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Changes in liver health biomarkers following consumption of energy restricted diets containing almonds compared with carbohydrate-rich snack foods for 9 months
- A.M. Coates, O. Afzali, J. Childs, S. Carter, K. Lamb, M. Matheson, C. Yandell, J.D. Buckley, S-Y. Tan, G.B. Rogers, A.M. Hill
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- Journal:
- Proceedings of the Nutrition Society / Volume 83 / Issue OCE1 / April 2024
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 07 May 2024, E45
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Energy restricted diets improve liver function(1) and habitual nut consumption has been associated with a lower prevalence of fatty liver(2). This study examined the effect of incorporating almonds in an energy restricted diet on liver health biomarkers. One Hundred and forty adults (42M:98F, 47.5 ± 10.8 years, BMI 30.7 ± 2.3 kg/m2) enrolled in a 9-month (9M) dietary intervention comprising 3 months (3M) weight loss (30% energy restriction) followed by 6 months (6M) of weight maintenance. Participants were randomly assigned to consume almonds (n = 68, AED) or isocaloric carbohydrate-rich snacks (n = 72, CRD) which provided 15% of total daily energy. At baseline (BL), 3M and 9M, fatty liver index (FLI) scores (0-100)(3) were calculated using body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), fasting serum gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) and triglyceride (TAG) levels, and other liver health biomarkers were assessed by ultrasound (volume, visual appearance and elastography (a marker of stiffness due to fibrosis)). Intention to treat analyses were conducted using mixed effects modelling (fixed effects group and time, with participants as the random effect). Significant reductions from BL occurred over time (all p<0.001 for 3M and 9M) with no difference between groups (AED vs CRD, P>0.05) in BMI (3M: −2.44 ± 0.20 vs −2.32 ± 0.20, 9M: −2.83 ± 0.19 vs −2.81 ± 0.19 kg/m2), WC (3M: −8.04 ± 0.79 vs −7.00 ± 0.81, 9M: −8.72 ± 0.83 vs −9.14 ± 0.81 cm), TAG (3M: −0.24± 0.08 vs −0.22 ± 0.09, 9M: −0.37 ± 0.09 vs −0.21 ± 0.09 mmol/L), FLI score (3M: −23.8 ± 2.0 vs −17.6 ± 2.1, 9M: −23.8 ± 2.0 vs −17.6 ± 2.1), and liver volume (3M: −134.56 ± 38.30 vs −100.96 ± 37.25, 9M: −113.68 ± 37.42 vs −110.64 ± 35.47cm3). Significantly greater reductions occurred for AED compared to CRD at 3M and 9M in GGT (p = 0.003) (3M: −9.68 ± 1.93 vs −0.01 ± 2.00, 9M: −7.75 ± 2.06 vs −2.78 ± 2.15 IU/L) and liver visual assessment scores (p = 0.03) (3M: −0.58 ± 0.24 vs −0.45 ± 0.23, 9M: −1.33 ± 0.23 vs −0.50 ± 0.22). There were no significant changes in liver elastography over time or between groups. Energy restriction improved body composition and reduced the extent of fatty liver and liver size but did not change liver stiffness. The inclusion of almonds in an energy restricted diet demonstrated additional benefits to some liver health biomarkers providing support for almonds being incorporated into lifestyle interventions to improve liver function.
Exercise for depression in adolescents: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials
- T. Carter, I. Morres, O. Meade, C. Patrick
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- Journal:
- European Psychiatry / Volume 41 / Issue S1 / April 2017
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 23 March 2020, p. S433
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Background
The reported lifetime prevalence of depression in adolescents has increased drastically in recent decades. Depression in this population can be particularly damaging and can frequently have a long-lasting adverse impact. The common treatment approach includes psychological therapy and/or anti-depressant medication. However, the efficacy of these approaches, both singularly and combined, is far from conclusive. Recently, there have been an increased number of studies investigating the effect of exercise and physical activity on adolescent depression, however, despite this increased attention, there are no recent reviews and meta-analyses synthesising such studies.
AimThe review examines the treatment effect of exercise on depression symptoms for adolescents aged 13–17 years of age.
MethodsA systematic search of seven electronic databases identified relevant randomised controlled trials. Screening, data extraction and trial methodological quality were undertaken by two independent researchers. Standardized mean differences were used for pooling post-intervention depressive symptom scores.
ResultsEleven trials met the inclusion criteria, eight of which provided the necessary data for calculation of standardized effect size. Exercise showed a statistically significant moderate overall effect on depressive symptom reduction. Sensitivity analyses were also conducted and will be presented.
DiscussionExercise and physical activity appear to improve depression symptoms in adolescents, especially in clinical samples, suggesting that exercise may be a useful treatment strategy for adolescents with depression.
ConclusionDespite the positive findings, large clinical trials that adequately minimise bias are required for firmer conclusions on the effectiveness of exercise as an antidepressant treatment.
Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Position Statement on the Use of Medical Cannabis for the Treatment of Epilepsy in Canada: By the Canadian League Against Epilepsy Medical Therapeutics Committee, Invited Experts and Collaborators
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- Juan Pablo Appendino, Cyrus Boelman, Paula M. Brna, Jorge G. Burneo, Curtis S. Claassen, Mary B. Connolly, Michael V. T. De Guzman, Paolo Federico, Deirdre Floyd, Richard James Huntsman, Manouchehr Javidan, Nathalie Jette, Laura L Jurasek, Mark R. Keezer, Jonathan C. Lau, Bláthnaid McCoy, Richard S McLachlan, Marcus C. Ng, Dang Khoa Nguyen, Aylin Y Reid, Jong M. Rho, O. Carter Snead III, José F. Téllez-Zenteno, Laura Wang, Maria Martha Zak
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- Journal:
- Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Volume 46 / Issue 6 / November 2019
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 30 August 2019, pp. 645-652
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In Canada, recreational use of cannabis was legalized in October 2018. This policy change along with recent publications evaluating the efficacy of cannabis for the medical treatment of epilepsy and media awareness about its use have increased the public interest about this agent. The Canadian League Against Epilepsy Medical Therapeutics Committee, along with a multidisciplinary group of experts and Canadian Epilepsy Alliance representatives, has developed a position statement about the use of medical cannabis for epilepsy. This article addresses the current Canadian legal framework, recent publications about its efficacy and safety profile, and our understanding of the clinical issues that should be considered when contemplating cannabis use for medical purposes.
HIV and viral hepatitis coinfection analysis using surveillance data from 15 US states and two cities
- K. A. Bosh, J. R. Coyle, V. Hansen, E. M. Kim, S. Speers, M. Comer, L. M. Maddox, S. Khuwaja, W. Zhou, A. Jatta, R. Mayer, A. D. Brantley, N. W. Muriithi, R. Bhattacharjee, C. Flynn, L. Bouton, B. John, J. Keusch, C. A. Barber, K. Sweet, C. Ramaswamy, E. F. Westheimer, L. VanderBusch, A. Nishimura, A. Vu, L. Hoffman-Arriaga, E. Rowlinson, A. O. Carter, L. E. Yerkes, W. Li, J. R. Reuer, L. J. Stockman, T. Tang, J. T. Brooks, E. H. Teshale, H. I. Hall
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- Journal:
- Epidemiology & Infection / Volume 146 / Issue 7 / May 2018
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 11 April 2018, pp. 920-930
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Coinfection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and viral hepatitis is associated with high morbidity and mortality in the absence of clinical management, making identification of these cases crucial. We examined characteristics of HIV and viral hepatitis coinfections by using surveillance data from 15 US states and two cities. Each jurisdiction used an automated deterministic matching method to link surveillance data for persons with reported acute and chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections, to persons reported with HIV infection. Of the 504 398 persons living with diagnosed HIV infection at the end of 2014, 2.0% were coinfected with HBV and 6.7% were coinfected with HCV. Of the 269 884 persons ever reported with HBV, 5.2% were reported with HIV. Of the 1 093 050 persons ever reported with HCV, 4.3% were reported with HIV. A greater proportion of persons coinfected with HIV and HBV were males and blacks/African Americans, compared with those with HIV monoinfection. Persons who inject drugs represented a greater proportion of those coinfected with HIV and HCV, compared with those with HIV monoinfection. Matching HIV and viral hepatitis surveillance data highlights epidemiological characteristics of persons coinfected and can be used to routinely monitor health status and guide state and national public health interventions.
Capacity building for conservation: problems and potential solutions for sub-Saharan Africa
- M. J. O'Connell, O. Nasirwa, M. Carter, K. H. Farmer, M. Appleton, J. Arinaitwe, P. Bhanderi, G. Chimwaza, J. Copsey, J. Dodoo, A. Duthie, M. Gachanja, N. Hunter, B. Karanja, H. M. Komu, V. Kosgei, A. Kuria, C. Magero, M. Manten, P. Mugo, E. Müller, J. Mulonga, L. Niskanen, J. Nzilani, M. Otieno, N. Owen, J. Owuor, S. Paterson, S. Regnaut, R. Rono, J. Ruhiu, J. Theuri Njoka, L. Waruingi, B. Waswala Olewe, E. Wilson
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To achieve their conservation goals individuals, communities and organizations need to acquire a diversity of skills, knowledge and information (i.e. capacity). Despite current efforts to build and maintain appropriate levels of conservation capacity, it has been recognized that there will need to be a significant scaling-up of these activities in sub-Saharan Africa. This is because of the rapid increase in the number and extent of environmental problems in the region. We present a range of socio-economic contexts relevant to four key areas of African conservation capacity building: protected area management, community engagement, effective leadership, and professional e-learning. Under these core themes, 39 specific recommendations are presented. These were derived from multi-stakeholder workshop discussions at an international conference held in Nairobi, Kenya, in 2015. At the meeting 185 delegates (practitioners, scientists, community groups and government agencies) represented 105 organizations from 24 African nations and eight non-African nations. The 39 recommendations constituted six broad types of suggested action: (1) the development of new methods, (2) the provision of capacity building resources (e.g. information or data), (3) the communication of ideas or examples of successful initiatives, (4) the implementation of new research or gap analyses, (5) the establishment of new structures within and between organizations, and (6) the development of new partnerships. A number of cross-cutting issues also emerged from the discussions: the need for a greater sense of urgency in developing capacity building activities; the need to develop novel capacity building methodologies; and the need to move away from one-size-fits-all approaches.
