46 results
Expedient and efficient: an Early Mesolithic composite implement from Krzyż Wielkopolski
- Jacek Kabaciński, Auréade Henry, Éva David, Maxime Rageot, Carole Cheval, Małgorzata Winiarska-Kabacińska, Martine Regert, Arnaud Mazuy, François Orange
-
- Article
-
- You have access Access
- Open access
- HTML
- Export citation
-
The Northern European Mesolithic is well known for the manufacture of composite tools and weapons for specialised purposes. A composite implement recovered from the Early Holocene site of Krzyż Wielkopolski 7 in Poland, dated to the Preboreal/Boreal transition, raises questions about expediency versus efficiency in the fabrication of these artefacts. Here, the authors characterise its materials and production: a bone splinter mounted on a shaft of pine wood, secured with bast ligatures coated in birch bark tar. While the manufacture of the implement's individual components can be characterised as ‘expedient’, the finished implement is, however, complex, efficient and durable.
Enhancing precision of the 16-item Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE-16) using Rasch methodology
- Quoc Cuong Truong, Carol Choo, Katya Numbers, Alexander G. Merkin, Perminder S. Sachdev, Valery L. Feigin, Henry Brodaty, Nicole A. Kochan, Oleg N. Medvedev
-
- Journal:
- International Psychogeriatrics / Volume 36 / Issue 3 / March 2024
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 19 November 2021, pp. 166-176
-
- Article
- Export citation
-
Objective:
This study aimed to investigate psychometric properties and enhance precision of the 16-item Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE-16) up to interval-level scale using Rasch methodology.
Design:Partial Credit Rasch model was applied to the IQCODE-16 scores using longitudinal data spanning 10 years of biennial follow-up.
Setting:Community-dwelling older adults aged 70–90 years and their informants, living in Sydney, Australia, participated in the longitudinal Sydney Memory and Ageing Study (MAS).
Participants:The sample included 400 participants of the MAS aged 70 years and older, 109 out of those were diagnosed with dementia 10 years after the baseline assessment.
Measurements:The IQCODE-16.
Results:Initial analysis indicated excellent reliability of the IQCODE-16, Person Separation Index (PSI) = 0.92, but there were four misfitting items and local dependency issues. Combining locally dependent items into four super-items resulted in the best Rasch model fit with no misfitting or locally dependent items, strict unidimensionality, strong reliability, and invariance across person factors such as participants’ diagnosis and relationship to their informants, as well as informants’ age and sex. This permitted the generation of conversion algorithms to transform ordinal scores into interval data to enhance precision of measurement.
Conclusions:The IQCODE-16 demonstrated strong reliability and satisfied expectations of the unidimensional Rasch model after minor modifications. Ordinal-to-interval transformation tables published here can be used to increase accuracy of the IQCODE-16 without altering its current format. These findings could contribute to enhancement of precision in assessing clinical conditions such as cognitive decline in older people.
Assessing the patient experience of anal and rectal cancer MR simulation for radiotherapy treatment planning
- David Bird, Sinead Pearce, Mark Teo, Alexandra Gilbert, Nathalie Casanova, Rachel Cooper, Carole Burnett, David Sebag-Montefiore, Richard Speight, Ann M. Henry, Bashar Al-Qaisieh
-
- Journal:
- Journal of Radiotherapy in Practice / Volume 21 / Issue 4 / December 2022
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 06 April 2021, pp. 487-492
-
- Article
-
- You have access Access
- Open access
- HTML
- Export citation
-
Aim:
The patient experience of radiotherapy magnetic resonance (MR) simulation is unknown. This study aims to evaluate the patient experience of MR simulation in comparison to computed tomography (CT) simulation, identifying the quality of patient experience and pathway changes which could improve patient experience outcomes.
Materials and Methods:MR simulation was acquired for 46 anal and rectal cancer patients. Patient experience questionnaires were provided directly after MR simulation. Questionnaire responses were assessed after 33 patients (cohort one). Changes to the scanning pathway were identified and implemented. The impact of changes was assessed by cohort two (13 patients).
Results:Response rates were 85% (cohort one) and 54% (cohort two). 75% of cohort one respondents found the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) experience to be better or similar to their CT experience. Implemented changes included routine use of blankets, earplugs and headphones, music and feet-first positioning and further MRI protocol optimisation. All cohort two respondents found the MRI experience to be better or similar to the CT experience.
Findings:MR simulation can be a comfortable and positive experience that is comparable to that of standard radiotherapy CT simulation. Special attention is required due to the fundamental differences between CT and MRI scanning.
The Maintaining Factors of Social Anxiety: A Three-Group Comparison of a Clinical Sample with Highly Socially Anxious Students and Non-Anxious Students
- Sonja Skocic, Henry Jackson, Carol Hulbert, Christina Faber
-
- Journal:
- Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy / Volume 44 / Issue 4 / July 2016
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 05 November 2015, pp. 385-396
- Print publication:
- July 2016
-
- Article
- Export citation
-
Background: Clark and Wells' (1995) cognitive model of social anxiety (CWM) explains the maintenance of social anxiety and has been used as a guide for treatment of Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD). Few studies have examined the components of the model together across different samples. Aims: This study had two distinct aims: to test the components of CWM and to examine how the variables of CWM may differ between clinical and non-clinical samples with varying levels of social anxiety. Method: Hypothesized relationships between three groups (i.e. a clinical sample of individuals diagnosed with SAD (ClinS), n = 40; socially anxious students (HSA), n = 40; and, non-anxious students (LSA), n = 40) were investigated. Results: Four out of five CWM variables tested were able to distinguish between highly socially anxious and non-anxious groups after controlling for age and depression. Conclusions: CWM variables are able to distinguish between high and low levels of social anxiety and are uniquely related to social anxiety over depression.
Reliability of the MMSE Administered In-Person and by Telehealth
- Wendaline McEachern, Andrew Kirk, Debra G. Morgan, Margaret Crossley, Carol Henry
-
- Journal:
- Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Volume 35 / Issue 5 / November 2008
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 02 December 2014, pp. 643-646
-
- Article
-
- You have access Access
- Export citation
-
Background:
Recent advances in telehealth have improved access to health care for those in rural areas. It is important that examinations conducted via telehealth are comparable to in-person testing. A rural and remote memory clinic in Saskatoon provided an opportunity to compare scores on the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) administered in-person and via telehealth.
