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Positive thinking about negative studies
- Eva Petkova, Adam Ciarleglio, Patricia Casey, Norman Poole, Kenneth Kaufman, Stephen M. Lawrie, Gin Malhi, Najma Siddiqi, Kamaldeep Bhui, William Lee
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- Journal:
- The British Journal of Psychiatry / Volume 224 / Issue 3 / March 2024
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 04 January 2024, pp. 79-81
- Print publication:
- March 2024
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The non-reporting of negative studies results in a scientific record that is incomplete, one-sided and misleading. The consequences of this range from inappropriate initiation of further studies that might put participants at unnecessary risk to treatment guidelines that may be in error, thus compromising day-to-day clinical practice.
Leonard Rockshelter Revisited: Evaluating a 70-Year-Old Claim of a Late Pleistocene Human Occupation in the Western Great Basin
- Geoffrey M. Smith, Sara Sturtz, Anna J. Camp, Kenneth D. Adams, Elizabeth Kallenbach, Richard L. Rosencrance, Richard E. Hughes
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- Journal:
- American Antiquity / Volume 87 / Issue 4 / October 2022
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 12 May 2022, pp. 776-793
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- October 2022
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Robert Heizer excavated Leonard Rockshelter (26Pe14) in western Nevada more than 70 years ago. He described stratified cultural deposits spanning the Holocene. He also reported obsidian flakes purportedly associated with late Pleistocene sediments, suggesting that human use extended even farther back in time. Because Heizer never produced a final report, Leonard Rockshelter faded into obscurity despite the possibility that it might contain a Clovis Era or older occupation. That possibility prompted our team of researchers from the University of Nevada, Reno and Desert Research Institute to return to the site in 2018 and 2019. We relocated the excavation block from which Heizer both recovered the flakes and obtained a late Pleistocene date on nearby sediments. We minimally excavated undisturbed deposits to rerecord and redate the strata. As an independent means of evaluating Heizer's findings, we also directly dated 12 organic artifacts housed at the Phoebe A. Hearst Museum of Anthropology. Our work demonstrates that people did not visit Leonard Rockshelter during the late Pleistocene. Rather, they first visited the site immediately following the Younger Dryas (12,900–11,700 cal BP) and sporadically used the shelter, mostly to store gear, throughout the Holocene.
Polygenic contributions to alcohol use and alcohol use disorders across population-based and clinically ascertained samples
- Emma C. Johnson, Sandra Sanchez-Roige, Laura Acion, Mark J. Adams, Kathleen K. Bucholz, Grace Chan, Michael J. Chao, David B. Chorlian, Danielle M. Dick, Howard J. Edenberg, Tatiana Foroud, Caroline Hayward, Jon Heron, Victor Hesselbrock, Matthew Hickman, Kenneth S. Kendler, Sivan Kinreich, John Kramer, Sally I-Chun Kuo, Samuel Kuperman, Dongbing Lai, Andrew M. McIntosh, Jacquelyn L. Meyers, Martin H. Plawecki, Bernice Porjesz, David Porteous, Marc A. Schuckit, Jinni Su, Yong Zang, Abraham A. Palmer, Arpana Agrawal, Toni-Kim Clarke, Alexis C. Edwards
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- Journal:
- Psychological Medicine / Volume 51 / Issue 7 / May 2021
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 20 January 2020, pp. 1147-1156
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Background
Studies suggest that alcohol consumption and alcohol use disorders have distinct genetic backgrounds.
MethodsWe examined whether polygenic risk scores (PRS) for consumption and problem subscales of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT-C, AUDIT-P) in the UK Biobank (UKB; N = 121 630) correlate with alcohol outcomes in four independent samples: an ascertained cohort, the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA; N = 6850), and population-based cohorts: Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC; N = 5911), Generation Scotland (GS; N = 17 461), and an independent subset of UKB (N = 245 947). Regression models and survival analyses tested whether the PRS were associated with the alcohol-related outcomes.
ResultsIn COGA, AUDIT-P PRS was associated with alcohol dependence, AUD symptom count, maximum drinks (R2 = 0.47–0.68%, p = 2.0 × 10−8–1.0 × 10−10), and increased likelihood of onset of alcohol dependence (hazard ratio = 1.15, p = 4.7 × 10−8); AUDIT-C PRS was not an independent predictor of any phenotype. In ALSPAC, the AUDIT-C PRS was associated with alcohol dependence (R2 = 0.96%, p = 4.8 × 10−6). In GS, AUDIT-C PRS was a better predictor of weekly alcohol use (R2 = 0.27%, p = 5.5 × 10−11), while AUDIT-P PRS was more associated with problem drinking (R2 = 0.40%, p = 9.0 × 10−7). Lastly, AUDIT-P PRS was associated with ICD-based alcohol-related disorders in the UKB subset (R2 = 0.18%, p < 2.0 × 10−16).
