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Animal Welfare vs Free Trade - Free Trade Wins: An Examination of the Animal Welfare Implications of R v Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food exp Compassion in World Farming (1998)
- S Brooman, D Legge
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- Animal Welfare / Volume 9 / Issue 1 / February 2000
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 11 January 2023, pp. 81-85
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The European Union (EU) has often been regarded as a prime mover in the cause of improved animal welfare. There is a great deal of European legislation to support this contention. This article discusses a recent case brought by the UK Government under Article 177 of the Treaty of Rome 1957 which challenges the assumption that EU law always favours animal welfare. We suggest that free trade is the driving force behind EU legislation and that where this conflicts with animal welfare, free trade is usually preferred.
The Remains of the Fray: Nascent Colonialism and Heterogeneous Hybridity
- Charles R. Cobb, James B. Legg, Steven D. Smith, Chester B. DePratter, Brad R. Lieb, Edmond A. Boudreaux III
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- Journal:
- American Antiquity / Volume 86 / Issue 3 / July 2021
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 06 April 2021, pp. 569-592
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- July 2021
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Investigations at the Native American site complex of Stark Farms in Mississippi, USA, have yielded numerous examples of metal artifacts of European origin. Our study suggests that they derive from contact between the AD 1540–1541 winter encampment of the Spanish Hernando de Soto expedition and the local Indigenous polity. The artifacts display a wide range of modifications, uses, and depositional contexts congruent with hybrid practices. We argue that the early colonial setting of Stark Farms requires a different perspective on cultural mixing than is often applied in studies of European colonialism. This is highlighted by the strongly improvisational nature of the modification of the metal objects, embodying a political climate in which European incursions were precarious and in which hybridity and power were heterogeneous and fluid.
Wild Mustard (Brassica kaber) and Wild Oat (Avena fatua) Interference in Sugarbeets (Beta vulgaris L.)
- Abdelouhab Mesbah, Stephen D. Miller, K. James Fornstrom, David E. Legg
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- Journal:
- Weed Technology / Volume 9 / Issue 1 / March 1995
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 12 June 2017, pp. 49-52
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Two furrow irrigated field experiments were conducted for two years at the Research and Extension Center, Powell, WY to determine the influence of various mixed densities and durations of wild oat and wild mustard interference in sugarbeet. Sugarbeet root yields were reduced by competition from all examined densities of wild oat and wild mustard, alone and in combination. Root yield reduction was less than additive with mixed densities of wild oat and wild mustard. Root yields decreased as the duration of interference after sugarbeet emergence from a mixed density of wild oat and wild mustard increased. Sucrose content of sugarbeet was not altered by competition. Based on regression analysis, the minimum time that a mixed density of 0.8 wild mustard and 1 wild oat/m of row can interfere with sugarbeet before causing an economic root yield loss was approximately 1.6 weeks after sugarbeet emergence.
Kochia (Kochia scoparia) and Green Foxtail (Setaria viridis) Interference in Sugarbeets (Beta vulgaris)
- Abdelouhab Mesbah, Stephen D. Miller, K. James Fornstrom, David E. Legg
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- Journal:
- Weed Technology / Volume 8 / Issue 4 / December 1994
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 12 June 2017, pp. 754-759
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Two field experiments were conducted between 1990 and 1992 under sprinkler irrigation at the Research and Extension Center, Torrington, WY to determine the influence of mixed densities and durations of kochia and green foxtail interference in sugarbeet. Sugarbeet root yield and top weight generally decreased as densities of green foxtail and kochia increased whether alone or in combination. Reductions in sugarbeet root yield and above ground biomass from mixed densities of kochia and green foxtail were additive at the low and intermediate density but less than additive at the high density of either species. Sugarbeet root yield decreased as the duration of interference after sugarbeet emergence from a mixed density of kochia and green foxtail increased. Since sugarbeet plants were irrigated to avoid water stress and adequate nutrients were applied, it appears that kochia and green foxtail interfered with sugarbeet primarily for light, based on light and height measurements. Season-long as well as duration of interference did not show any significant effect on sucrose content. Based on regression analysis the lowest densities of kochia and green foxtail required to reduce root yield were approximately 0.3 and 0.06 plants/m of row, respectively. The minimum duration of time that 0.5 kochia and 3.0 green foxtail plants/m of row can interfere with sugarbeets before root yield is economically reduced was approximately 3.5 wk after sugarbeet emergence.