Methods:After an initial one day assessment in Saskatoon, patients were seen in follow-up at 6 and 12 weeks. Individual patients were randomly assigned to either in-person follow-up assessment in Saskatoon or telehealth assessment in their home community. Patients who initially received in-person assessments were seen by telehealth for their next follow-up visit and vice-versa. The same neurologist administered MMSEs at all visits. The first 71 patients with both 6 and 12 week follow-up assessments were included in this study. The scores of in-person and telehealth MMSE administrations were compared using the methods of Bland and Altman as well as a paired t-test.
Results:MMSE scores did not differ significantly between telehealth (22.34 +/- 6.35) and in-person (22.70 +/- 6.51) assessments.
Conclusion:Telehealth provides an acceptable means of assessing mental status of patients in remote areas.
Contributors
-
- By Juliette Atkinson, Josie Billington, Alicia Carroll, Dermot Coleman, Delia da Sousa Correa, Robert Dingley, Kieran Dolin, Judith Flanders, Elizabeth Gargano, Moira Gatens, Kyriaki Hadjiafxendi, Margaret Harris, Nancy Henry, Clair Hughes, Kathryn Hughes, Judith Johnston, Ruth Livesey, Oliver Lovesey, Carol A. Martin, Richard Menke, Pauline Nestor, Leonée Ormond, Melissa Raines, Michael Rectenwald, John Rignall, Joanne Shattock, Lynn Voskuil, Joanne Wilkes
- Edited by Margaret Harris, University of Sydney
-
- Book:
- George Eliot in Context
- Published online:
- 05 June 2013
- Print publication:
- 30 May 2013, pp xii-xvi
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
Regional Health System Response to the Virginia Tech Mass Casualty Incident
- Lisa Kaplowitz, Morris Reece, Jody Henry Hershey, Carol M. Gilbert, Italo Subbarao
-
- Journal:
- Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness / Volume 1 / Issue S1 / September 2007
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 08 April 2013, pp. S9-S13
-
- Article
- Export citation
-
Background: On April 16, 2007 a mass shooting occurred on the campus of Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech). Due to both distance and weather, air transport of the injured directly to a level 1 trauma center was not possible. The injured received all of their care or were initially stabilized at 3 primary hospitals that either had a level 3 trauma center designation or no trauma center designation.
Methods: This article is a retrospective analysis of the regional health system (prehospital, hospital, regional hospital emergency operations center, and public health local and state) response. Data records from all of the regional responding emergency medical services, hospitals, and coordinating services were reviewed and analyzed. Records for all 26 patients were reviewed and analyzed using triage designations, injury severity scores (ISS), and critical mortality.
Results: Twenty-five of the 26 patients were triaged in the field. Excluding 1 patient (asthma), the average ISS for victims presenting was 8.2. Twelve patients had an ISS of ≥9, and 5 had an ISS score of ≥15. Ten of the 26 patients (38%) required urgent intervention and surgery in the first 24 hours. The overall regional health system mortality of victims received was 3.8% (1 death [excluding 1 dead on arrival {DOA}]/ 26 victims from scene). The regional health system critical mortality rate (excluding 1 victim who was DOA) was 20% (1/5).
Discussion: The outcomes of the Virginia Tech mass casualty incident, as evidenced by the low overall regional health system mortality of victims received at 3.8% (1/26) and low critical mortality rate (excluding 1 victim who was DOA) of 20%, coupled with a need to treat a significant amount of moderately injured victims 46% (12/26 with ISS ≥9) gives credence to the successful response. The successful response occurred as a consequence of regional collaborative planning, training, and exercising, which resulted not only in increased expertise and improved communications but also in essential relationships and a sense of trust forged among all of the responders. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2007;1(Suppl 1):S9–S13)
Contributors
-
- By Judith Allen, Sanja Bahun, Suzanne Bellamy, Jessica Berman, Ian Blyth, Carole Bourne-Taylor, David Bradshaw, Claire Colebrook, Lisa L. Coleman, Patricia Morgne Cramer, Madelyn Detloff, Anne E. Fernald, Jane Goldman, Elena Gualtieri, Holly Henry, Ruth Hoberman, Margaret Homans, Maggie Humm, Mark Hussey, Vassiliki Kolocotroni, Jane Lilienfeld, Perry Meisel, Pam Morris, Linden Peach, Darya Protopopova, Bryony Randall, Derek Ryan, Sonita Sarker, Bonnie Kime Scott, Drew Patrick Shannon, Kathryn Simpson, Anna Snaith, Heidi Stalla, Thaine Stearns, Randall Stevenson, Jim Stewart, Emma Sutton, Michael H. Whitworth, E. H. Wright
- Edited by Bryony Randall, University of Glasgow, Jane Goldman, University of Glasgow
-
- Book:
- Virginia Woolf in Context
- Published online:
- 05 January 2013
- Print publication:
- 17 December 2012, pp ix-x