ConclusionsAUDIT-P PRS was associated with a range of alcohol-related phenotypes across population-based and ascertained cohorts, while AUDIT-C PRS showed less utility in the ascertained cohort. We show that AUDIT-P is genetically correlated with both use and misuse and demonstrate the influence of ascertainment schemes on PRS analyses.
Contributors
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- By Mitchell Aboulafia, Frederick Adams, Marilyn McCord Adams, Robert M. Adams, Laird Addis, James W. Allard, David Allison, William P. Alston, Karl Ameriks, C. Anthony Anderson, David Leech Anderson, Lanier Anderson, Roger Ariew, David Armstrong, Denis G. Arnold, E. J. Ashworth, Margaret Atherton, Robin Attfield, Bruce Aune, Edward Wilson Averill, Jody Azzouni, Kent Bach, Andrew Bailey, Lynne Rudder Baker, Thomas R. Baldwin, Jon Barwise, George Bealer, William Bechtel, Lawrence C. Becker, Mark A. Bedau, Ernst Behler, José A. Benardete, Ermanno Bencivenga, Jan Berg, Michael Bergmann, Robert L. Bernasconi, Sven Bernecker, Bernard Berofsky, Rod Bertolet, Charles J. Beyer, Christian Beyer, Joseph Bien, Joseph Bien, Peg Birmingham, Ivan Boh, James Bohman, Daniel Bonevac, Laurence BonJour, William J. Bouwsma, Raymond D. Bradley, Myles Brand, Richard B. Brandt, Michael E. Bratman, Stephen E. Braude, Daniel Breazeale, Angela Breitenbach, Jason Bridges, David O. Brink, Gordon G. Brittan, Justin Broackes, Dan W. Brock, Aaron Bronfman, Jeffrey E. Brower, Bartosz Brozek, Anthony Brueckner, Jeffrey Bub, Lara Buchak, Otavio Bueno, Ann E. Bumpus, Robert W. Burch, John Burgess, Arthur W. Burks, Panayot Butchvarov, Robert E. Butts, Marina Bykova, Patrick Byrne, David Carr, Noël Carroll, Edward S. Casey, Victor Caston, Victor Caston, Albert Casullo, Robert L. Causey, Alan K. L. Chan, Ruth Chang, Deen K. Chatterjee, Andrew Chignell, Roderick M. Chisholm, Kelly J. Clark, E. J. Coffman, Robin Collins, Brian P. Copenhaver, John Corcoran, John Cottingham, Roger Crisp, Frederick J. Crosson, Antonio S. Cua, Phillip D. Cummins, Martin Curd, Adam Cureton, Andrew Cutrofello, Stephen Darwall, Paul Sheldon Davies, Wayne A. Davis, Timothy Joseph Day, Claudio de Almeida, Mario De Caro, Mario De Caro, John Deigh, C. F. Delaney, Daniel C. Dennett, Michael R. DePaul, Michael Detlefsen, Daniel Trent Devereux, Philip E. Devine, John M. Dillon, Martin C. Dillon, Robert DiSalle, Mary Domski, Alan Donagan, Paul Draper, Fred Dretske, Mircea Dumitru, Wilhelm Dupré, Gerald Dworkin, John Earman, Ellery Eells, Catherine Z. Elgin, Berent Enç, Ronald P. Endicott, Edward Erwin, John Etchemendy, C. Stephen Evans, Susan L. Feagin, Solomon Feferman, Richard Feldman, Arthur Fine, Maurice A. Finocchiaro, William FitzPatrick, Richard E. Flathman, Gvozden Flego, Richard Foley, Graeme Forbes, Rainer Forst, Malcolm R. Forster, Daniel Fouke, Patrick Francken, Samuel Freeman, Elizabeth Fricker, Miranda Fricker, Michael Friedman, Michael Fuerstein, Richard A. Fumerton, Alan Gabbey, Pieranna Garavaso, Daniel Garber, Jorge L. A. Garcia, Robert K. Garcia, Don Garrett, Philip Gasper, Gerald Gaus, Berys Gaut, Bernard Gert, Roger F. Gibson, Cody Gilmore, Carl Ginet, Alan H. Goldman, Alvin I. Goldman, Alfonso Gömez-Lobo, Lenn E. Goodman, Robert M. Gordon, Stefan Gosepath, Jorge J. E. Gracia, Daniel W. Graham, George A. Graham, Peter J. Graham, Richard E. Grandy, I. Grattan-Guinness, John Greco, Philip T. Grier, Nicholas Griffin, Nicholas Griffin, David A. Griffiths, Paul