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Specific cognitive dysfunctioning and vulnerability to specific psychopathology: A descriptive study on intellectual developmental disorder (intellectual disability)
- J. Santambrogio, S. Terrevazzi, M. Danese, C. Boldoni, M. Calascibetta, E. Cudazzo, C. Lucca, V. Viganò, G. Minazzi, E. Francia, A. Santarone, L. De Carolis, A. Bianco, A. Hassiotis, M. O. Bertelli, M. Clerici
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- Journal:
- European Psychiatry / Volume 66 / Issue S1 / March 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 19 July 2023, pp. S148-S149
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Introduction
Intellectual Developmental Disorder (IDD) is diagnosed with cognitive and adaptive behaviour evaluations. There is increasing evidence of a high prevalence of psychiatric disorders comorbid with IDD. The relationship between specific cognitive dysfunctions and psychiatric vulnerability may provide the basis for a paradigm shift from “intellectually below average IQ” to “neuropsychological characterization”.
Objectives1) reassessing an IDD sample in cognitive profile and psychiatric comorbidities 2) investigating the correlations between specific cognitive dysfunctions and specific psychiatric diagnoses in IDD.
Methods120 individuals with IDD from 3 Italian facilities were consecutively evaluated, one group with mild IDD, using WAIS-IV or Leiter-3, TMT, Stroop and TOL tests, after which a professional caregiver did individual interviews (Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale-II, SPAIDD-G, and STA-DI) to evaluate the patient adaptive behaviour, psychiatric comorbidities and presence of ASD. The second group (more severe IDD), was evaluated only with professional caregiver assessment tools.
Results90 males and 30 females, mean age 57 years, institutionalized for a mean period of 36.44 years. 52% had no education, 19% a middle school diploma. IDD diagnoses: borderline 3%, mild 16%, moderate 11%, moderate-severe 4%, severe 59%, profound 0%.11% comorbid ASD diagnosis, 29% with ASD after diagnostic re-assessment (STA-DI). 89% physical comorbidities, 58% psychiatric comorbidities, 56% psychoses (Fig. 1). Psychiatric comorbidities re-assessment (SPAIDD-G) identified a significant number of disorders (Fig. 2), despite the medical records showed a low prevalence of psychiatric diagnoses. The consistent quantity of psychotropic drugs prescribed in the sample, possibly reflects the real prevalence of psychopathology. Pearson correlations (p<0.05). WAIS-IV and SPAIDD-G (N=29): Verbal Comprehension Index correlates with anxiety disorder and impulse control disorder; Perceptual Reasoning Index correlates with nutrition/feeding disorder; Processing Speed Index correlates with nutrition/feeding disorder and sexual disorder; IQ correlates with ASD, nutrition/feeding, anxiety, sexual disorders. Leiter-3 and SPAIDD-G (N=14): Form Completion and non-verbal IQ correlate with OCD negatively.
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ConclusionsIn conclusion, the SPAIDD-G evaluations revealed a greater prevalence of psychopathology than reported in the medical records. Using psychopathological screening tools can improve the diagnostic process in residential facilities for IDD cases. Pearson’s analyses revealed the need to further investigate the correlation between cognitive dysfunctions and psychopathological vulnerability, studying intelligence as a multi-component model and identifying specific behavioural and cognitive phenotypes in IDD cases.
Disclosure of InterestNone Declared
Effects of different amounts and type of diet during weaning-to-estrus interval on reproductive performance of primiparous and multiparous sows
- R. D. F. Gianluppi, M. S. Lucca, A. P. G. Mellagi, M. L. Bernardi, U. A. D. Orlando, R. R. Ulguim, F. P. Bortolozzo
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During weaning-to-estrus interval (WEI), the sows are usually fed with high feed level to improve the reproductive performance. However, the WEI has been reduced over the years which may reduce the impact of feed level on performance in the modern genetic lines. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of two feeding levels (moderate feeding level (MFL): 2.7 kg/day and high feeding level (HFL): 4.3 kg/day) and two diet types (gestation: 13.67 MJ/kg of metabolizable energy (ME) and 0.62% of standard ileal digestible lysine (SID Lys) and lactation: 14.34 MJ ME/kg and 1.20% of SID Lys) offered during the WEI on reproductive performance. In total, 19.0% of sows were excluded from the analysis due to feed intake below 75% (9.6% and 28.5% in MFL and HFL groups, respectively), remaining 254 primiparous and 806 multiparous sows. Follicular size and change in BW were measured in subsamples of 180 and 227 females, respectively. Data were analyzed considering the sow as the experimental unit. Feeding level, diet type, parity and their interactions were included as fixed effects, whereas the day of weaning was considered as a random effect. The feed intake of MFL and HFL groups averaged 2.5 ± 0.02 and 3.8 ± 0.02 kg/day, respectively. There was an interaction between feeding level and parity for daily feed intake. Within HFL, multiparous sows consumed 181 g/day more than primiparous sows (P < 0.01), but no difference was observed within MFL (P > 0.05). Both primiparous and multiparous sows lost proportionally less weight when fed HFL than MFL gestation diet during WEI. The percentage of weight loss was lower in HFL than in the MFL group in multiparous sows fed the lactation diet. The WEI was not affected by feeding level, diet type or its interaction (P > 0.05), but it was longer in primiparous than in multiparous sows (P = 0.001). There was no effect of feeding level, diet type, parity or their interactions on anestrus and farrowing rates. Multiparous sows showed greater follicular size, and greater numbers of total born and born alive piglets in the subsequent cycle than primiparous sows (P < 0.05). In conclusion, feeding weaned primiparous and multiparous sows with 4.3 kg/day of a gestation (58.78 MJ ME and 26.66 g SID Lys) or a lactation diet (61.66 MJ ME and 51.60 g SID Lys) does not improve follicular size and reproductive performance in the subsequent cycle.