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
Contributors
-
- By Pascale Aebischer, K. E. Attar, Laura Aydelotte, Helen Barr, Sibylle Baumbach, Robert Bearman, Jacquelyn Bessell, Todd Borlik, Charlotte Brewer, Henry Buchanan, Hal Cobb, Brian Cummings, Paul Edmondson, Andrew James Hartley, Michael Hattaway, Andreas Höfele, Russell Jackson, Michael P. Jensen, John Jowett, Matt Kozusko, Jesse M. Lander, Laura Levine, Toby Malone, Russ McDonald, Carol Thomas Neely, Eric Rasmussen, Carol Chillington Rutter, Michael Saenger, Charlotte Scott, James Shaw, Margaret Shewring, Stuart Sillars, Holger Schott Syme, Curt L. Tofteland, Margaret Tudeau-Clayton, Roger Warren, Robert N. Watson, Stanley Wells
- Edited by Peter Holland, University of Notre Dame, Indiana
-
- Book:
- Shakespeare Survey
- Published online:
- 05 December 2012
- Print publication:
- 08 November 2012, pp vi-vii
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
Contributors
-
- By Phillip L. Ackerman, Soon Ang, Susan M. Barnett, G. David Batty, Anna S. Beninger, Jillian Brass, Meghan M. Burke, Nancy Cantor, Priyanka B. Carr, David R. Caruso, Stephen J. Ceci, Lillia Cherkasskiy, Joanna Christodoulou, Andrew R. A. Conway, Christine E. Daley, Janet E. Davidson, Jim Davies, Katie Davis, Ian J. Deary, Colin G. DeYoung, Ron Dumont, Carol S. Dweck, Linn Van Dyne, Pascale M. J. Engel de Abreu, Joseph F. Fagan, David Henry Feldman, Kurt W. Fischer, Marisa H. Fisher, James R. Flynn, Liane Gabora, Howard Gardner, Glenn Geher, Sarah J. Getz, Judith Glück, Ashok K. Goel, Megan M. Griffin, Elena L. Grigorenko, Richard J. Haier, Diane F. Halpern, Christopher Hertzog, Robert M. Hodapp, Earl Hunt, Alan S. Kaufman, James C. Kaufman, Scott Barry Kaufman, Iris A. Kemp, John F. Kihlstrom, Joni M. Lakin, Christina S. Lee, David F. Lohman, N. J. Mackintosh, Brooke Macnamara, Samuel D. Mandelman, John D. Mayer, Richard E. Mayer, Martha J. Morelock, Ted Nettelbeck, Raymond S. Nickerson, Weihua Niu, Anthony J. Onwuegbuzie, Jonathan A. Plucker, Sally M. Reis, Joseph S. Renzulli, Heiner Rindermann, L. Todd Rose, Anne Russon, Peter Salovey, Scott Seider, Ellen L. Short, Keith E. Stanovich, Ursula M. Staudinger, Robert J. Sternberg, Carli A. Straight, Lisa A. Suzuki, Mei Ling Tan, Maggie E. Toplak, Susana Urbina, Richard K. Wagner, Richard F. West, Wendy M. Williams, John O. Willis, Thomas R. Zentall
- Edited by Robert J. Sternberg, Oklahoma State University, Scott Barry Kaufman, New York University
-
- Book:
- The Cambridge Handbook of Intelligence
- Published online:
- 05 June 2012
- Print publication:
- 30 May 2011, pp xi-xiv
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
Contributors
-
- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. Chapman, James H. Charlesworth, Kenneth R. Chase, Chen Zemin, Luciano Chianeque, Philip Chia Phin Yin, Francisca H. Chimhanda, Daniel Chiquete, John T. Chirban, Soobin Choi, Robert Choquette, Mita Choudhury, Gerald Christianson, John Chryssavgis, Sejong Chun, Esther Chung-Kim, Charles M. A. Clark, Elizabeth A. Clark, Sathianathan Clarke, Fred Cloud, John B. Cobb, W. Owen Cole, John A Coleman, John J. Collins, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Paul K. Conkin, Beth A. Conklin, Sean Connolly, Demetrios J. Constantelos, Michael A. Conway, Paula M. Cooey, Austin Cooper, Michael L. Cooper-White, Pamela Cooper-White, L. William Countryman, Sérgio Coutinho, Pamela Couture, Shannon Craigo-Snell, James L. Crenshaw, David Crowner, Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Elizabeth Mason Currier, Emmanuel Cutrone, Mary L. Daniel, David D. Daniels, Robert Darden, Rolf Darge, Isaiah Dau, Jeffry C. Davis, Jane Dawson, Valentin Dedji, John W. de Gruchy, Paul DeHart, Wendy J. Deichmann Edwards, Miguel A. De La Torre, George E. Demacopoulos, Thomas de Mayo, Leah DeVun, Beatriz de Vasconcellos Dias, Dennis C. Dickerson, John M. Dillon, Luis Miguel Donatello, Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, Susanna Drake, Jonathan A. Draper, N. Dreher Martin, Otto Dreydoppel, Angelyn Dries, A. J. Droge, Francis X. D'Sa, Marilyn Dunn, Nicole Wilkinson Duran, Rifaat Ebied, Mark J. Edwards, William H. Edwards, Leonard H. Ehrlich, Nancy L. Eiesland, Martin Elbel, J. Harold Ellens, Stephen Ellingson, Marvin M. Ellison, Robert Ellsberg, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Eldon Jay Epp, Peter C. Erb, Tassilo Erhardt, Maria Erling, Noel Leo Erskine, Gillian R. Evans, Virginia Fabella, Michael A. Fahey, Edward Farley, Margaret A. Farley, Wendy Farley, Robert Fastiggi, Seena Fazel, Duncan S. Ferguson, Helwar Figueroa, Paul Corby Finney, Kyriaki Karidoyanes FitzGerald, Thomas E. FitzGerald, John R. Fitzmier, Marie Therese Flanagan, Sabina Flanagan, Claude Flipo, Ronald B. Flowers, Carole Fontaine, David Ford, Mary Ford, Stephanie A. Ford, Jim Forest, William Franke, Robert M. Franklin, Ruth Franzén, Edward H. Friedman, Samuel Frouisou, Lorelei F. Fuchs, Jojo M. Fung, Inger Furseth, Richard R. Gaillardetz, Brandon Gallaher, China Galland, Mark Galli, Ismael García, Tharscisse