J. Griffiths, Stephen R. Grimm, Charles L. Griswold, Charles B. Guignon, Pete A. Y. Gunter, Dimitri Gutas, Gary Gutting, Paul Guyer, Kwame Gyekye, Oscar A. Haac, Raul Hakli, Raul Hakli, Michael Hallett, Edward C. Halper, Jean Hampton, R. James Hankinson, K. R. Hanley, Russell Hardin, Robert M. Harnish, William Harper, David Harrah, Kevin Hart, Ali Hasan, William Hasker, John Haugeland, Roger Hausheer, William Heald, Peter Heath, Richard Heck, John F. Heil, Vincent F. Hendricks, Stephen Hetherington, Francis Heylighen, Kathleen Marie Higgins, Risto Hilpinen, Harold T. Hodes, Joshua Hoffman, Alan Holland, Robert L. Holmes, Richard Holton, Brad W. Hooker, Terence E. Horgan, Tamara Horowitz, Paul Horwich, Vittorio Hösle, Paul Hoβfeld, Daniel Howard-Snyder, Frances Howard-Snyder, Anne Hudson, Deal W. Hudson, Carl A. Huffman, David L. Hull, Patricia Huntington, Thomas Hurka, Paul Hurley, Rosalind Hursthouse, Guillermo Hurtado, Ronald E. Hustwit, Sarah Hutton, Jonathan Jenkins Ichikawa, Harry A. Ide, David Ingram, Philip J. Ivanhoe, Alfred L. Ivry, Frank Jackson, Dale Jacquette, Joseph Jedwab, Richard Jeffrey, David Alan Johnson, Edward Johnson, Mark D. Jordan, Richard Joyce, Hwa Yol Jung, Robert Hillary Kane, Tomis Kapitan, Jacquelyn Ann K. Kegley, James A. Keller, Ralph Kennedy, Sergei Khoruzhii, Jaegwon Kim, Yersu Kim, Nathan L. King, Patricia Kitcher, Peter D. Klein, E. D. Klemke, Virginia Klenk, George L. Kline, Christian Klotz, Simo Knuuttila, Joseph J. Kockelmans, Konstantin Kolenda, Sebastian Tomasz Kołodziejczyk, Isaac Kramnick, Richard Kraut, Fred Kroon, Manfred Kuehn, Steven T. Kuhn, Henry E. Kyburg, John Lachs, Jennifer Lackey, Stephen E. Lahey, Andrea Lavazza, Thomas H. Leahey, Joo Heung Lee, Keith Lehrer, Dorothy Leland, Noah M. Lemos, Ernest LePore, Sarah-Jane Leslie, Isaac Levi, Andrew Levine, Alan E. Lewis, Daniel E. Little, Shu-hsien Liu, Shu-hsien Liu, Alan K. L. Chan, Brian Loar, Lawrence B. Lombard, John Longeway, Dominic McIver Lopes, Michael J. Loux, E. J. Lowe, Steven Luper, Eugene C. Luschei, William G. Lycan, David Lyons, David Macarthur, Danielle Macbeth, Scott MacDonald, Jacob L. Mackey, Louis H. Mackey, Penelope Mackie, Edward H. Madden, Penelope Maddy, G. B. Madison, Bernd Magnus, Pekka Mäkelä, Rudolf A. Makkreel, David Manley, William E. Mann (W.E.M.), Vladimir Marchenkov, Peter Markie, Jean-Pierre Marquis, Ausonio Marras, Mike W. Martin, A. P. Martinich, William L. McBride, David McCabe, Storrs McCall, Hugh J. McCann, Robert N. McCauley, John J. McDermott, Sarah McGrath, Ralph McInerny, Daniel J. McKaughan, Thomas McKay, Michael McKinsey, Brian P. McLaughlin, Ernan McMullin, Anthonie Meijers, Jack W. Meiland, William Jason Melanson, Alfred R. Mele, Joseph R. Mendola, Christopher Menzel, Michael J. Meyer, Christian B. Miller, David W. Miller, Peter Millican, Robert N. Minor, Phillip Mitsis, James A. Montmarquet, Michael S. Moore, Tim Moore, Benjamin Morison, Donald R. Morrison, Stephen J. Morse, Paul K. Moser, Alexander P. D. Mourelatos, Ian Mueller, James Bernard Murphy, Mark C. Murphy, Steven Nadler, Jan Narveson, Alan Nelson, Jerome Neu, Samuel Newlands, Kai Nielsen, Ilkka Niiniluoto, Carlos G. Noreña, Calvin G. Normore, David Fate Norton, Nikolaj Nottelmann, Donald Nute, David S. Oderberg, Steve Odin, Michael O’Rourke, Willard G. Oxtoby, Heinz Paetzold, George S. Pappas, Anthony J. Parel, Lydia Patton, R. P. Peerenboom, Francis Jeffry Pelletier, Adriaan