagith Sivan, James C. Skedros, Abraham Smith, Ashley A. Smith, Ted A. Smith, Daud Soesilo, Pia Søltoft, Choan-Seng (C. S.) Song, Kathryn Spink, Bryan Spinks, Eric O. Springsted, Nicolas Standaert, Brian Stanley, Glen H. Stassen, Karel Steenbrink, Stephen J. Stein, Andrea Sterk, Gregory E. Sterling, Columba Stewart, Jacques Stewart, Robert B. Stewart, Cynthia Stokes Brown, Ken Stone, Anne Stott, Elizabeth Stuart, Monya Stubbs, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, David Kwang-sun Suh, Scott W. Sunquist, Keith Suter, Douglas Sweeney, Charles H. Talbert, Shawqi N. Talia, Elsa Tamez, Joseph B. Tamney, Jonathan Y. Tan, Yak-Hwee Tan, Kathryn Tanner, Feiya Tao, Elizabeth S. Tapia, Aquiline Tarimo, Claire Taylor, Mark Lewis Taylor, Bishop Abba Samuel Wolde Tekestebirhan, Eugene TeSelle, M. Thomas Thangaraj, David R. Thomas, Andrew Thornley, Scott Thumma, Marcelo Timotheo da Costa, George E. “Tink” Tinker, Ola Tjørhom, Karen Jo Torjesen, Iain R. Torrance, Fernando Torres-Londoño, Archbishop Demetrios [Trakatellis], Marit Trelstad, Christine Trevett, Phyllis Trible, Johannes Tromp, Paul Turner, Robert G. Tuttle, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Peter Tyler, Anders Tyrberg, Justin Ukpong, Javier Ulloa, Camillus Umoh, Kristi Upson-Saia, Martina Urban, Monica Uribe, Elochukwu Eugene Uzukwu, Richard Vaggione, Gabriel Vahanian, Paul Valliere, T. J. Van Bavel, Steven Vanderputten, Peter Van der Veer, Huub Van de Sandt, Louis Van Tongeren, Luke A. Veronis, Noel Villalba, Ramón Vinke, Tim Vivian, David Voas, Elena Volkova, Katharina von Kellenbach, Elina Vuola, Timothy Wadkins, Elaine M. Wainwright, Randi Jones Walker, Dewey D. Wallace, Jerry Walls, Michael J. Walsh, Philip Walters, Janet Walton, Jonathan L. Walton, Wang Xiaochao, Patricia A. Ward, David Harrington Watt, Herold D. Weiss, Laurence L. Welborn, Sharon D. Welch, Timothy Wengert, Traci C. West, Merold Westphal, David Wetherell, Barbara Wheeler, Carolinne White, Jean-Paul Wiest, Frans Wijsen, Terry L. Wilder, Felix Wilfred, Rebecca Wilkin, Daniel H. Williams, D. Newell Williams, Michael A. Williams, Vincent L. Wimbush, Gabriele Winkler, Anders Winroth, Lauri Emílio Wirth, James A. Wiseman, Ebba Witt-Brattström, Teofil Wojciechowski, John Wolffe, Kenman L. Wong, Wong Wai Ching, Linda Woodhead, Wendy M. Wright, Rose Wu, Keith E. Yandell, Gale A. Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
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- Book:
- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
- Published online:
- 05 August 2012
- Print publication:
- 20 September 2010, pp xi-xliv
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Likelihood of Inadequate Treatment A Novel Approach to Evaluating Drug-Resistance Patterns
- Heinz Burgmann, Brigitte Stoiser, Gottfried Heinz, Peter Schenk, Petra Apfalter, Konstantin Zedtwitz-Liebenstein, Michael Frass, Yehuda Carmeli
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- Journal:
- Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology / Volume 30 / Issue 7 / July 2009
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 02 January 2015, pp. 672-677
- Print publication:
- July 2009
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Objective.
To provide a novel way to predict the likelihood that antibiotic therapy will result in prompt, adequate therapy on the basis of local microbiological data.
Design and Setting.Prospective study conducted at 3 medical intensive care units at the Viennese General Hospital, a tertiary care medical university teaching hospital in Vienna, Austria.
Patients.One hundred one patients who received mechanical ventilation and who met the criteria for having ventilator-associated pneumonia.
Design.Fiberoptic bronchoscopic examination was performed, and bronchoalveolar samples were collected. Samples were analyzed immediately by a single technician. Minimum inhibitory concentrations were determined for imipenem, cephalosporins (cefepime and cefpirome), ciprofloxacin, and piperacillin-tazobactam, and drug resistance rates were calculated. These drug resistance rates were translated into the likelihood of inadequate therapy (LIT; the frequency of inadequately treated patients per antibiotic and drug-resistant strain), cumulative LIT (the cumulative frequency of inadequately treated patients), and syndrome-specific LIT.