Gatwa, Jean-Marie Gaudeul, Luis María Gavilanes del Castillo, Pavel L. Gavrilyuk, Volney P. Gay, Metropolitan Athanasios Geevargis, Kondothra M. George, Mary Gerhart, Simon Gikandi, Maurice Gilbert, Michael J. Gillgannon, Verónica Giménez Beliveau, Terryl Givens, Beth Glazier-McDonald, Philip Gleason, Menghun Goh, Brian Golding, Bishop Hilario M. Gomez, Michelle A. Gonzalez, Donald K. Gorrell, Roy Gottfried, Tamara Grdzelidze, Joel B. Green, Niels Henrik Gregersen, Cristina Grenholm, Herbert Griffiths, Eric W. Gritsch, Erich S. Gruen, Christoffer H. Grundmann, Paul H. Gundani, Jon P. Gunnemann, Petre Guran, Vidar L. Haanes, Jeremiah M. Hackett, Getatchew Haile, Douglas John Hall, Nicholas Hammond, Daphne Hampson, Jehu J. Hanciles, Barry Hankins, Jennifer Haraguchi, Stanley S. Harakas, Anthony John Harding, Conrad L. Harkins, J. William Harmless, Marjory Harper, Amir Harrak, Joel F. Harrington, Mark W. Harris, Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Van A. Harvey, R. Chris Hassel, Jione Havea, Daniel Hawk, Diana L. Hayes, Leslie Hayes, Priscilla Hayner, S. Mark Heim, Simo Heininen, Richard P. Heitzenrater, Eila Helander, David Hempton, Scott H. Hendrix, Jan-Olav Henriksen, Gina Hens-Piazza, Carter Heyward, Nicholas J. Higham, David Hilliard, Norman A. Hjelm, Peter C. Hodgson, Arthur Holder, M. Jan Holton, Dwight N. Hopkins, Ronnie Po-chia Hsia, Po-Ho Huang, James Hudnut-Beumler, Jennifer S. Hughes, Leonard M. Hummel, Mary E. Hunt, Laennec Hurbon, Mark Hutchinson, Susan E. Hylen, Mary Beth Ingham, H. Larry Ingle, Dale T. Irvin, Jon Isaak, Paul John Isaak, Ada María Isasi-Díaz, Hans Raun Iversen, Margaret C. Jacob, Arthur James, Maria Jansdotter-Samuelsson, David Jasper, Werner G. Jeanrond, Renée Jeffery, David Lyle Jeffrey, Theodore W. Jennings, David H. Jensen, Robin Margaret Jensen, David Jobling, Dale A. Johnson, Elizabeth A. Johnson, Maxwell E. Johnson, Sarah Johnson, Mark D. Johnston, F. Stanley Jones, James William Jones, John R. Jones, Alissa Jones Nelson, Inge Jonsson, Jan Joosten, Elizabeth Judd, Mulambya Peggy Kabonde, Robert Kaggwa, Sylvester Kahakwa, Isaac Kalimi, Ogbu U. Kalu, Eunice Kamaara, Wayne C. Kannaday, Musimbi Kanyoro, Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, Frank Kaufmann, Léon Nguapitshi Kayongo, Richard Kearney, Alice A. Keefe, Ralph Keen, Catherine Keller, Anthony J. Kelly, Karen Kennelly, Kathi Lynn Kern, Fergus Kerr, Edward Kessler, George Kilcourse, Heup Young Kim, Kim Sung-Hae, Kim Yong-Bock, Kim Yung Suk, Richard King, Thomas M. King, Robert M. Kingdon, Ross Kinsler, Hans G. Kippenberg, Cheryl A. Kirk-Duggan, Clifton Kirkpatrick, Leonid Kishkovsky, Nadieszda Kizenko, Jeffrey Klaiber, Hans-Josef Klauck, Sidney Knight, Samuel Kobia, Robert Kolb, Karla Ann Koll, Heikki Kotila, Donald Kraybill, Philip D. W. Krey, Yves Krumenacker, Jeffrey Kah-Jin Kuan, Simanga R. Kumalo, Peter Kuzmic, Simon Shui-Man Kwan, Kwok Pui-lan, André LaCocque, Stephen E. Lahey, John Tsz Pang Lai, Emiel Lamberts, Armando Lampe, Craig Lampe, Beverly J. Lanzetta, Eve LaPlante, Lizette Larson-Miller, Ariel Bybee Laughton, Leonard Lawlor, Bentley Layton, Robin A. Leaver, Karen Lebacqz, Archie Chi Chung Lee, Marilyn J. Legge, Hervé LeGrand, D. L. LeMahieu, Raymond Lemieux, Bill J. Leonard, Ellen M. Leonard, Outi Leppä, Jean Lesaulnier, Nantawan Boonprasat Lewis, Henrietta Leyser, Alexei Lidov, Bernard Lightman, Paul Chang-Ha Lim, Carter Lindberg, Mark R. Lindsay, James R. Linville, James C. Livingston, Ann Loades, David Loades, Jean-Claude Loba-Mkole, Lo Lung Kwong, Wati Longchar, Eleazar López, David W. Lotz, Andrew Louth, Robin W. Lovin, William Luis, Frank D. Macchia, Diarmaid N. J. MacCulloch, Kirk R. MacGregor, Marjory A. MacLean, Donald MacLeod, Tomas S. Maddela, Inge Mager, Laurenti Magesa, David G. Maillu, Fortunato Mallimaci, Philip Mamalakis, Kä Mana, Ukachukwu Chris Manus, Herbert Robinson Marbury, Reuel Norman Marigza, Jacqueline Mariña, Antti Marjanen, Luiz C. L. Marques, Madipoane Masenya (ngwan'a Mphahlele), Caleb J. D. Maskell, Steve Mason, Thomas Massaro, Fernando Matamoros Ponce, András Máté-Tóth, Odair Pedroso Mateus, Dinis Matsolo, Fumitaka Matsuoka, John D'Arcy May, Yelena Mazour-Matusevich, Theodore Mbazumutima, John S. McClure, Christian McConnell, Lee Martin McDonald, Gary B. McGee, Thomas McGowan, Alister E. McGrath, Richard J. McGregor, John A. McGuckin, Maud Burnett McInerney, Elsie Anne McKee, Mary B. McKinley, James F. McMillan, Ernan McMullin, Kathleen E. McVey, M. Douglas Meeks, Monica Jyotsna Melanchthon, Ilie Melniciuc-Puica, Everett Mendoza, Raymond A. Mentzer, William W. Menzies, Ina Merdjanova, Franziska Metzger, Constant J. Mews, Marvin Meyer, Carol Meyers, Vasile Mihoc, Gunner Bjerg Mikkelsen, Maria Inêz de Castro Millen, Clyde Lee Miller, Bonnie J. Miller-McLemore, Alexander Mirkovic, Paul Misner, Nozomu Miyahira, R. W. L. Moberly, Gerald Moede, Aloo Osotsi Mojola, Sunanda Mongia, Rebeca Montemayor, James Moore, Roger E. Moore, Craig E. Morrison O.Carm, Jeffry H. Morrison, Keith Morrison, Wilson