Contributors
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- By DeAnna L. Adkins, Samir Belagaje, S. Thomas Carmichael, Alex R. Carter, John Chae, François Chollet, Michael Chopp, Leonardo G. Cohen, Maurizio Corbetta, Steven C. Cramer, Rick M. Dijkhuizen, Megan Farrell, Seth P. Finklestein, Leigh R. Hochberg, Barbro B Johansson, Theresa A. Jones, Brett Kissela, Jeffrey A. Kleim, Bryan Kolb, J. Leigh Leasure, Yi Li, Isabelle Loubinoux, Andreas Luft, Randolph J. Nudo, Stephen J. Page, Thomas Platz, Valerie M. Pomeroy, David J. Reinkensmeyer, JingMei Ren, J. C. Rothwell, Dorothee Saur, Timothy Schallert, Gottfried Schlaug, Susan Schwerin, Rüdiger J. Seitz, Gordon L. Shulman, O. Swayne, P. Talelli, G. Campbell Teskey, Maurits P. A. van Meer, Nick S. Ward, Cornelius Weiller, Carolee J. Winstein, Steven L. Wolf
- Edited by Steven C. Cramer, University of California, Irvine, Randolph J. Nudo, Kansas University Medical Center
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- Brain Repair After Stroke
- Published online:
- 10 November 2010
- Print publication:
- 28 October 2010, pp viii-x
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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. Chapman, James H. Charlesworth, Kenneth R. Chase, Chen Zemin, Luciano Chianeque, Philip Chia Phin Yin, Francisca H. Chimhanda, Daniel Chiquete, John T. Chirban, Soobin Choi, Robert Choquette, Mita Choudhury, Gerald Christianson, John Chryssavgis, Sejong Chun, Esther Chung-Kim, Charles M. A. Clark, Elizabeth A. Clark, Sathianathan Clarke, Fred Cloud, John B. Cobb, W. Owen Cole, John A Coleman, John J. Collins, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Paul K. Conkin, Beth A. Conklin, Sean Connolly, Demetrios J. Constantelos, Michael A. Conway, Paula M. Cooey, Austin Cooper, Michael L. Cooper-White, Pamela Cooper-White, L. William Countryman, Sérgio Coutinho, Pamela Couture, Shannon Craigo-Snell, James L. Crenshaw, David Crowner, Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Elizabeth Mason Currier, Emmanuel Cutrone, Mary L. Daniel, David D. Daniels, Robert Darden, Rolf Darge, Isaiah Dau, Jeffry C. Davis, Jane Dawson, Valentin Dedji, John W. de Gruchy, Paul DeHart, Wendy J. Deichmann Edwards, Miguel A. De La Torre, George E. Demacopoulos, Thomas de Mayo, Leah DeVun, Beatriz de Vasconcellos Dias, Dennis C. Dickerson, John M. Dillon, Luis Miguel Donatello, Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, Susanna Drake, Jonathan A. Draper, N. Dreher Martin, Otto Dreydoppel, Angelyn Dries, A. J. Droge, Francis X. D'Sa, Marilyn Dunn, Nicole Wilkinson Duran, Rifaat Ebied, Mark J. Edwards, William H. Edwards, Leonard H. Ehrlich, Nancy L. Eiesland, Martin Elbel, J. Harold Ellens, Stephen Ellingson, Marvin M. Ellison, Robert Ellsberg, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Eldon Jay Epp, Peter C. Erb, Tassilo Erhardt, Maria Erling, Noel Leo Erskine, Gillian R. Evans, Virginia Fabella, Michael A. Fahey, Edward Farley, Margaret A. Farley, Wendy Farley, Robert Fastiggi, Seena Fazel, Duncan S. Ferguson, Helwar Figueroa, Paul Corby Finney, Kyriaki Karidoyanes FitzGerald, Thomas E. FitzGerald, John R. Fitzmier, Marie Therese Flanagan, Sabina Flanagan, Claude Flipo, Ronald B. Flowers, Carole Fontaine, David Ford, Mary Ford, Stephanie A. Ford, Jim Forest, William Franke, Robert M. Franklin, Ruth Franzén, Edward H. Friedman, Samuel Frouisou, Lorelei F. Fuchs, Jojo M. Fung, Inger Furseth, Richard R. Gaillardetz, Brandon Gallaher, China Galland, Mark Galli, Ismael García, Tharscisse Gatwa, Jean-Marie Gaudeul, Luis María Gavilanes del Castillo, Pavel L. Gavrilyuk, Volney P. Gay, Metropolitan Athanasios Geevargis, Kondothra M. George, Mary Gerhart, Simon Gikandi, Maurice Gilbert, Michael J. Gillgannon, Verónica Giménez Beliveau, Terryl Givens, Beth Glazier-McDonald, Philip Gleason, Menghun Goh, Brian Golding, Bishop Hilario M. Gomez, Michelle A. Gonzalez, Donald K. Gorrell, Roy Gottfried, Tamara Grdzelidze, Joel B. Green, Niels Henrik Gregersen, Cristina Grenholm, Herbert Griffiths, Eric W. Gritsch, Erich S. Gruen, Christoffer H. Grundmann, Paul H. Gundani, Jon P. Gunnemann, Petre Guran, Vidar L. Haanes, Jeremiah M. Hackett, Getatchew Haile, Douglas John Hall, Nicholas