Results.Amongthe 101 bronchoalveolar samples, culture yielded significant (at least 1 × 104 colony-forming units per raL) polymicrobial findings for 34 and significant monomicrobial findings for 31; 36 culture results were negative. Of the isolates from patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia who had monomicrobial culture findings, 33% were gram-positive bacteria and 20% were gram-negative bacteria. LIT suggested that 1 of 2 patients was treated inadequately for Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. The LIT for patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia revealed that the rank order of antibiotics for appropriate therapy was (1) imipenem, (2) cephalosporins, (3) ciprofloxacin, and (4) piperacillin-tazobactam. These calculations were based solely on microbiological data.
Conclusions.The novel ratio LIT may help clinicians use microbiological data on drug resistance to predict which antimicrobial agents will provide adequate therapy. In daily practice, this new approach may be helpful for choosing adequate antimicrobial therapy.
MEMS Metallization
- Christian Lohmann, Knut Gottfried, Andreas Bertz, Danny Reuter, Karla Hiller, Michael Kuhn, Thomas Gessner
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- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 812 / 2004
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 17 March 2011, F8.1
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- 2004
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Silicon is the dominating material for the fabrication of MEMS devices, especially in high volume production. However, metals with their typical properties are used to enhance or enable the functionality of MEMS. In contrast to microelectronic technologies, not only the electrical but also the mechanical and optical behavior of metals could be helpful. New requirements in MEMS technologies demand optimized processes in metallization for the fabrication of microstructures.
This paper presents some metallization applications and related technology development in the field of MEMS.
Fragments on Recent German Literature (1767–8) [excerpts on language]
- Johann Gottfried von Herder
- Edited and translated by Michael N. Forster, University of Chicago
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- Herder: Philosophical Writings
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- 05 June 2012
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- 05 September 2002, pp 33-64
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It remains generally true: “The exactitude of a language diminishes its richness.” And in order to make this obvious we may compare the oldest language, the Hebraic or Arabic language, with our language in respect to richness; the richness is as different as the domestic economies of those regions and ours. They collected livestock and slaves, we collect gold and household equipment; it is the same with the richness of the two languages.
Their language is rich in livestock. In it names of natural things are frequent. In the small book of the Hebrews, which is all that we still have remaining, there are already 250 botanical words, names which our language can indeed express but does not know how to express, because the kaloi k'agathoi of our bourgeois world devote themselves to anything rather than gathering shepherds' knowledge, because our natural philosophers live among books and are again turning to Latin books. Our bucolic poets and singers of nature therefore cannot pluck the flowers of these plants; even if we had German names, they would not be familiar enough, they would not have enough poetic dignity, for our poems are no longer written for shepherds but for city-dwelling Muses, our language is limited to the language of books. – On the other hand, Leibniz already noted that our language is a language of hunting and mining.
Chronology
- Johann Gottfried von Herder
- Edited and translated by Michael N. Forster, University of Chicago
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- Herder: Philosophical Writings
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- 05 June 2012
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- 05 September 2002, pp xxxvi-xxxviii
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On Thomas Abbt's Writings (1768) [selections concerning psychology]
- Johann Gottfried von Herder
- Edited and translated by Michael N. Forster, University of Chicago
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- Herder: Philosophical Writings
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- 05 June 2012
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- 05 September 2002, pp 167-177
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A human soul is an individual in the realm of minds [Geister]: it senses in accordance with an individual formation [Bildung], and thinks in accordance with the strength of its mental organs. Through education these have received a certain, either good or negative, direction of their own according to the situation of circumstances which formed or deformed in the case in question. So in this way our manner of thought gets formed, becomes a whole body in which the natural forces are, so to speak, the specific mass which the education of human beings shapes. After a certain number of years of formation a later learning is seldom able, as I believe, to cause a new creation, seldom able to transform shape and mass, but all the more recognizably can it take effect on the surface through manifold phenomena, lend and take and emphasize coating, vestment, and bearing and propriety. My long allegory has succeeded if it achieves the representation of the mind of a human being as an individual phenomenon, as a rarity which deserves to occupy our eyes. But it would be even better if, through this allegory, as through a magical spell, I were also able to open our eyes to see, to observe, minds like corporeal phenomena.
Our psychology is still not yet far beyond childhood when it continues on its way through inferences and conjectures merely in accordance with the most familiar element which all human souls have in common, without paying attention to the peculiarities of individual subjects with the precision which the natural scientist applies in dissecting the bodies of animals in order to steal into the inner workshop of nature.
