OBJECTIVES/GOALS: This study examined racial-ethnic differences in antipsychotic initiation within psychiatric diagnostic groups. This is a follow-up to our prior work, which reported that, overall, youth from minority backgrounds had 30-65% lower odds of initiating antipsychotics compared to White youth. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: This study used 2009-2021 data from Optum’s® Clinformatics® Data Mart, a database containing longitudinal patient information from nationwide commercial insurance claims. We created three separate samples of antipsychotic users and matched non-user controls between the ages of 6-17 years old. These groups contained individuals with clinically diagnosed ADHD, conduct disorder, and depressive disorder, respectively. We used conditional logistic regression to estimate the odds of antipsychotic initiation based on race-ethnicity within each diagnostic group. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: There were no racial-ethnic differences in the odds of antipsychotic initiation among youth diagnosed with ADHD. Among youth with depression diagnoses, Asian youth had 19% lower odds of initiating antipsychotics and Hispanic youth had 11% lower odds compared with White youth. Similar results were observed for conduct disorders, with Asian and Black youth having approximately 10% lower odds of initiating antipsychotic treatment and Hispanic youth having 18% lower odds relative to White youth. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Previously observed lower rates of antipsychotic initiation among racial-ethnic minority groups may be at least partially due to factors leading to disparities in diagnosis. Further research is needed to evaluate factors that may lead to differential antipsychotic use, as the disparities may occur upstream of receiving clinical diagnoses.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: In 2010, an estimated 65% of antipsychotic prescriptions were given to youth for off-label indications. It is unclear whether subsequent calls for reduced pediatric prescribing led to a decrease in off-label use. This study examined the diagnostic characteristics of the current pediatric population using antipsychotics in the United States. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Data from the Clinformatics Data Mart, a database containing longitudinal patient information between 2010-2019 from commercial healthcare insurance claims in the United States was used in this study. We conducted a case-control study, in which antipsychotic initiators were matched 1:1 to non-initiators on age, sex, and insurance enrollment. There were 26,375 included antipsychotic initiators with matched non-initiator controls between the ages of 6-17. Conditional logistic regression was used to examine the odds of being an antipsychotic user among those with past-year psychiatric diagnoses that have been previously found to be associated with antipsychotic use. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Disorders with psychotic features were associated with the greatest differences in odds of antipsychotic prescription receipt. Specifically, children with bipolar or manic disorders had 145-fold greater odds of antipsychotic receipt than did those without bipolar or manic disorders (OR = 145.45, 95% CI = [95.64, 221.22]), whereas those with schizophrenia had 106-fold greater odds (OR = 105.89, CI = [67.40, 166.37]). However, these disorders occurred in only 12% and 8%, respectively, of the antipsychotic recipients. The most common disorders among those with antipsychotic receipt were depressive disorders and ADHD, which occurred in 46% and 43% of the recipients, respectively. Additionally, conduct disorder was present in 20% of recipients. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: As expected, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia were strongly associated with initiation of pediatric antipsychotic treatment. Yet, most initiators did not have a diagnosis for either psychotic disorder or any other FDA-approved indications. This study highlights the critical need for further research on antipsychotic use among youth.

Sports participation, physical activity, and friendship quality are theorized to have protective effects on the developmental emergence of substance use and self-harm behavior in adolescence, but existing research has been mixed. This ambiguity could reflect, in part, the potential for confounding of observed associations by genetic and environmental factors, which previous research has been unable to rigorously rule out. We used data from the prospective, population-based Child and Adolescent Twin Study in Sweden (n = 18,234 born 1994–2001) and applied a co-twin control design to account for potential genetic and environmental confounding of sports participation, physical activity, and friendship quality (assessed at age 15) as presumed protective factors for adolescent substance use and self-harm behavior (assessed at age 18). While confidence intervals widened to include the null in numerous co-twin control analyses adjusting for childhood psychopathology, parent-reported sports participation and twin-reported positive friendship quality were associated with increased odds of alcohol problems and nicotine use. However, parent-reported sports participation, twin-reported physical activity, and twin-reported friendship quality were associated with decreased odds of self-harm behavior. The findings provide a more nuanced understanding of the risks and benefits of putative protective factors for risky behaviors that emerge during adolescence.

Although recognized as one of the most significant cultural transformations in North America, the reintroduction of the horse to the continent after AD 1492 has been rarely addressed by archaeological science. A key contributing factor behind this limited study is the apparent absence of equine skeletal remains from early historic archaeological contexts. Here, we present a multidisciplinary analysis of a horse skeleton recovered in Lehi, Utah, originally attributed to the Pleistocene. Reanalysis of stratigraphic context and radiocarbon dating indicates a historic age for this horse (cal AD 1681–1939), linking it with Ute or other Indigenous groups, whereas osteological features demonstrate its use for mounted horseback riding—perhaps with a nonframe saddle. DNA analysis indicates that the animal was a female domestic horse, which was likely cared for as part of a breeding herd despite outliving its usefulness in transport. Finally, sequentially sampled stable carbon, oxygen, and strontium isotope values from tooth enamel (δ13C, δ18O, and 87Sr/86Sr) suggest that the horse was raised locally. These results show the utility of archaeological science as applied to horse remains in understanding Indigenous horse pastoralism, whereas consideration of the broader archaeological record suggests a pattern of misidentification of horse bones from early historic contexts.

Despite decades of research into the Terracotta Army of the First Emperor of China, many questions remain about how, where and by whom the figures were made. This new study compares the results of microscopic analysis of the life-sized clay statues to other ceramic artefacts recovered from the mausoleum. By focusing on their original raw materials and clay paste recipes, it proves that the terracotta warriors were made near the site. Compositional, technological and spatial links between different artefacts suggest that clay was processed centrally before being distributed to different local workshops in a highly organised system of labour and craft specialisation that laid the foundation for imperial China.

Culturing experiments of the intermediate morphotype of the cosmopolitan coccolithophore Calcidiscus leptoporus, indicate that the size of its coccosphere and of its coccoliths are affected only in a minor way by temperature. The changes observed in clones growing under different temperature and light conditions are within the range defined for this morphotype in the plankton and Holocene sediments. This outcome suggests that the three morphotypes of living C. leptoporus may be reproductively isolated species rather than stages in a life cycle of a single species or ecophenotypic adaptations of a single species with considerable morphological plasticity. Numerous extinct morphotypes of C. leptoporus have been recorded from marine sediments deposited during the last approximately 25 Ma. In the light of our experiments, these may in fact represent genetically distinct species, which experienced rapid evolution.

Excavations in Duxford, Cambridgeshire, in 2013, revealed six early Roman (a.d. 50–80) pottery kilns. The kilns were used for the production of flagons, specifically collared and ring-necked varieties. Flagons are generally scarce in contemporary domestic assemblages in Cambridgeshire, often only occurring in ‘special’ contexts, such as burials, while collared flagons are closely associated with military consumption. The excavations also produced a large, significant assemblage of perforated kiln plates. The technology and repertoire of vessels suggest that manufacture was conducted by non-local potters for a specialist market. The site forms part of a group of other early Roman kiln sites in the Cambridge environs and adds to the growing picture of pottery production in the decades following the Roman Conquest.