Hammond, Daphne Hampson, Jehu J. Hanciles, Barry Hankins, Jennifer Haraguchi, Stanley S. Harakas, Anthony John Harding, Conrad L. Harkins, J. William Harmless, Marjory Harper, Amir Harrak, Joel F. Harrington, Mark W. Harris, Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Van A. Harvey, R. Chris Hassel, Jione Havea, Daniel Hawk, Diana L. Hayes, Leslie Hayes, Priscilla Hayner, S. Mark Heim, Simo Heininen, Richard P. Heitzenrater, Eila Helander, David Hempton, Scott H. Hendrix, Jan-Olav Henriksen, Gina Hens-Piazza, Carter Heyward, Nicholas J. Higham, David Hilliard, Norman A. Hjelm, Peter C. Hodgson, Arthur Holder, M. Jan Holton, Dwight N. Hopkins, Ronnie Po-chia Hsia, Po-Ho Huang, James Hudnut-Beumler, Jennifer S. Hughes, Leonard M. Hummel, Mary E. Hunt, Laennec Hurbon, Mark Hutchinson, Susan E. Hylen, Mary Beth Ingham, H. Larry Ingle, Dale T. Irvin, Jon Isaak, Paul John Isaak, Ada María Isasi-Díaz, Hans Raun Iversen, Margaret C. Jacob, Arthur James, Maria Jansdotter-Samuelsson, David Jasper, Werner G. Jeanrond, Renée Jeffery, David Lyle Jeffrey, Theodore W. Jennings, David H. Jensen, Robin Margaret Jensen, David Jobling, Dale A. Johnson, Elizabeth A. Johnson, Maxwell E. Johnson, Sarah Johnson, Mark D. Johnston, F. Stanley Jones, James William Jones, John R. Jones, Alissa Jones Nelson, Inge Jonsson, Jan Joosten, Elizabeth Judd, Mulambya Peggy Kabonde, Robert Kaggwa, Sylvester Kahakwa, Isaac Kalimi, Ogbu U. Kalu, Eunice Kamaara, Wayne C. Kannaday, Musimbi Kanyoro, Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, Frank Kaufmann, Léon Nguapitshi Kayongo, Richard Kearney, Alice A. Keefe, Ralph Keen, Catherine Keller, Anthony J. Kelly, Karen Kennelly, Kathi Lynn Kern, Fergus Kerr, Edward Kessler, George Kilcourse, Heup Young Kim, Kim Sung-Hae, Kim Yong-Bock, Kim Yung Suk, Richard King, Thomas M. King, Robert M. Kingdon, Ross Kinsler, Hans G. Kippenberg, Cheryl A. Kirk-Duggan, Clifton Kirkpatrick, Leonid Kishkovsky, Nadieszda Kizenko, Jeffrey Klaiber, Hans-Josef Klauck, Sidney Knight, Samuel Kobia, Robert Kolb, Karla Ann Koll, Heikki Kotila, Donald Kraybill, Philip D. W. Krey, Yves Krumenacker, Jeffrey Kah-Jin Kuan, Simanga R. Kumalo, Peter Kuzmic, Simon Shui-Man Kwan, Kwok Pui-lan, André LaCocque, Stephen E. Lahey, John Tsz Pang Lai, Emiel Lamberts, Armando Lampe, Craig Lampe, Beverly J. Lanzetta, Eve LaPlante, Lizette Larson-Miller, Ariel Bybee Laughton, Leonard Lawlor, Bentley Layton, Robin A. Leaver, Karen Lebacqz, Archie Chi Chung Lee, Marilyn J. Legge, Hervé LeGrand, D. L. LeMahieu, Raymond Lemieux, Bill J. Leonard, Ellen M. Leonard, Outi Leppä, Jean Lesaulnier, Nantawan Boonprasat Lewis, Henrietta Leyser, Alexei Lidov, Bernard Lightman, Paul Chang-Ha Lim, Carter Lindberg, Mark R. Lindsay, James R. Linville, James C. Livingston, Ann Loades, David Loades, Jean-Claude Loba-Mkole, Lo Lung Kwong, Wati Longchar, Eleazar López, David W. Lotz, Andrew Louth, Robin W. Lovin, William Luis, Frank D. Macchia, Diarmaid N. J. MacCulloch, Kirk R. MacGregor, Marjory A. MacLean, Donald MacLeod, Tomas S. Maddela, Inge Mager, Laurenti Magesa, David G. Maillu, Fortunato Mallimaci, Philip Mamalakis, Kä Mana, Ukachukwu Chris Manus, Herbert Robinson Marbury, Reuel Norman Marigza, Jacqueline Mariña, Antti Marjanen, Luiz C. L. Marques, Madipoane Masenya (ngwan'a Mphahlele), Caleb J. D. Maskell, Steve Mason, Thomas Massaro, Fernando Matamoros Ponce, András Máté-Tóth, Odair Pedroso Mateus, Dinis Matsolo, Fumitaka Matsuoka, John D'Arcy May, Yelena Mazour-Matusevich, Theodore Mbazumutima, John S. McClure, Christian McConnell, Lee Martin McDonald, Gary B. McGee, Thomas McGowan, Alister E. McGrath, Richard J. McGregor, John A. McGuckin, Maud Burnett McInerney, Elsie Anne McKee, Mary B. McKinley, James F. McMillan, Ernan McMullin, Kathleen E. McVey, M. Douglas Meeks, Monica Jyotsna Melanchthon, Ilie Melniciuc-Puica, Everett Mendoza, Raymond A. Mentzer, William W. Menzies, Ina Merdjanova, Franziska Metzger, Constant J. Mews, Marvin Meyer, Carol Meyers, Vasile Mihoc, Gunner Bjerg Mikkelsen, Maria Inêz de Castro Millen, Clyde Lee Miller, Bonnie J. Miller-McLemore, Alexander Mirkovic, Paul Misner, Nozomu Miyahira, R. W. L. Moberly, Gerald Moede, Aloo Osotsi Mojola, Sunanda Mongia, Rebeca Montemayor, James