T. Peperzak, Derk Pereboom, Jaroslav Peregrin, Glen Pettigrove, Philip Pettit, Edmund L. Pincoffs, Andrew Pinsent, Robert B. Pippin, Alvin Plantinga, Louis P. Pojman, Richard H. Popkin, John F. Post, Carl J. Posy, William J. Prior, Richard Purtill, Michael Quante, Philip L. Quinn, Philip L. Quinn, Elizabeth S. Radcliffe, Diana Raffman, Gerard Raulet, Stephen L. Read, Andrews Reath, Andrew Reisner, Nicholas Rescher, Henry S. Richardson, Robert C. Richardson, Thomas Ricketts, Wayne D. Riggs, Mark Roberts, Robert C. Roberts, Luke Robinson, Alexander Rosenberg, Gary Rosenkranz, Bernice Glatzer Rosenthal, Adina L. Roskies, William L. Rowe, T. M. Rudavsky, Michael Ruse, Bruce Russell, Lilly-Marlene Russow, Dan Ryder, R. M. Sainsbury, Joseph Salerno, Nathan Salmon, Wesley C. Salmon, Constantine Sandis, David H. Sanford, Marco Santambrogio, David Sapire, Ruth A. Saunders, Geoffrey Sayre-McCord, Charles Sayward, James P. Scanlan, Richard Schacht, Tamar Schapiro, Frederick F. Schmitt, Jerome B. Schneewind, Calvin O. Schrag, Alan D. Schrift, George F. Schumm, Jean-Loup Seban, David N. Sedley, Kenneth Seeskin, Krister Segerberg, Charlene Haddock Seigfried, Dennis M. Senchuk, James F. Sennett, William Lad Sessions, Stewart Shapiro, Tommie Shelby, Donald W. Sherburne, Christopher Shields, Roger A. Shiner, Sydney Shoemaker, Robert K. Shope, Kwong-loi Shun, Wilfried Sieg, A. John Simmons, Robert L. Simon, Marcus G. Singer, Georgette Sinkler, Walter Sinnott-Armstrong, Matti T. Sintonen, Lawrence Sklar, Brian Skyrms, Robert C. Sleigh, Michael Anthony Slote, Hans Sluga, Barry Smith, Michael Smith, Robin Smith, Robert Sokolowski, Robert C. Solomon, Marta Soniewicka, Philip Soper, Ernest Sosa, Nicholas Southwood, Paul Vincent Spade, T. L. S. Sprigge, Eric O. Springsted, George J. Stack, Rebecca Stangl, Jason Stanley, Florian Steinberger, Sören Stenlund, Christopher Stephens, James P. Sterba, Josef Stern, Matthias Steup, M. A. Stewart, Leopold Stubenberg, Edith Dudley Sulla, Frederick Suppe, Jere Paul Surber, David George Sussman, Sigrún Svavarsdóttir, Zeno G. Swijtink, Richard Swinburne, Charles C. Taliaferro, Robert B. Talisse, John Tasioulas, Paul Teller, Larry S. Temkin, Mark Textor, H. S. Thayer, Peter Thielke, Alan Thomas, Amie L. Thomasson, Katherine Thomson-Jones, Joshua C. Thurow, Vzalerie Tiberius, Terrence N. Tice, Paul Tidman, Mark C. Timmons, William Tolhurst, James E. Tomberlin, Rosemarie Tong, Lawrence Torcello, Kelly Trogdon, J. D. Trout, Robert E. Tully, Raimo Tuomela, John Turri, Martin M. Tweedale, Thomas Uebel, Jennifer Uleman, James Van Cleve, Harry van der Linden, Peter van Inwagen, Bryan W. Van Norden, René van Woudenberg, Donald Phillip Verene, Samantha Vice, Thomas Vinci, Donald Wayne Viney, Barbara Von Eckardt, Peter B. M. Vranas, Steven J. Wagner, William J. Wainwright, Paul E. Walker, Robert E. Wall, Craig Walton, Douglas Walton, Eric Watkins, Richard A. Watson, Michael V. Wedin, Rudolph H. Weingartner, Paul Weirich, Paul J. Weithman, Carl Wellman, Howard Wettstein, Samuel C. Wheeler, Stephen A. White, Jennifer Whiting, Edward R. Wierenga, Michael Williams, Fred Wilson, W. Kent Wilson, Kenneth P. Winkler, John F. Wippel, Jan Woleński, Allan B. Wolter, Nicholas P. Wolterstorff, Rega Wood, W. Jay Wood, Paul Woodruff, Alison Wylie, Gideon Yaffe, Takashi Yagisawa, Yutaka Yamamoto, Keith E. Yandell, Xiaomei Yang, Dean Zimmerman, Günter Zoller, Catherine Zuckert, Michael Zuckert, Jack A. Zupko (J.A.Z.)