J. Moses, Tefetso Henry Mothibe, Mokgethi Motlhabi, Fulata Moyo, Henry Mugabe, Jesse Ndwiga Kanyua Mugambi, Peggy Mulambya-Kabonde, Robert Bruce Mullin, Pamela Mullins Reaves, Saskia Murk Jansen, Heleen L. Murre-Van den Berg, Augustine Musopole, Isaac M. T. Mwase, Philomena Mwaura, Cecilia Nahnfeldt, Anne Nasimiyu Wasike, Carmiña Navia Velasco, Thulani Ndlazi, Alexander Negrov, James B. Nelson, David G. Newcombe, Carol Newsom, Helen J. Nicholson, George W. E. Nickelsburg, Tatyana Nikolskaya, Damayanthi M. A. Niles, Bertil Nilsson, Nyambura Njoroge, Fidelis Nkomazana, Mary Beth Norton, Christian Nottmeier, Sonene Nyawo, Anthère Nzabatsinda, Edward T. Oakes, Gerald O'Collins, Daniel O'Connell, David W. Odell-Scott, Mercy Amba Oduyoye, Kathleen O'Grady, Oyeronke Olajubu, Thomas O'Loughlin, Dennis T. Olson, J. Steven O'Malley, Cephas N. Omenyo, Muriel Orevillo-Montenegro, César Augusto Ornellas Ramos, Agbonkhianmeghe E. Orobator, Kenan B. Osborne, Carolyn Osiek, Javier Otaola Montagne, Douglas F. Ottati, Anna May Say Pa, Irina Paert, Jerry G. Pankhurst, Aristotle Papanikolaou, Samuele F. Pardini, Stefano Parenti, Peter Paris, Sung Bae Park, Cristián G. Parker, Raquel Pastor, Joseph Pathrapankal, Daniel Patte, W. Brown Patterson, Clive Pearson, Keith F. Pecklers, Nancy Cardoso Pereira, David Horace Perkins, Pheme Perkins, Edward N. Peters, Rebecca Todd Peters, Bishop Yeznik Petrossian, Raymond Pfister, Peter C. Phan, Isabel Apawo Phiri, William S. F. Pickering, Derrick G. Pitard, William Elvis Plata, Zlatko Plese, John Plummer, James Newton Poling, Ronald Popivchak, Andrew Porter, Ute Possekel, James M. Powell, Enos Das Pradhan, Devadasan Premnath, Jaime Adrían Prieto Valladares, Anne Primavesi, Randall Prior, María Alicia Puente Lutteroth, Eduardo Guzmão Quadros, Albert Rabil, Laurent William Ramambason, Apolonio M. Ranche, Vololona Randriamanantena Andriamitandrina, Lawrence R. Rast, Paul L. Redditt, Adele Reinhartz, Rolf Rendtorff, Pål Repstad, James N. Rhodes, John K. Riches, Joerg Rieger, Sharon H. Ringe, Sandra Rios, Tyler Roberts, David M. Robinson, James M. Robinson, Joanne Maguire Robinson, Richard A. H. Robinson, Roy R. Robson, Jack B. Rogers, Maria Roginska, Sidney Rooy, Rev. Garnett Roper, Maria José Fontelas Rosado-Nunes, Andrew C. Ross, Stefan Rossbach, François Rossier, John D. Roth, John K. Roth, Phillip Rothwell, Richard E. Rubenstein, Rosemary Radford Ruether, Markku Ruotsila, John E. Rybolt, Risto Saarinen, John Saillant, Juan Sanchez, Wagner Lopes Sanchez, Hugo N. Santos, Gerhard Sauter, Gloria L. Schaab, Sandra M. Schneiders, Quentin J. Schultze, Fernando F. Segovia, Turid Karlsen Seim, Carsten Selch Jensen, Alan P. F. Sell, Frank C. Senn, Kent Davis Sensenig, Damían Setton, Bal Krishna Sharma, Carolyn J. Sharp, Thomas Sheehan, N. Gerald Shenk, Christian Sheppard, Charles Sherlock, Tabona Shoko, Walter B. Shurden, Marguerite Shuster, B. Mark Sietsema, Batara Sihombing, Neil Silberman, Clodomiro Siller, Samuel Silva-Gotay, Heikki Silvet, John K. Simmons, Hagith Sivan, James C. Skedros, Abraham Smith, Ashley A. Smith, Ted A. Smith, Daud Soesilo, Pia Søltoft, Choan-Seng (C. S.) Song, Kathryn Spink, Bryan Spinks, Eric O. Springsted, Nicolas Standaert, Brian Stanley, Glen H. Stassen, Karel Steenbrink, Stephen J. Stein, Andrea Sterk, Gregory E. Sterling, Columba Stewart, Jacques Stewart, Robert B. Stewart, Cynthia Stokes Brown, Ken Stone, Anne Stott, Elizabeth Stuart, Monya Stubbs, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, David Kwang-sun Suh, Scott W. Sunquist, Keith Suter, Douglas Sweeney, Charles H. Talbert, Shawqi N. Talia, Elsa Tamez, Joseph B. Tamney, Jonathan Y. Tan, Yak-Hwee Tan, Kathryn Tanner, Feiya Tao, Elizabeth S. Tapia, Aquiline Tarimo, Claire Taylor, Mark Lewis Taylor, Bishop Abba Samuel Wolde Tekestebirhan, Eugene TeSelle, M. Thomas Thangaraj, David R. Thomas, Andrew Thornley, Scott Thumma, Marcelo Timotheo da Costa, George E. “Tink” Tinker, Ola Tjørhom, Karen Jo Torjesen, Iain R. Torrance, Fernando Torres-Londoño, Archbishop Demetrios [Trakatellis], Marit Trelstad, Christine Trevett, Phyllis Trible, Johannes Tromp, Paul Turner, Robert G. Tuttle, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Peter Tyler, Anders Tyrberg, Justin Ukpong, Javier Ulloa, Camillus Umoh, Kristi Upson-Saia, Martina Urban, Monica Uribe, Elochukwu Eugene Uzukwu, Richard Vaggione, Gabriel Vahanian, Paul Valliere, T. J. Van Bavel, Steven Vanderputten, Peter Van der Veer, Huub Van de Sandt, Louis Van Tongeren, Luke A. Veronis, Noel Villalba, Ramón Vinke, Tim Vivian, David Voas, Elena Volkova, Katharina von Kellenbach, Elina Vuola, Timothy Wadkins, Elaine M. Wainwright, Randi Jones Walker, Dewey D. Wallace, Jerry Walls, Michael J. Walsh, Philip Walters, Janet Walton, Jonathan L. Walton, Wang Xiaochao, Patricia A. Ward, David Harrington Watt, Herold D. Weiss, Laurence L. Welborn, Sharon D. Welch, Timothy Wengert, Traci C. West, Merold Westphal, David Wetherell, Barbara Wheeler, Carolinne White, Jean-Paul Wiest, Frans Wijsen, Terry L. Wilder, Felix Wilfred, Rebecca Wilkin, Daniel H. Williams, D. Newell Williams, Michael A. Williams, Vincent L. Wimbush, Gabriele Winkler, Anders Winroth, Lauri Emílio Wirth, James A. Wiseman, Ebba Witt-Brattström, Teofil Wojciechowski, John Wolffe, Kenman L. Wong, Wong Wai Ching, Linda Woodhead, Wendy M. Wright, Rose Wu, Keith E. Yandell, Gale A. Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