Moore, Roger E. Moore, Craig E. Morrison O.Carm, Jeffry H. Morrison, Keith Morrison, Wilson J. Moses, Tefetso Henry Mothibe, Mokgethi Motlhabi, Fulata Moyo, Henry Mugabe, Jesse Ndwiga Kanyua Mugambi, Peggy Mulambya-Kabonde, Robert Bruce Mullin, Pamela Mullins Reaves, Saskia Murk Jansen, Heleen L. Murre-Van den Berg, Augustine Musopole, Isaac M. T. Mwase, Philomena Mwaura, Cecilia Nahnfeldt, Anne Nasimiyu Wasike, Carmiña Navia Velasco, Thulani Ndlazi, Alexander Negrov, James B. Nelson, David G. Newcombe, Carol Newsom, Helen J. Nicholson, George W. E. Nickelsburg, Tatyana Nikolskaya, Damayanthi M. A. Niles, Bertil Nilsson, Nyambura Njoroge, Fidelis Nkomazana, Mary Beth Norton, Christian Nottmeier, Sonene Nyawo, Anthère Nzabatsinda, Edward T. Oakes, Gerald O'Collins, Daniel O'Connell, David W. Odell-Scott, Mercy Amba Oduyoye, Kathleen O'Grady, Oyeronke Olajubu, Thomas O'Loughlin, Dennis T. Olson, J. Steven O'Malley, Cephas N. Omenyo, Muriel Orevillo-Montenegro, César Augusto Ornellas Ramos, Agbonkhianmeghe E. Orobator, Kenan B. Osborne, Carolyn Osiek, Javier Otaola Montagne, Douglas F. Ottati, Anna May Say Pa, Irina Paert, Jerry G. Pankhurst, Aristotle Papanikolaou, Samuele F. Pardini, Stefano Parenti, Peter Paris, Sung Bae Park, Cristián G. Parker, Raquel Pastor, Joseph Pathrapankal, Daniel Patte, W. Brown Patterson, Clive Pearson, Keith F. Pecklers, Nancy Cardoso Pereira, David Horace Perkins, Pheme Perkins, Edward N. Peters, Rebecca Todd Peters, Bishop Yeznik Petrossian, Raymond Pfister, Peter C. Phan, Isabel Apawo Phiri, William S. F. Pickering, Derrick G. Pitard, William Elvis Plata, Zlatko Plese, John Plummer, James Newton Poling, Ronald Popivchak, Andrew Porter, Ute Possekel, James M. Powell, Enos Das Pradhan, Devadasan Premnath, Jaime Adrían Prieto Valladares, Anne Primavesi, Randall Prior, María Alicia Puente Lutteroth, Eduardo Guzmão Quadros, Albert Rabil, Laurent William Ramambason, Apolonio M. Ranche, Vololona Randriamanantena Andriamitandrina, Lawrence R. Rast, Paul L. Redditt, Adele Reinhartz, Rolf Rendtorff, Pål Repstad, James N. Rhodes, John K. Riches, Joerg Rieger, Sharon H. Ringe, Sandra Rios, Tyler Roberts, David M. Robinson, James M. Robinson, Joanne Maguire Robinson, Richard A. H. Robinson, Roy R. Robson, Jack B. Rogers, Maria Roginska, Sidney Rooy, Rev. Garnett Roper, Maria José Fontelas Rosado-Nunes, Andrew C. Ross, Stefan Rossbach, François Rossier, John D. Roth, John K. Roth, Phillip Rothwell, Richard E. Rubenstein, Rosemary Radford Ruether, Markku Ruotsila, John E. Rybolt, Risto Saarinen, John Saillant, Juan Sanchez, Wagner Lopes Sanchez, Hugo N. Santos, Gerhard Sauter, Gloria L. Schaab, Sandra M. Schneiders, Quentin J. Schultze, Fernando F. Segovia, Turid Karlsen Seim, Carsten Selch Jensen, Alan P. F. Sell, Frank C. Senn, Kent Davis Sensenig, Damían Setton, Bal Krishna Sharma, Carolyn J. Sharp, Thomas Sheehan, N. Gerald Shenk, Christian Sheppard, Charles Sherlock, Tabona Shoko, Walter B. Shurden, Marguerite Shuster, B. Mark Sietsema, Batara Sihombing, Neil Silberman, Clodomiro Siller, Samuel Silva-Gotay, Heikki Silvet, John K. Simmons, Hagith Sivan, James C. Skedros, Abraham Smith, Ashley A. Smith, Ted A. Smith, Daud Soesilo, Pia Søltoft, Choan-Seng (C. S.) Song, Kathryn Spink, Bryan Spinks, Eric O. Springsted, Nicolas Standaert, Brian Stanley, Glen H. Stassen, Karel Steenbrink, Stephen J. Stein, Andrea Sterk, Gregory E. Sterling, Columba Stewart, Jacques Stewart, Robert B. Stewart, Cynthia Stokes Brown, Ken Stone, Anne Stott, Elizabeth Stuart, Monya Stubbs, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, David Kwang-sun Suh, Scott W. Sunquist, Keith Suter, Douglas Sweeney, Charles H. Talbert, Shawqi N. Talia, Elsa Tamez, Joseph B. Tamney, Jonathan Y. Tan, Yak-Hwee Tan, Kathryn Tanner, Feiya Tao, Elizabeth S. Tapia, Aquiline Tarimo, Claire Taylor, Mark Lewis Taylor, Bishop Abba Samuel Wolde Tekestebirhan, Eugene TeSelle, M. Thomas Thangaraj, David R. Thomas, Andrew Thornley, Scott Thumma, Marcelo Timotheo da Costa, George E. “Tink” Tinker, Ola Tjørhom, Karen Jo Torjesen, Iain R. Torrance, Fernando Torres-Londoño, Archbishop Demetrios [Trakatellis], Marit Trelstad, Christine Trevett, Phyllis Trible, Johannes Tromp, Paul Turner, Robert