Fertilizer and Downy Brome (Bromus tectorum) Effect on Russian Wheat Aphid (Diuraphis noxis) in Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum)
- James M. Krall, Stephen D. Miller, Larry E. Bennett, David E. Legg
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- Weed Technology / Volume 7 / Issue 3 / September 1993
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 12 June 2017, pp. 670-673
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Downy brome serves as an alternative host for Russian wheat aphid (RWA) in winter wheat. In field studies, downy brome infestations of 5 and 39 plants per m2 increased RWA-infested winter wheat tillers 1.4 to 2.8 times that seen in non-infested plots, respectively. RWA-infested winter wheat tillers were not reduced consistently by fertilization. Chlorpyrifos reduced the number of RWA-infested winter wheat tillers to 15 to 43% of untreated wheat. Insecticide efficacy was not influenced by downy brome infestation or by fertilizer either band- or broadcast-applied.
Very Long Baseline Interferometry in the Southern Hemisphere
- D. S. Robertson, J. S. Gubbay, A. T. Legg
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- Journal:
- Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia / Volume 2 / Issue 4 / October 1973
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 25 April 2016, pp. 184-187
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Phase coherent interferometers with intercontinental baselines became possible because of the development of stable frequency standards. With sufficiently stable frequency standards, no connection is necessary between the two ends of an interferometer. The first VLBI experiments were conducted by a group at the University of Florida who used an intensity interferometer with independent tape recorders for observations of Jupiter. Later, they changed to a coherent system using crystal-controlled oscillators. Since then, several interferometer systems have been developed. A Canadian group developed a system using video tape recorders at each end of the interferometer. They recorded the data in analogue form and managed to bring the two tapes together and to synchronize them to an accuracy of better than a microsecond. After synchronization, the outputs were combined and fringes extracted. Their system has a bandwidth of about 4 MHz. No-one else has attempted a wide-band analogue system.
Acute Stroke with Hyperdense Middle Cerebral Artery Sign Benefits from IV rtPA
- M C Tartaglia, S Di Legge, G Saposnik, V Jain, R Chan, M Bussière, V Hachinski, C Frank, K Hesser, D Pelz
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- Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Volume 35 / Issue 5 / November 2008
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 02 December 2014, pp. 583-587
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Objectives:
The current management of acute ischemic stroke is intravenous (IV) recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA). The presence of a hyperdense middle cerebral artery sign (HMCAS) on pre-treatment head computed tomogram (CT) is considered a poor prognostic sign. We compared the clinical outcome in IV rtPA-treated patients with and without a HMCAS.
Design:Retrospective analysis of prospectively collected cases treated with IV rtPA within three hours. Inclusion criteria were the presence of: i) an anterior circulation stroke; ii) a pre-treatment CT available; iii) a pre-treatment National Institutes of Health (NIH) stroke scale (NIHSS) score; and iv) a modified Rankin Score (mRS) at three months.
Results:One hundred and thirty patients were eligible for the analysis, 64 (49%) had a HMCAS. The HMCAS group had a trend toward a higher mean (±SD) pre-treatment NIHSS score compared to the non-HMCAS group (13.9±6 vs. 12.2±6; p=0.12). Accordingly, there were more patients with severe strokes (NIHSS>10) in the HMCAS group compared to the non-HMCAS one (48/64=75% vs. 35/66=53%; p=0.009). The mean (±SD) NIHSS score 24 hours after treatment was 10.6 (±8) in the HMCAS group and 8.3 (±7) in the non-HMCAS group (p=0.08). In a multiple logistic regression analysis, the only independent predictor of poor outcome (mRS 3-6) was pre-treatment NIHSS score (p<0.001).