-
- Book:
- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
- Published online:
- 05 August 2012
- Print publication:
- 20 September 2010, pp xi-xliv
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
Flow visualization in anatomically accurate, flow-through models of the main pulmonary artery trunk
- Sheri L. Carroll, Hiroshi Katayama, G. William Henry, Jose I. Ferreiro, Rudy Zalesak, Belinda Ha, Carol L. Lucas, Megha Singh, Patricia G. Lynch, Ajit P. Yoganathan
-
- Journal:
- Cardiology in the Young / Volume 2 / Issue 2 / April 1992
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 19 August 2008, pp. 114-120
-
- Article
- Export citation
-
To study the effect of maturational geometric changes on flow characteristics in the pulmonary artery trunk, anatomically accurate, acrylic flow-through models were constructed from four flexible silicone rubber casts obtained in situ in lambs weighing 2.4, 7.8, 9.5, and 11.5 kg. A silicone rubber cast of the right heart was fabricated by injecting the superior caval vein in situ with liquid silicone rubber (Dow Corning's HS-II RTV, Midland, MI). Each cast was used as a template for a transparent acrylic mold of the pulmonary artery trunk and primary generation branches. The acrylic block was then fitted with a curved rigid Plexiglass inflow tube (to simulate the curvature of the right ventricle) just proximal to the pulmonary valve sinuses and mounted in a closed loop system driven by a variable speed pulsatile pump (to simulate physiological flow rates between 0.5 and 4.0 lmin−1) A blood analog solution of polystyrene beads (Rohm & Haas Amberlite, Philadelphia, PA) suspended in a 45% by weight glycerine solution was illuminated by a laser source (15 mwatts, Siemens, Germany) to trace the flow patterns. Two flow field planes of the main pulmonary artery trunk—one parallel, and one perpendicular, to the origins of the right and left arterial branches—were visualized and video recorded (Canon H660 8mm, Japan) for subsequent analysis. A prominent vortex, originating in the center of the main pulmonary artery and directed inferiorly toward the inner wall, was noted in the flow field plane perpendicular to the bifurcation in the 9.5 and 11.5 models. These characteristics were less developed in the 7.8 kg model and not present in the 2.4 kg model, possibly because the angle of curvature was less acute than in the larger models. In the flow field plane parallel to the bifurcation, the patterns were more complex, principally influenced by turbulence in the main pulmonary artery (which increased at higher flow rates) and the geometric changes in the branch pulmonary arteries.
Obstructing balloon catheter for the induction of systolic hypertension in the pulmonary ventricle—an acute hemodynamic study in the piglet
- Robert Krzeski, Hiroshi Katayama, Philipp Bonhoeffer, Carol L. Lucas, Walker A. Long, Lucio Parenzan, G. William Henry
-
- Journal:
- Cardiology in the Young / Volume 2 / Issue 1 / January 1992
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 19 August 2008, pp. 89-94
-
- Article
- Export citation
-
The use of an obstructing balloon catheter positioned in the outflow tract of the pulmonary ventricle may be an alternative method for the adaptation of the left ventricle to an increased afterload prior to an arterial switch procedure in patients with complete transposition requiring a two-stage approach. We tested this approach in an acute hemodynamic study in a piglet model. Seven piglets were anesthetized with halothane and ventilated at FiO2 1.0. Through a median sternotomy, the great vessels were exposed. The right ventricular pressure and the aortic blood pressure were recorded using microtip manometers, cardiac output was measured by an electromagnetic flow probe on the ascending aorta. A 6F or 7F Berman angiographic catheter was placed in the lumen of the pulmonary artery and the balloon inflated to decrease cardiac output no more than 30%. The hemodynamic changes observed after balloon inflation included an 100% increase in systolic right ventricular pressure (control vs balloon inflation (mean±SE) 20.4 ± 1.5 mm Hg vs 46.6 ± 4 mm Hg, p<0.001), a slight reduction in systolic aortic pressure (75.5 ± 3.8 mm Hg vs 65.0 ± 5.8 mm Hg; p<0.05), and a reduction in cardiac output by 30% (1.1 ± 0.081/min vs 0.8 ±0.08 1/min, p<0.01). The systolic right ventricular to aortic pressure ratio was increased from 0.27 ± 0.02 to 0.69 ± 0.08, p<0.001. This study shows that a balloon catheter may be useful in creating systolic hypertension in the pulmonary ventricle in patients with complete transposition requiring a two-stage approach.