G. Tuttle, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Peter Tyler, Anders Tyrberg, Justin Ukpong, Javier Ulloa, Camillus Umoh, Kristi Upson-Saia, Martina Urban, Monica Uribe, Elochukwu Eugene Uzukwu, Richard Vaggione, Gabriel Vahanian, Paul Valliere, T. J. Van Bavel, Steven Vanderputten, Peter Van der Veer, Huub Van de Sandt, Louis Van Tongeren, Luke A. Veronis, Noel Villalba, Ramón Vinke, Tim Vivian, David Voas, Elena Volkova, Katharina von Kellenbach, Elina Vuola, Timothy Wadkins, Elaine M. Wainwright, Randi Jones Walker, Dewey D. Wallace, Jerry Walls, Michael J. Walsh, Philip Walters, Janet Walton, Jonathan L. Walton, Wang Xiaochao, Patricia A. Ward, David Harrington Watt, Herold D. Weiss, Laurence L. Welborn, Sharon D. Welch, Timothy Wengert, Traci C. West, Merold Westphal, David Wetherell, Barbara Wheeler, Carolinne White, Jean-Paul Wiest, Frans Wijsen, Terry L. Wilder, Felix Wilfred, Rebecca Wilkin, Daniel H. Williams, D. Newell Williams, Michael A. Williams, Vincent L. Wimbush, Gabriele Winkler, Anders Winroth, Lauri Emílio Wirth, James A. Wiseman, Ebba Witt-Brattström, Teofil Wojciechowski, John Wolffe, Kenman L. Wong, Wong Wai Ching, Linda Woodhead, Wendy M. Wright, Rose Wu, Keith E. Yandell, Gale A. Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
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- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
- Published online:
- 05 August 2012
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- 20 September 2010, pp xi-xliv
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Contributors
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- By Gareth Allen, Rowan Burnstein, Mick Cafferkey, Joseph Carter, Jonathan Cole, Giles Critchley, Marek Czosnyka, Egidio J. da Silva, Bruce Downey, Susan Dutch, Jonathan J. Evans, Peter Farling, Judith Fewings, Clare N. Gallagher, Helen M. K. Gooday, Arun K. Gupta, Adel Helmy, Camilla Herbert, David A. Hilton, Peter J. Hutchinson, Roisin Jack, Thérèse Jackson, Deva S. Jeyaretna, Peter J. Kirkpatrick, W. Hiu Lam, Fiona Lecky, Paul McArdle, Duncan McAuley, William W. McKinlay, Chris Maimaris, Alexander R. Manara, Anjum Memon, Patrick Mitchell, H. C. Patel, Brian Pentland, Puneet Plaha, Ann-Marie Pringle, Richard Protheroe, Heinke Pülhorn, Robert Redfern, Jane V. Russell, Ayan Sen, Martin Smith, Fiona Summers, Matthew J. C. Thomas, Elfyn O. Thomas, I. Timofeev, Lorna Torrens, Rikin A. Trivedi, Martin B. Walker, Laurence Watkins, Ruwan Alwis Weerakkody, Peter C. Whitfield, Maggie Whyte, Maralyn Woodford
- Edited by Peter C. Whitfield, Elfyn O. Thomas, Fiona Summers, Maggie Whyte, Peter J. Hutchinson
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- Book:
- Head Injury
- Published online:
- 25 January 2010
- Print publication:
- 09 April 2009, pp ix-xii
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Genetics. By M. W. Strickberger Pp. x+835. (MacMillan, New York, 1968) Price 80s.
- C. O. Carter
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- Journal of Biosocial Science / Volume 1 / Issue 3 / July 1969
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 31 July 2008, pp. 273-276
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Spina bifida and anencephaly: a problem in genetic–environmental interaction
- C. O. Carter
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- Journal of Biosocial Science / Volume 1 / Issue 1 / January 1969
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 31 July 2008, pp. 71-83
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Anencephaly and spina bifida cystica, malformations of the central nervous system, are due to failure of closure of the neural tube. These malformations are a major cause of stillbirth, infant death and (in the case of spina bifida) of childhood morbidity in Britain today.
Their aetiology is not known in detail. There are, however, indications from family studies and from the striking racial variation in their incidence (which is in part at least maintained after migration) that genetic factors are important in their causation. There is also evidence from maternal age and birth order effects, secular and seasonal variation, and social class effects that environmental factors also are important in their aetiology.