- Edited by Robert Audi, University of Notre Dame, Indiana
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- The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy
- Published online:
- 05 August 2015
- Print publication:
- 27 April 2015, pp ix-xxx
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- Edited by Romin W. Tafarodi, University of Toronto
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- Subjectivity in the Twenty-First Century
- Published online:
- 05 October 2013
- Print publication:
- 23 September 2013, pp ix-x
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Realising the Potential of Cognitive Rehabilitation for the Brain-Injured: Next Steps
- Kenneth M. Adams
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- Brain Impairment / Volume 4 / Issue 1 / 01 May 2003
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 21 February 2012, pp. 31-35
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Contemporary psychological literature as well as the preceding papers (Mateer & Sohlberg, 2003; Wilson, 2003; Ylvisaker, 2003) emphasise the individual patient's personal ecological context as a crucial factor in the delivery of cognitive rehabilitation services. Testing and assessment procedures in neuropsychology have been enjoined to take increasing notice of the patient's historical, cultural and social background in providing services (American Psychological Association, 2003). Similarly, the design and delivery of treatment services must take into account how and where patients are living their lives post-injury. This has the benefit of moving cognitive rehabilitation from an emphasis on the more obvious or face-valid concerns about sterile “cognitive” models to individual ways of facilitating learning and information transfer improvement in the real world. In this way of approaching the problem, the patient's cultural and demographic context as well as their emotional adaptations are not confounding variables but critical design variables. The challenge now in delivering these paradigms of care is to show that they are appropriate and effective in some place in healthcare delivery systems, whether traditional or alternative. Questions of effectiveness of cognitive rehabilitation treatments and cost should be balanced in an equation relating to the probability of objective and demonstrable patient enhancement in living. Goals set and achieved must have consensual value that cannot be captured by traditional cost-benefit analysis in preventive or curative healthcare economic methodology. Cognitive rehabilitation as a family of interventions has little to no chance of being evaluated as efficacious using traditional treatment designs, using traditional neuropsychological measures as dependent variables, and involving research designs with crossover, sham or placebo conditions.
Alternate but Do Not Swim: A Test for Executive Motor Dysfunction in Parkinson Disease
- Adam D. Falchook, Danilo Decio, John B. Williamson, Michael S. Okun, Irene A. Malaty, Ramon L. Rodriguez, Kenneth M. Heilman
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- Journal:
- Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society / Volume 17 / Issue 4 / 21 June 2011
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 10 June 2011, pp. 702-708
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The objective of this study is to learn if participants with Parkinson disease (PD), when compared to normal controls, are impaired in making simultaneous but independent right and left hand movements. Participants were tested with Luria's Alternating Hand Postures (AHP) test and modified AHP tests. Twelve PD participants without dementia and twelve matched controls were assessed for their ability to perform the parallel AHP test (both hands remaining in the same coronal plane) and with modifications of this test into swimming (alternative arm extension with finger extension and arm flexion with finger flexion) and reverse swimming (alternative arm extension—finger flexion and arm flexion—finger extension) movements. The participants with PD were significantly impaired when performing the parallel and the reverse swimming movements AHP tests, but not impaired on the swimming movements AHP test. Swimming movements may be phylogenetically and ontogenetically more primitive and not as heavily dependent on frontal-basal ganglia networks; thus performance of swimming movements during the parallel AHP test may decrease this test's sensitivity. (JINS, 2011, 17, 702–708)
Peer review: An unflattering picture
- Kenneth M. Adams
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- Behavioral and Brain Sciences / Volume 14 / Issue 1 / March 1991