Conclusion:Patients with a HMCAS receiving IV rtPA did not fare worse at three months despite a greater proportion of patients with more severe strokes. Based on the current knowledge, IV rtPA remains a good treatment for patients with a HMCAS within three hours of symptom onset.
Analysis of copy number variations at 15 schizophrenia-associated loci
- Elliott Rees, James T. R. Walters, Lyudmila Georgieva, Anthony R. Isles, Kimberly D. Chambert, Alexander L. Richards, Gerwyn Mahoney-Davies, Sophie E. Legge, Jennifer L. Moran, Steven A. McCarroll, Michael C. O'Donovan, Michael J. Owen, George Kirov
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- Journal:
- The British Journal of Psychiatry / Volume 204 / Issue 2 / February 2014
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 02 January 2018, pp. 108-114
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- February 2014
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Background
A number of copy number variants (CNVs) have been suggested as susceptibility factors for schizophrenia. For some of these the data remain equivocal, and the frequency in individuals with schizophrenia is uncertain.
AimsTo determine the contribution of CNVs at 15 schizophrenia-associated loci (a) using a large new data-set of patients with schizophrenia (n = 6882) and controls (n = 6316), and (b) combining our results with those from previous studies.
MethodWe used Illumina microarrays to analyse our data. Analyses were restricted to 520 766 probes common to all arrays used in the different data-sets.
ResultsWe found higher rates in participants with schizophrenia than in controls for 13 of the 15 previously implicated CNVs. Six were nominally significantly associated (P<0.05) in this new data-set: deletions at 1q21.1, NRXN1, 15q11.2 and 22q11.2 and duplications at 16p11.2 and the Angelman/Prader–Willi Syndrome (AS/PWS) region. All eight AS/PWS duplications in patients were of maternal origin. When combined with published data, 11 of the 15 loci showed highly significant evidence for association with schizophrenia (P<4.1×10−4).
ConclusionsWe strengthen the support for the majority of the previously implicated CNVs in schizophrenia. About 2.5% of patients with schizophrenia and 0.9% of controls carry a large, detectable CNV at one of these loci. Routine CNV screening may be clinically appropriate given the high rate of known deleterious mutations in the disorder and the comorbidity associated with these heritable mutations.
Contributors
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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. Chapman, James H. Charlesworth, Kenneth R. Chase, Chen Zemin, Luciano Chianeque, Philip Chia Phin Yin, Francisca H. Chimhanda, Daniel Chiquete, John T. Chirban, Soobin Choi, Robert Choquette, Mita Choudhury, Gerald Christianson, John Chryssavgis, Sejong Chun, Esther Chung-Kim, Charles M. A. Clark, Elizabeth A. Clark, Sathianathan Clarke, Fred Cloud, John B. Cobb, W. Owen Cole, John A Coleman, John J. Collins, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Paul K. Conkin, Beth A. Conklin, Sean Connolly, Demetrios J. Constantelos, Michael A. Conway, Paula M. Cooey, Austin Cooper, Michael L. Cooper-White, Pamela Cooper-White, L. William Countryman, Sérgio Coutinho, Pamela Couture, Shannon Craigo-Snell, James