Growth and Physical Properties of MOCVD-Deposited Hafnium Oxide Films and Their Properties on Silicon
- S. Van Elshocht, M. Caymax, S. De Gendt, T. Conard, J. Pétry, M. Claes, T. Witters, C. Zhao, B. Brijs, O. Richard, H. Bender, W. Vandervorst, R. Carter, J. Kluth, L. Daté, D. Pique, M. M. Heyns
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- Journal:
- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 745 / 2002
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 11 February 2011, N5.15
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- 2002
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This paper discusses metal organic chemical vapor deposited (MOCVD) HfO2 layers using tetrakis(diethylamido)hafnium (TDEAH) as precursor. We have studied the influence of the starting surface and deposition temperature on the growth kinetics and physical properties of the HfO2 layers. Important characteristics such as crystalline state, density, and organic contamination in the layers were found to be dependent on these parameters.
Typical for this deposition process is the formation of an interfacial layer underneath the high-k layer. Its composition and thickness, affecting scaling of the equivalent oxide thickness, are shown to be closely related to the HfO2 process parameters mentioned above.
Finally, we will show electrical results for HfO2/polySi gate stacks indicating the effect for deposition temperature.
The Influence of Defects on Compatibility and Yield of the HfO2-PolySilicon Gate Stack for CMOS Integration
- V. S. Kaushik, S. DeGendt, R. Carter, M. Claes, E. Rohr, L. Pantisano, J. Kluth, A. Kerber, V. Cosnier, E. Cartier, W. Tsai, E. Young, M. Green, J. Chen, S-A. Jang, S. Lin, A. Delabie, S. V. Elshocht, Y. Manabe, O. Richard, C. Zhao, H. Bender, M. Caymax, M. Heyns
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- Journal:
- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 747 / 2002
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 11 February 2011, T6.7/N8.7
- Print publication:
- 2002
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Hafnium-based dielectrics are under wide consideration for high-K gate dielectric applications. Since the gate electrode typically used in CMOS integration consists of polysilicon with n- or p-type dopants, compatibility of the HfO2 layer with the polySi deposition and dopant activation steps is critical. Capacitors were fabricated with HfO2 films deposited by ALD and MOCVD, and using polysilicon gate electrodes deposited by CVD processes. These devices showed leakage failures with yields that were observed to depend on the area, dielectric thickness and annealing conditions during the process. Investigation of the root cause of these leakage failures suggested that the leakage failures may be caused by a defect-related mechanism. The implication of this is that the leakage occurs at localized ‘defect’ sites rather than broadly through the HfO2 layer. Emission microscopy analysis and physical characterization of the HfO2 film were used to corroborate the proposed model. Defect density was observed to be strongly dependent on the processing of the dielectric film. In order to make Hf-based dielectric stacks compatible with polysilicon for conventional CMOS transistor integration with acceptable yield, further postdeposition treatment may be necessary to eliminate or cure the defects.
The Influence of Defects on Compatibility and Yield of the HfO2-PolySilicon Gate Stack for CMOS Integration
- V. S. Kaushik, S. DeGendt, R. Carter, M. Claes, E. Rohr, L. Pantisano, J. Kluth, A. Kerber, V. Cosnier, E. Cartier, W. Tsai, E. Young, M. Green, J. Chen, S-A. Jang, S. Lin, A. Delabie, S.V. Elshocht, Y. Manabe, O. Richard, C. Zhao, H. Bender, M. Caymax, M. Heyns
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- Journal:
- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 745 / 2002
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 11 February 2011, N8.7/T6.7
- Print publication:
- 2002
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Hafnium-based dielectrics are under wide consideration for high-K gate dielectric applications. Since the gate electrode typically used in CMOS integration consists of polysilicon with n- or p-type dopants, compatibility of the HfO2 layer with the polySi deposition and dopant activation steps is critical. Capacitors were fabricated with HfO2 films deposited by ALD and MOCVD, and using polysilicon gate electrodes deposited by CVD processes. These devices showed leakage failures with yields that were observed to depend on the area, dielectric thickness and annealing conditions during the process. Investigation of the root cause of these leakage failures suggested that the leakage failures may be caused by a defect-related mechanism. The implication of this is that the leakage occurs at localized ‘defect’ sites rather than broadly through the HfO2 layer. Emission microscopy analysis and physical characterization of the HfO2 film were used to corroborate the proposed model. Defect density was observed to be strongly dependent on the processing of the dielectric film. In order to make Hf-based dielectric stacks compatible with polysilicon for conventional CMOS transistor integration with acceptable yield, further postdeposition treatment may be necessary to eliminate or cure the defects.
A COMPARISON OF CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINE APPRAISAL INSTRUMENTS
- Ian D. Graham, Lisa A. Calder, Paul C. Hébert, Anne O. Carter, Jacqueline M. Tetroe
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- Journal:
- International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care / Volume 16 / Issue 04 / October 2000
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 25 May 2001, pp. 1024-1038
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Objective: To identify and compare clinical practice guideline appraisal instruments.