Non-pharmacological interventions for reducing aggression and violence in serious mental illness: A systematic review and narrative synthesis
- J Rampling, V Furtado, C Winsper, S Marwaha, G Lucca, M Livanou, SP Singh
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- Journal:
- European Psychiatry / Volume 34 / April 2016
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 23 March 2020, pp. 17-28
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Background
For people with mental illness that are violent, a range of interventions have been adopted with the aim of reducing violence outcomes. Many of these interventions have been borrowed from other (offender) populations and their evidence base in a Serious Mental Illness (SMI) population is uncertain.
AimsTo aggregate the evidence base for non-pharmacological interventions in reducing violence amongst adults with SMI and PD (Personality Disorder), and to assess the efficacy of these interventions. We chose to focus on distinct interventions rather than on holistic service models where any element responsible for therapeutic change would be difficult to isolate.
MethodsWe performed a systematic review and narrative synthesis of non-pharmacological interventions intended to reduce violence in a SMI population and in patients with a primary diagnosis of PD. Five online databases were searched alongside a manual search of seven relevant journals, and expert opinion was sourced. Eligibility of all returned articles was independently assessed by two authors, and quality of studies was appraised via the Cochrane Collaboration Tool for Assessing Risk of Bias.
ResultsWe included 23 studies of diverse psychological and practical interventions, with a range of experimental and quasi-experimental study designs that included 7 Randomised Controlled Trials (RCTs). The majority were studies of Mentally Disordered Offenders. The stronger evidence existed for patients with a SMI diagnosis receiving Cognitive Behavioural Therapy or modified Reasoning & Rehabilitation (R&R). For patients with a primary diagnosis of PD, a modified version of R&R appeared tolerable and Enhanced Thinking Skills showed some promise in improving attitudes over the short-term, but studies of Dialectical Behaviour Therapy in this population were compromised by high risk of experimental bias. Little evidence could be found for non-pharmacological, non-psychological interventions.
ConclusionsThe evidence for non-pharmacological interventions for reducing violence in this population is not conclusive. Long-term outcomes are lacking and good quality RCTs are required to develop a stronger evidence base.
Oxidative stress in dairy cows naturally infected with the lungworm Dictyocaulus viviparus (Nematoda: Trichostrongyloidea)
- A.D. da Silva, A.S. da Silva, M.D. Baldissera, C.I. Schwertz, N.B. Bottari, G.M. Carmo, G. Machado, N.J. Lucca, L.C. Henker, M.M. Piva, P. Giacomin, V.M. Morsch, M.R.C. Schetinger, R.A. da Rosa, R.E. Mendes
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- Journal:
- Journal of Helminthology / Volume 91 / Issue 4 / July 2017
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 27 July 2016, pp. 462-469
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The aim of this study was to analyse the oxidative and anti-oxidant status in serum samples from dairy cows naturally infected by Dictyocaulus viviparus and its relation with pathological analyses. The diagnosis of the disease was confirmed by necropsy of one dairy cow with heavy infection by the parasite in the lungs and bronchi. Later, blood and faeces were collected from another 22 cows from the same farm to measure reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities on day 0 (pre-treatment) and day 10 (post-treatment with eprinomectin). Faecal examination confirmed the infection in all lactating cows. However, the number of D. viviparus larvae per gram of faeces varied between animals. Cows showed different degrees of severity according to respiratory clinical signs of the disease (cough and nasal secretion). Further, they were classified and divided into two groups: those with mild (n = 10) and severe disease (n = 12). Increased levels of TBARS (P < 0.001), ROS (P = 0.002) and SOD activity (P < 0.001), as well as reduced CAT activity (P < 0.001) were observed in cows with severe clinical signs of the disease compared to those with mild clinical signs. Eprinomectin treatment (day 10) caused a reduction of ROS levels (P = 0.006) and SOD activity (P < 0.001), and an increase of CAT activity (P = 0.05) compared to day 0 (pre-treatment). TBARS levels did not differ with treatment (P = 0.11). In summary, increased ROS production and lipid peroxidation altered CAT and SOD activities, as an adaptive response against D. viviparus infection, contributing to the occurrence of oxidative stress and severity of the disease. Treatment with eprinomectin eliminated the infection, and thus minimized oxidative stress in dairy cows.