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 19 May 2011, pp. 135-136
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- By Basem Abdelmalak, Joseph Abdelmalak, Alaa A. Abd-Elsayed, David L. Adams, Eric E. Adelman, Maged Argalious, Endrit Bala, Gene H. Barnett, Sheron Beltran, Andrew Bielaczyc, William Bingaman, James M. Blum, Alina Bodas, Vera Borzova, Richard Bowers, Adam Brown, Chad M. Brummett, Alexandra S. Bullough, James F. Burke, Juan P. Cata, Neeraj Chaudhary, Michael J. Claybon, Miguel Cruz, Milind Deogaonkar, Vikram Dhawan, Thomas Didier, D. John Doyle, Zeyd Ebrahim, Hesham Elsharkawy, Wael Ali Sakr Esa, Ehab Farag, Ryen D. Fons, Joseph J. Gemmete, Matt Giles, Phil Gillen, Goodarz Golmirzaie, Marcos Gomes, Lisa Grilly, Maged Guirguis, David W. Healy, Heather Hervey-Jumper, Shawn L. Hervey-Jumper, Paul E. Hilliard, Samuel A. Irefin, George K. Istaphanous, Teresa L. Jacobs, Ellen Janke, Greta Jo, James W. Jones, Rami Karroum, Allen Keebler, Stephen J. Kimatian, Colleen G. Koch, Robert Scott Kriss, Andrea Kurz, Jia Lin, Michael D. Maile, Negmeldeen F. Mamoun, Mariel Manlapaz, Edward Manno, Donn Marciniak, Piyush Mathur, Nicholas F. Marko, Matthew Martin, George A. Mashour, Marco Maurtua, Scott T. McCardle, Julie McClelland, Uma Menon, Paul S. Moor, Laurel E. Moore, Ruairi Moulding, Dileep R. Nair, Todd Nelson, Julie Niezgoda, Edward Noguera, Jerome O’Hara, Aditya S. Pandey, Mauricio Perilla, Paul Picton, Marc J. Popovich, J. Javier Provencio, Venkatakrishna Rajajee, Mohit Rastogi, Stacy Ritzman, Lauryn R. Rochlen, Leif Saager, Vivek Sabharwal, Oren Sagher, Kenneth Saliba, Milad Sharifpour, Lesli E. Skolarus, Paul Smythe, Wolf H. Stapelfeldt, William R. Stetler, Peter Stiles, Vijay Tarnal, Khoi D. Than, B. Gregory Thompson, Alparslan Turan, Christopher R. Turner, Justin Upp, Sumeet Vadera, Jennifer Vance, Anthony C. Wang, Robert J. Weil, Marnie B. Welch, Karen K. Wilkins, Erin S. Williams, George N. Youssef, Asma Zakaria, Sherif S. Zaky, Andrew Zura
- Edited by George A. Mashour, Ehab Farag
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- Book:
- Case Studies in Neuroanesthesia and Neurocritical Care
- Published online:
- 03 May 2011
- Print publication:
- 03 February 2011, pp x-xvi
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Phenylbutazone blocks the cytokine response following a high-intensity incremental exercise challenge in horses
- Robert A. Lehnhard, Amanda A. Adams, Alejandra Betancourt, David W. Horohov, Nettie R. Liburt, Jennifer M. Streltsova, William C. Franke, Kenneth H. McKeever
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- Journal:
- Comparative Exercise Physiology / Volume 7 / Issue 3 / August 2010
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 07 January 2011, pp. 103-108
- Print publication:
- August 2010
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This study tested the hypothesis that phenylbutazone would block the exercise-induced increase in cytokine markers of inflammation in blood. Blood samples were obtained from unfit Standardbred mares (age 10 ± 4 years, ~500 kg) before and after three different trials (standing control (CON), n = 9; exercise with phenylbutazone (EX-bute), n = 9; and exercise with water, n = 9). Comparisons were made for data collected in three trials, one where each horse underwent an incremental exercise test (graded exercise test (GXT)) where they were administered water as a placebo, a GXT following phenylbutazone administration (2 g given orally 2 h before the GXT) or standing parallel control where they stood quietly in stalls. During the GXT, horses ran on a treadmill (1 m s− 1 increases each min until fatigue, 6% grade). Blood samples were obtained 30 min before exercise, immediately after exercise and at 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 24 h post-GXT or at matched time points during the parallel control trials. Samples were analysed using real-time PCR for measurement of mRNA expression of interferon-γ (IFN-γ), tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-6 in samples collected during all three trials, and for IL-1 and IL-10 in samples collected for the CON and EX-bute trials. Data were analysed using ANOVA for repeated measures, and where appropriate, post hoc separation of means utilized the Student–Newman–Keuls test. The null hypothesis was rejected when P < 0.05. There were no changes (P>0.05) in IL-1, IL-6, IFN-γ or TNF-α during CON or following phenylbutazone administration. During the water trial, exercise resulted in significant increases in IFN-γ, IL-1 and TNF-α. It was concluded that high-intensity exercise results in a transient increase in the expression of inflammatory cytokines in blood that is blocked when phenylbutazone is administered to horses.