Methods: Appraisal instruments, defined as instruments intended to be used for guideline evaluation, were identified by searching MEDLINE (1966–99) using the Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) practice guidelines, reviewing bibliographies of the retrieved articles, and contacting authors of guideline appraisal instruments. Two reviewers independently examined the questions/statements from all the instruments and thematically grouped them. The 44 groupings were collapsed into 10 guideline attributes. Using the items, two reviewers independently undertook a content analysis of the instruments.
Results: Fifteen instruments were identified, and two were excluded because they were not focused on evaluation. All instruments were developed after 1992 and contained 8 to 142 questions/statements. Of the 44 items used for the content analysis, the number of items covered by each instrument ranged from 6 to 34. Only the instrument by Cluzeau and colleagues included at least one item for each of the 10 attributes, and it addressed 28 of the 44 items. This instrument and that of Shaneyfelt et al. are the only instruments that have so far been validated.
Conclusions: A comprehensive, concise, and valid instrument could help users systematically judge the quality and utility of clinical practice guidelines. The current instruments vary widely in length and comprehensiveness. There is insufficient evidence to support the exclusive use of any one instrument, although the Cluzeau instrument has received the greatest evaluation. More research is required on the reliability and validity of existing guideline appraisal instruments before any one instrument can become widely adopted.
Characterization of Thick 4H-SiC Hot-Wall CVD Layers
- M. J. Paisley, K. G. Irvine, O. Kordina, R. Singh, J. W. Palmour, C. H. Carter, Jr
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- Journal:
- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 572 / 1999
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 10 February 2011, 167
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- 1999
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Epitaxial 4H-SiC layers suitable for high power devices have been grown in a hot-wall chemical-vapor deposition (CVD) system. These layers were subsequently characterized for many parameters important in device development and production. The uniformity of both thickness and doping will be presented.
Doping trends vs. temperature and growth rate will be shown for the p-type dopant used. The n-type dopant drops in concentration with increasing temperature or increasing growth rate. In contrast, the p-type dopant increases in concentration with decreasing temperature or increasing growth rate. A simple descriptive model for this behavior will be presented.
The outcome from capacitance-voltage and SIMS measurements demonstrate that transitions from n to n−, or p to p−, and even n to p levels can be made quickly without adjustment to growth conditions. The ability to produce sharp transitions without process changes avoids degrading the resulting surface morphology or repeatability of the process. Avoiding process changes is particularly important in growth of thick layers since surface roughness tends to increase with layer thickness.
Device results from diodes producing two different blocking voltages in excess of 5 kV will also be shown. The higher voltage diodes exhibited a breakdown behavior which was near the theoretical limit for the epitaxial layer thickness and doping level grown.
5.5 kV Bipolar Diodes From High Quality CVD 411-SiC
- K. G. Irvine, R. Singh, M. J. Paisley, J. W. Palmour, O. Kordina, C. H. Carter, Jr.
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- Journal:
- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 512 / 1998
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 10 February 2011, 119
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- 1998
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Thick, high quality 4H-SiC material suitable for high power devices has been grown in a hot-wall reactor. Recent improvements to the growth process have improved our thickness uniformity over a 50mm wafer to less than 1% and the doping uniformity to less than 5%, both values expressed as σ/mean.
A record breaking reverse blocking voltage of 5.5 kV was obtained on P-i-N diodes fabricated from a 85μm thick film. The on-state voltage drop was 5.4 V at 100 A/cm2. From this on-state voltage drop, the carrier lifetime was estimated in excess of 1μs.
Spectroscopical Imaging of Star-Forming Regions
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- By J. M. Mas-Hesse, Laboratorio de Astrofísica Espacial y Física Fundamental, POB 50727, E-28080 Madrid, Spain, C. Muñoz Tuñon, Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, E-38200 La Laguna, Spain, J. M. Vilchez, Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, E-38200 La Laguna, Spain, H. O. Castañeda, Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, E-38200 La Laguna, Spain, D. Carter, Royal Greenwich Observatory, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0EZ, UK
- G. Tenorio-Tagle, Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, Tenerife
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- Book:
- Violent Star Formation
- Published online:
- 10 November 2010
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- 22 September 1994, pp 125-130
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Summary
As part of the GEFE collaboration, observations of star-forming regions with high spectral resolution and long-slit sampling are being undertaken. 2D maps of physical parameters like density, excitation, extinction…etc. have been produced with 1″ spatial resolution and 2″ spatial sampling. Some preliminary results on the giant HII Region NGC 5471 and the irregular galaxy NGC 4214 are presented. Very high velocity components have been detected at some particular positions on the nebulae, as well as other peculiar kinematical structures (redshifted secondary emission peaks, line splitting etc.). The whole emitting area of NGC 5471 behaves as a unique entity with respect to excitation, with no correlation with the emitting knots. On the other hand, differentiated star-forming regions can be identified on NGC 4214. Finally, the distribution of dust particles seems to be rather inhomogeneous and anticorrelated with the distribution of emission-line intensities.
Introduction: aim and targets
The ultimate aim of the GEFE collaboration is to determine which are the physical parameters that control the formation of a violent burst of star formation. Within this framework and in order to fulfil this main objective it is important to know the physical properties of star-forming regions with high enough spatial resolution as to determine variations of the measurable parameters within the emitting nebulae. We aim to use measurements of age, excitation degree, velocity dispersion and chemical composition to know whether we are dealing with single star-forming regions or with well differentiated physical entities within a patch of ionized gas, which cause misinterpretation in our understanding of the “physical object” (Muñoz-Tuñón et al. 1993).
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