The effect of left-to-right intracardiac shunting on the distribution of pulmonary arterial axial velocities determined by an intraluminal pulsed Doppler technique
- G. William Henry, Enrique Criado, Carol L. Lucas, José I. Ferreiro, Belinda Ha, Sheri L. Carroll, Benson R. Wilcox
-
- Journal:
- Cardiology in the Young / Volume 4 / Issue 2 / April 1994
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 19 August 2008, pp. 136-141
-
- Article
- Export citation
-
The distribution of axial velocities in the pulmonary artery must be determined to describe accurately the flow in the pulmonary artery. Previous studies in our laboratory have demonstrated the complexity of the velocity profile in the pulmonary trunk and the branch pulmonary arteries with normal and altered pulmonary blood flow. These findings have demonstrated a skewed, parabolic mean velocity profile in the pulmonary trunk under normal hemodynamic conditions. To determine the effect of left-to-right intracardiac shunting on the distribution of axial velocities in the pulmonary artery, an animal model of atrial and ventricular shunting was used. In both models, the distribution of mean axial velocities remained skewed and parabolic with the higher mean velocities recorded toward the anterior wall.
A controlled trial of cognitively oriented psychotherapy for early psychosis (COPE) with four-year follow-up readmission data
- HENRY JACKSON, PATRICK McGORRY, JANE EDWARDS, CAROL HULBERT, LISA HENRY, SUSY HARRIGAN, PAUL DUDGEON, SHONA FRANCEY, DANA MAUDE, JOHN COCKS, EOIN KILLACKEY, PADDY POWER
-
- Journal:
- Psychological Medicine / Volume 35 / Issue 9 / September 2005
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 12 October 2005, pp. 1295-1306
-
- Article
- Export citation
-
Objectives. Cognitively oriented psychotherapy for early psychosis (COPE) is aimed at facilitating the adjustment of the person, and preventing or alleviating secondary morbidity in the wake of the first psychotic episode. The present study reports on the outcomes of a controlled trial comparing two conditions: COPE versus No-COPE.
Method. Ninety-one people participated in the trial which was analysed by intention-to-treat, including 12 people who were assigned to COPE but refused to participate. Assessments were conducted at pre-treatment, mid-treatment and post-treatment. Hospital readmission data were obtained through a Psychiatric Case Register. The study was conducted in a front-line public mental health service, the Early Psychosis Prevention and Intervention Centre (EPPIC). Clients in both COPE and No-COPE were provided with full access to the complete range of EPPIC services.
Results. There were no significant differences between the two conditions on the nine primary outcome variables. Hospital readmissions were assessed for each client at yearly intervals up to 4 years following the completion of treatment and again there were no significant between-group differences.
Conclusions. The study indicated that there was no significant advantage to COPE over and above routine care at EPPIC.
Impact of uncertainty on cost-effectiveness analysis of medical strategies: The case of high-dose chemotherapy for breast cancer patients
- Patricia Marino, Carole Siani, Henri Roché, Jean-Paul Moatti, for the PEGASE group
-
- Journal:
- International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care / Volume 21 / Issue 3 / July 2005
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 04 August 2005, pp. 342-350
-
- Article
- Export citation
-
Objectives: The object of this study was to determine, taking into account uncertainty on cost and outcome parameters, the cost-effectiveness of high-dose chemotherapy (HDC) compared with conventional chemotherapy for advanced breast cancer patients.
Methods: An analysis was conducted for 300 patients included in a randomized clinical trial designed to evaluate the benefits, in terms of disease-free survival and overall survival, of adding a single course of HDC to a four-cycle conventional-dose chemotherapy for breast cancer patients with axillary lymph node invasion. Costs were estimated from a detailed observation of physical quantities consumed, and the Kaplan–Meier method was used to evaluate mean survival times. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios were evaluated successively considering disease-free survival and overall survival outcomes. Handling of uncertainty consisted in construction of confidence intervals for these ratios, using the truncated Fieller method.
Results: The cost per disease-free life year gained was evaluated at 13,074€, a value that seems to be acceptable to society. However, handling uncertainty shows that the upper bound of the confidence interval is around 38,000€, which is nearly three times higher. Moreover, as no difference was demonstrated in overall survival between treatments, cost-effectiveness analysis, that is a cost minimization, indicated that the intensive treatment is a dominated strategy involving an extra cost of 7,400€, for no added benefit.
Conclusions: Adding a single course of HDC led to a clinical benefit in terms of disease-free survival for an additional cost that seems to be acceptable, considering the point estimate of the ratio. However, handling uncertainty indicates a maximum ratio for which conclusions have to be discussed.
Overview of Methodologic Issues for Pharmacologic Trials in Mild, Moderate, and Severe Alzheimer's Disease
- Barry Reisberg, Emile H. Franssen, Maciej Bobinski, Stefanie Auer, Isabel Monteiro, Istvan Boksay, Jerzy Wegiel, Emma Shulman, Gertrude Steinberg, Liduïn E. M. Souren, Alan Kluger, Carol Torossian, Elia Sinaiko, Henry M. Wisniewski, Steven H. Ferris
-
- Journal:
- International Psychogeriatrics / Volume 8 / Issue 2 / June 1996
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 07 January 2005, pp. 159-193
-
- Article
- Export citation
-
To address the issue of mild, moderate, and severe Alzheimer's disease (AD), it is necessary to initially establish some agreement on terminology. In recent decades, these terms have frequently been defined using screening instrument scores with measures such as the Mini-Menal State Examination (MMSE). There are many problems with this approach, perhaps the most salient of which is that it has contributed to the total and tragic neglect of patients with severe AD. An alternative approach to the classification of AD severity is staging. This approach has advanced to the point where moderately severe and severe AD can be described in detail. Procedures for describing this previously neglected latter portion of AD have recently been extensively validated. Staging is also uniquely useful at the other end of the severity spectrum, in differentiating early aging brain/behavior changes, incipient AD, and mild AD. Temporally, with staging procedures, it is possible to track the course of AD approximately three times more accurately than with the MMSE. The net result of the advances in AD delineation is that issues such as prophylaxis, modification of course, treatment of behavioral distrubances, loss of ambulation, progressive rigidity, and the development of contractures in AD patients can now be addressed in a scientifically meaningful way that will hopefully bestow much benefit in AD patients and those who care for them.