Contributors
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- By Fred Adams, Kenneth Aizawa, Varol Akman, Murat Aydede, Lawrence W. Barsalou, William Bechtel, Henry Brighton, Jerome R. Busemeyer, William J. Clancey, Andy Clark, Frederica R. Conrey, Eric Dimperio, Chris Eliasmith, Shaun Gallagher, James G. Greeno, Paul Griffiths, Ryan K. Jessup, Michael P. Kaschak, David Kirsh, Malcolm A. MacIver, Ruth Millikan, Erik Myin, J. Kevin O’Regan, Jesse Prinz, Daniel Richardson, Philip Robbins, Mark Rowlands, Robert Rupert, R. Keith Sawyer, Andrea Scarantino, Eliot R. Smith, Michael Spivey, John Sutton, Peter M. Todd, Michael Tomasello, Barbara Tversky, Felix Warneken, Robert A. Wilson, Rolf A. Zwaan
- Edited by Philip Robbins, Washington University, St Louis, Murat Aydede, University of Florida
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- Book:
- The Cambridge Handbook of Situated Cognition
- Published online:
- 05 June 2012
- Print publication:
- 03 November 2008, pp ix-xii
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Childhood and adolescent resiliency, regulation, and executive functioning in relation to adolescent problems and competence in a high-risk sample
- MICHELLE M. MARTEL, JOEL T. NIGG, MARIA M. WONG, HIRAM E. FITZGERALD, JENNIFER M. JESTER, LEON I. PUTTLER, JENNIFER M. GLASS, KENNETH M. ADAMS, ROBERT A. ZUCKER
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- Journal:
- Development and Psychopathology / Volume 19 / Issue 2 / April 2007
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 25 April 2007, pp. 541-563
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This study first examined the respective relations of resiliency and reactive control with executive functioning. It then examined the relationship of these different domains to the development of academic and social outcomes, and to the emergence of internalizing and externalizing problem behavior in adolescence. Resiliency and reactive control were assessed from preschool to adolescence in a high-risk sample of boys and girls (n = 498) and then linked to component operations of neuropsychological executive functioning (i.e., response inhibition, interference control, fluency, working memory/set-shifting, planning, and alertness), assessed in early and late adolescence. Consistent, linear relations were found between resiliency and executive functions (average r = .17). A curvilinear relationship was observed between reactive control and resiliency, such that resiliency was weaker when reactive control was either very high or very low. In multivariate, multilevel models, executive functions contributed to academic competence, whereas resiliency and interference control jointly predicted social competence. Low resiliency, low reactive control, and poor response inhibition uniquely and additively predicted internalizing problem behavior, whereas low reactive control and poor response inhibition uniquely predicted externalizing problem behavior. Results are discussed in relation to recent trait models of regulation and the scaffolded development of competence and problems in childhood and adolescence.
This work was supported by NIAAA Grant R01-AA12217 to Robert Zucker and Joel Nigg, NIAAA Grant R37-AA07065 to Robert Zucker and Hiram Fitzgerald, and NIMH Grant R01-MH59105 to Joel Nigg. We are indebted to the families and staff who made the study possible.
Biogeographical diversity of archaeal viruses
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- By Kenneth M. Stedman, Department of Biology, Center for Life in Extreme Environments, Portland State University, PO Box 751, Portland, OR 97207-0751, USA, Adam Clore, Department of Biology, Center for Life in Extreme Environments, Portland State University, PO Box 751, Portland, OR 97207-0751, USA, Yannick Combet-Blanc, Laboratoire de Microbiologie IRD, Université de Provence, CESB/ESIL case 925, 163 avenue de Luminy, F-13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France
- Edited by N. A. Logan, Glasgow Caledonian University, H. M. Lappin-Scott, University of Exeter, P. C. F Oyston, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down
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- Book:
- Prokaryotic Diversity
- Published online:
- 06 July 2010
- Print publication:
- 20 April 2006, pp 131-144
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Summary
INTRODUCTION
Biogeography, or the spatial distribution of biological diversity, has been studied since Darwin and Wallace in the 1800s. Their studies, and most later studies, concentrated on macroscopic organisms, mostly animals and plants, and many differences between species were observed, often correlated with geographical isolation. The theoretical basis for these differences was established later and is still being refined. The theories of island biogeography have been extremely influential in many fields of biology (Bell et al., 2005). Critical to biogeographical studies are comparable organisms from different locations with quantifiable diversity, often sequence diversity.
Microbial biogeography
More recently, micro-organisms have been studied (Finlay, 2002), especially with the advent of molecular tools. Studies using enrichment cultures indicated that identical micro-organisms were present wherever they were collected (Smith et al., 1991); however, this is clearly biased due to the relatively small number of micro-organisms that can be cultivated (Pace, 1997). The advent of small-subunit (SSU) rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that ‘everything is everywhere’, particularly for spore-forming bacteria (Roberts & Cohan, 1995). It was unclear whether this indicated that there was so much dispersal of these spore-forming organisms that they were identical throughout the world or whether it was general for bacteria due to their extremely large population sizes. For the most part, however, only one gene, generally the SSU rRNA gene, was investigated. Extremophiles are thought to have more barriers to dispersal than mesophilic organisms.