Letters for the Advancement of Humanity (1793–7) [excerpt on patriotism]
- Johann Gottfried von Herder
- Edited and translated by Michael N. Forster, University of Chicago
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- Herder: Philosophical Writings
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- 05 June 2012
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- 05 September 2002, pp 374-379
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To wish oneself back into the times of Greece and Rome would be foolish; this youth of the world, like the iron age of the times under Rome's rule too, is past; even if an exchange were possible, we would hardly win in the exchange in what we actually desire. Sparta's zeal for fatherland oppressed not only the Helots but the citizens themselves and with time other Greeks. Athens was often a burden to its citizens and colonies; it wanted to be deceived with sweet phantoms. Finally, Roman love of fatherland proved destructive not only for Italy but for Rome itself and the whole Roman world. Hence we want to seek out what we must respect and love in our fatherland in order to love it worthily and purely.
1. Is it that gods formerly came down from heaven and assigned this land to our fathers? Is it that they have given us a religion and have themselves organized our constitution? Did Minerva receive this city through a contest? Did Egeria inspire our Numa with dreams? – Vain glory – for we are not our fathers. If on Minerva's holy ground we are unworthy of the great goddess, if Numa's dreams no longer accord with our times, then let Egeria rise again from her spring, then let Minerva lower herself from heaven for new inspirations.
Frontmatter
- Johann Gottfried von Herder
- Edited and translated by Michael N. Forster, University of Chicago
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- Herder: Philosophical Writings
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- 05 June 2012
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- 05 September 2002, pp i-iv
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Older Critical Forestlet (1767/8) [excerpt on history]
- Johann Gottfried von Herder
- Edited and translated by Michael N. Forster, University of Chicago
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- Herder: Philosophical Writings
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- 05 June 2012
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- 05 September 2002, pp 257-267
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The plan in accordance with which Herr Winckelmann wanted to execute his excellent history [Geschichte] of art is by his own advertisement this, and I confess that in a modern book such an advertisement has seldom been so greatly executed: “The history of the art of antiquity is no mere narration of the chronological sequence and of the changes in it, but I understand the word history [Geschichte] in the broader meaning that it has in the Greek language, and my intention is to supply an attempt at a doctrinal structure [Lehrgebäude].”
I shall leave it to certain philologists of my nation to collect together the loci for many meanings from several lists and dictionaries. To keep it nice and short!, the word history [Historie] can according to its Greek origin mean “observation, knowledge, science,” and a history is of course also a correct narration of things that have happened.
But a doctrinal structure? Did the Greeks want to construct such a thing in their history [Geschichte]? Can such a thing be constructed so that the work still remains history? – For my purpose it does not yet matter whether history be a narration of complicated occurrences [Begebenheiten] or of simple productions, whether of data or of facta. Even a history of the thoughts, the science, the art of a people, or of many peoples, is, however simple the subject matter may be, still a history of occurrences, deeds, changes.
This Too a Philosophy of History for the Formation of Humanity (1774)
- Johann Gottfried von Herder
- Edited and translated by Michael N. Forster, University of Chicago
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- Herder: Philosophical Writings
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- 05 June 2012
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- 05 September 2002, pp 272-358
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A contribution to many contributions of the century
Tarassei tous anthrôpous ou ta pragmata alla ta peri tôn pragmatôn dogmata.
Philosophy of history for the formation of humanity
First section
The further illumination advances in the investigation of the most ancient world history, its migrations of peoples, its languages, ethics, inventions, and traditions, the more probable becomes, with each new discovery, the origination of the whole species from a single man as well. We are getting closer and closer to the happy clime where a single pair of human beings, under the gentlest influences of creating Providence, with the help of the most facilitating dispensations all around them, began spinning the thread that has since drawn itself out further far and wide with such entanglements; where hence also all initial contingencies can be regarded as the arrangements of a maternal Providence for developing a delicate double seed of the whole species with all the selectiveness and care that we must always credit to the Creator of such a noble species and to His outlook ahead over millennium and eternity.
[It is] natural that these first developments were as simple, delicate, and miraculous as we see them in all of nature's products. The seed falls into the earth and dies; the embryo gets formed [gebildet] hidden away, as the philosopher's spectacles would hardly approve a priori, and comes forth fully formed; hence the history of the human species' earliest developments, as the oldest book describes it, may sound so short and apocryphal that we are embarrassed to appear with it before the philosophical spirit of our century which hates nothing more than what is miraculous and hidden – [but] exactly for that reason it is true.
Part III - Philosophy of Mind
- Johann Gottfried von Herder
- Edited and translated by Michael N. Forster, University of Chicago
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- Herder: Philosophical Writings
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- 05 June 2012
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- 05 September 2002, pp 165-166
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Part I - General Philosophical Program
- Johann Gottfried von Herder
- Edited and translated by Michael N. Forster, University of Chicago
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- Herder: Philosophical Writings
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- 05 June 2012
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- 05 September 2002, pp 1-2
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Note on the texts and translation
- Johann Gottfried von Herder
- Edited and translated by Michael N. Forster, University of Chicago
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- Herder: Philosophical Writings
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- 05 June 2012
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- 05 September 2002, pp xlii-xliv
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