Viability and Versatility of the Yeast Cell
- Michelle J. Henry-Stanley, Carol L. Wells
-
- Journal:
- Microscopy Today / Volume 12 / Issue 3 / May 2004
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 14 March 2018, pp. 30-33
- Print publication:
- May 2004
-
- Article
-
- You have access Access
- Export citation
-
Yeasts are single-celled eukaryotic microorganisms (generally about 5 to 10 microns in diameter) that divide by a budding process and are classified with the fungi. Yeast cells are ubiquitous in our environment and can be found on plants and in soil and water. Yeasts have considerable importance Ln industrial and agricultural settings, Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Figure 1) is also known as “bakers yeast” or “brewers yeast.” Specific strains of yeast are used to make pastries, bread, beer, ale, wine, distilled spirits, and industrial alcohol. In the paper industry, Candida utilis is used to break down die sugars from processed wood pulp. Yeast cells are also nutritious. In some societies, “cloudy” beer (containing yeast cells) provides essential B vitamins, minerals, and amino acids.
12 - Genetics of human susceptibility to infection and hepatic disease caused by schistosomes
-
- By Alain J. Dessein, Immunologie et Génétique des Maladies Parasitaires, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Faculté de Médecine, Marseille, France, Sandrine Marquet, Immunologie et Génétique des Maladies Parasitaires, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Faculté de Médecine, Marseille, France, Carole Eboumbou Moukoko, Immunologie et Génétique des Maladies Parasitaires, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Faculté de Médecine, Marseille, France, Hèlia Dessein, Immunologie et Génétique des Maladies Parasitaires, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Faculté de Médecine, Marseille, France, Laurent Argiro, Immunologie et Génétique des Maladies Parasitaires, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Faculté de Médecine, Marseille, France, Sandrine Henri, Immunologie et Génétique des Maladies Parasitaires, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Faculté de Médecine, Marseille, France, Dominique Hillaire, Immunologie et Génétique des Maladies Parasitaires, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Faculté de Médecine, Marseille, France, Christophe Chevillard, Immunologie et Génétique des Maladies Parasitaires, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Faculté de Médecine, Marseille, France, Nasureldin El Wali, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Biology, University of Gezira, Wad Medani, Sudan, Mubarak Magzoub, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Biology, University of Gezira, Wad Medani, Sudan, Laurent Abel, Génétique Humaine des Maladies Infectieuses, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Faculté de Médecine Necker, Paris, Virmondes Rodrigues, Jr, Faculty of Medicine do Triangulo Mineiro, Ubéraba, Brazil, Aluizio Prata, Faculty of Medicine do Triangulo Mineiro, Ubéraba, Brazil, Gachuhi Kimani, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Biomedical Sciences Research Centre, Nairobi, Kenya
- Edited by Richard Bellamy, Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana
-
- Book:
- Susceptibility to Infectious Diseases
- Published online:
- 14 August 2009
- Print publication:
- 22 December 2003, pp 337-360
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
-
Summary
Schistosome infections cause much suffering in millions of people living in tropical regions of Africa, Asia, and South America (Prata, 1987; Chitsulo et al., 2000). The most severe clinical symptoms affect the kidneys and urinary tract. However, schistosomes also cause various other disorders such as heart failure and neurological diseases. Three species of schistosome are responsible for most human infections (Schistosoma mansoni, Schistosoma japonicum, and Schistosoma haematobium). These species are found in different geographical locations, have different vectors, and cause different symptoms. Schistosomes are multicellular parasites that are disseminated as free swimming larvae (cercariae) in ponds, lakes, and rivers by snails. Humans become infected when they stay in contaminated water for a few minutes. The cercariae penetrate the human skin and develop into male or female adult schistosomes within 5 or 6 weeks. These small worms (Fig. 12.1A) can live in the vascular system of their vertebrate host for 2 to 5 years. Schistosomes do not multiply within their vertebrate host. The female worms, however, lay hundreds of eggs per day in the mesenteric or vesical veins of their host. Most of the symptoms associated with these infections are caused by the inflammation that is induced by the immunogenic and toxic substances produced by the eggs. The chronic cellular reaction that develops around the eggs is organised in a granuloma (Von Lichtenberg, 1962; Warren et al., 1967).
Quantification of mtDNA in single oocytes, polar bodies and subcellular components by real-time rapid cycle fluorescence monitored PCR
- Nury Steuerwald, Jason A. Barritt, Rick Adler, Henry Malter, Timothy Schimmel, Jacques Cohen, Carol A. Brenner
-
- Article
- Export citation
-
Oocytes, in general, are greatly enriched in mitochondria to support higher rates of macromolecular synthesis and critical physiological processes characteristic of early development. An inability of these organelles to amplify and/or to accumulate ATP has been linked to developmental abnormality or arrest. The number of mitochondrial genomes present in mature mouse and human metaphase II oocytes was estimated by fluorescent rapid cycle DNA amplification, which is a highly sensitive technique ideally suited to quantitative mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) analysis in individual cells. A considerable degree of variability was observed between individual samples. An overall average of 1.59 × 105 and 3.14 × 105 mtDNA molecules were detected per mouse and human oocyte, respectively. Furthermore, the mtDNA copy number was examined in polar bodies and contrasted with the concentration in their corresponding oocytes. In addition, the density of mtDNA in a cytoplasmic sample was estimated in an attempt to determine the approximate number of mitochondria transferred during clinical cytoplasmic donation procedures as well as to develop a clinical tool for the assessment and selection of oocytes during in vitro fertilisation procedures. However, no correlation was identified between the mtDNA concentration in either polar bodies or cytoplasmic samples and their corresponding oocyte.