autosomal recessive cerebellar hypoplasia in the hutterite population
- hannah c glass, kym m boycott, coleen adams, karen barlow, james n scott, albert e chudley, t mary fujiwara, kenneth morgan, elaine wirrell, d ross mcleod
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- Journal:
- Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology / Volume 47 / Issue 10 / October 2005
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 12 September 2005, pp. 691-695
- Print publication:
- October 2005
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cerebellar hypoplasia is a rare malformation caused by a variety of etiologies. it usually manifests clinically as non-progressive cerebellar ataxia with or without mental retardation. we further characterize a syndrome of autosomal recessive cerebellar hypoplasia in the hutterite population, referred to as dysequilibrium syndrome (des). we reviewed 12 patients (eight females, four males; age range 4 to 33y) with this syndrome. patients were examined and underwent a standard set of investigations to characterize better the clinical features, natural history, and neuroimaging of this syndrome. des is an autosomal recessive disorder with distinct clinical features including global developmental delay, late ambulation (after age 6y), truncal ataxia, and a static clinical course. neuroimaging is characterized by hypoplasia of the inferior portion of the cerebellar hemispheres and vermis, and mild simplification of cortical gyri.
Inattention/hyperactivity and aggression from early childhood to adolescence: Heterogeneity of trajectories and differential influence of family environment characteristics
- JENNIFER M. JESTER, JOEL T. NIGG, KENNETH ADAMS, HIRAM E. FITZGERALD, LEON I. PUTTLER, MARIA M. WONG, ROBERT A. ZUCKER
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- Journal:
- Development and Psychopathology / Volume 17 / Issue 1 / March 2005
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 07 April 2005, pp. 99-125
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Inattention/hyperactivity and aggressive behavior problems were measured in 335 children from school entry throughout adolescence, at 3-year intervals. Children were participants in a high-risk prospective study of substance use disorders and comorbid problems. A parallel process latent growth model found aggressive behavior decreasing throughout childhood and adolescence, whereas inattentive/hyperactive behavior levels were constant. Growth mixture modeling, in which developmental trajectories are statistically classified, found two classes for inattention/hyperactivity and two for aggressive behavior, resulting in a total of four trajectory classes. Different influences of the family environment predicted development of the two types of behavior problems when the other behavior problem was held constant. Lower emotional support and lower intellectual stimulation by the parents in early childhood predicted membership in the high problem class of inattention/hyperactivity when the trajectory of aggression was held constant. Conversely, conflict and lack of cohesiveness in the family environment predicted membership in a worse developmental trajectory of aggressive behavior when the inattention/hyperactivity trajectories were held constant. The implications of these findings for the development of inattention/hyperactivity and for the development of risk for the emergence of substance use disorders are discussed.
This work was supported by National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism grants (RO1 AA12217 to R.A.Z. and J.T.N. and R37 AA07065 to R.A.Z. and H.E.F.). We are indebted to Bengt Muthén for his advice on the statistical analyses for this study.
MatDL.org: The Materials Digital Library and the National Science Digital Library Program
- Laura M. Bartolo, Sharon C. Glotzer, Javed I. Khan, Adam C. Powell IV, Donald R. Sadoway, Kenneth M. Anderson
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- Journal:
- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 827 / 2004
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 15 March 2011, BB2.3
- Print publication:
- 2004
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The National Science Foundation's National Science Digital Library (NSDL) Program is a premier collective portal of authoritative scientific resources supporting education and research. With funding from NSF, the Materials Digital Library (MatDL) is a collaborative project being developed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology's Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory (NIST/MSEL), the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), the Department of Chemical Engineering and the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at the University of Michigan (U-M), with Kent State University and University of Colorado at Boulder providing the materials science informatics and workflow technology backbone. As part of the NSDL program, MatDL aims to supports the interface of materials science information and its cognate disciplines, with an emphasis on soft matter. Initial content of MatDL begins with resources selected from NIST/MSEL. Students and faculty in three types of materials science and engineering (MSE) courses at MIT and U-M are taking part in a pilot to use and contribute to MatDL utilizing domain-specific authoring tools. Given the central and interdisciplinary role of materials science in science and engineering, two goals of MatDL are to: 1.) expand its founding partnership with additional participants from the MSE community; and 2.) facilitate the flow of digital materials related knowledge from laboratories where the most recent research discoveries are taking place to the classrooms where new scientists are being trained.
In Memoriam: Laird S. Cermak, Ph.D. June 24, 1942–November 4, 1999
- Kenneth M. Adams
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- Journal:
- Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society / Volume 6 / Issue 3 / March 2000
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 March 2000, pp. 376-377
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Laird Cermak was to become President of INS in February 2000, taking over the responsibilities for leading a scientific society he loved and served for over a quarter of a century. In many ways he embodied the very values the INS has always hoped to promote in excellence of scholarship, keen interest in behavioral neurosciences, and an easy and reflexive interdisciplinary citizenship. His name has been synonymous with a distinctive line of intellectual inquiry in amnesia and memory mechanisms for as long as I have been in neuropsychology myself.