L. Crenshaw, David Crowner, Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Elizabeth Mason Currier, Emmanuel Cutrone, Mary L. Daniel, David D. Daniels, Robert Darden, Rolf Darge, Isaiah Dau, Jeffry C. Davis, Jane Dawson, Valentin Dedji, John W. de Gruchy, Paul DeHart, Wendy J. Deichmann Edwards, Miguel A. De La Torre, George E. Demacopoulos, Thomas de Mayo, Leah DeVun, Beatriz de Vasconcellos Dias, Dennis C. Dickerson, John M. Dillon, Luis Miguel Donatello, Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, Susanna Drake, Jonathan A. Draper, N. Dreher Martin, Otto Dreydoppel, Angelyn Dries, A. J. Droge, Francis X. D'Sa, Marilyn Dunn, Nicole Wilkinson Duran, Rifaat Ebied, Mark J. Edwards, William H. Edwards, Leonard H. Ehrlich, Nancy L. Eiesland, Martin Elbel, J. Harold Ellens, Stephen Ellingson, Marvin M. Ellison, Robert Ellsberg, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Eldon Jay Epp, Peter C. Erb, Tassilo Erhardt, Maria Erling, Noel Leo Erskine, Gillian R. Evans, Virginia Fabella, Michael A. Fahey, Edward Farley, Margaret A. Farley, Wendy Farley, Robert Fastiggi, Seena Fazel, Duncan S. Ferguson, Helwar Figueroa, Paul Corby Finney, Kyriaki Karidoyanes FitzGerald, Thomas E. FitzGerald, John R. Fitzmier, Marie Therese Flanagan, Sabina Flanagan, Claude Flipo, Ronald B. Flowers, Carole Fontaine, David Ford, Mary Ford, Stephanie A. Ford, Jim Forest, William Franke, Robert M. Franklin, Ruth Franzén, Edward H. Friedman, Samuel Frouisou, Lorelei F. Fuchs, Jojo M. Fung, Inger Furseth, Richard R. Gaillardetz, Brandon Gallaher, China Galland, Mark Galli, Ismael García, Tharscisse Gatwa, Jean-Marie Gaudeul, Luis María Gavilanes del Castillo, Pavel L. Gavrilyuk, Volney P. Gay, Metropolitan Athanasios Geevargis, Kondothra M. George, Mary Gerhart, Simon Gikandi, Maurice Gilbert, Michael J. Gillgannon, Verónica Giménez Beliveau, Terryl Givens, Beth Glazier-McDonald, Philip Gleason, Menghun Goh, Brian Golding, Bishop Hilario M. Gomez, Michelle A. Gonzalez, Donald K. Gorrell, Roy Gottfried, Tamara Grdzelidze, Joel B. Green, Niels Henrik Gregersen, Cristina Grenholm, Herbert Griffiths, Eric W. Gritsch, Erich S. Gruen, Christoffer H. Grundmann, Paul H. Gundani, Jon P. Gunnemann, Petre Guran, Vidar L. Haanes, Jeremiah M. Hackett, Getatchew Haile, Douglas John Hall, Nicholas Hammond, Daphne Hampson, Jehu J. Hanciles, Barry Hankins, Jennifer Haraguchi, Stanley S. Harakas, Anthony John Harding, Conrad L. Harkins, J. William Harmless, Marjory Harper, Amir Harrak, Joel F. Harrington, Mark W. Harris, Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Van A. Harvey, R. Chris Hassel, Jione Havea, Daniel Hawk, Diana L. Hayes, Leslie Hayes, Priscilla Hayner, S. Mark Heim, Simo Heininen, Richard P. Heitzenrater, Eila Helander, David Hempton, Scott H. Hendrix, Jan-Olav Henriksen, Gina Hens-Piazza, Carter Heyward, Nicholas J. Higham, David Hilliard, Norman A. Hjelm, Peter C. Hodgson, Arthur Holder, M. Jan Holton, Dwight N. Hopkins, Ronnie Po-chia Hsia, Po-Ho Huang, James Hudnut-Beumler, Jennifer S. Hughes, Leonard M. Hummel, Mary E. Hunt, Laennec Hurbon, Mark Hutchinson, Susan E. Hylen, Mary Beth Ingham, H. Larry Ingle, Dale T. Irvin, Jon Isaak, Paul John Isaak, Ada María Isasi-Díaz, Hans Raun Iversen, Margaret C. Jacob, Arthur James, Maria Jansdotter-Samuelsson, David Jasper, Werner G. Jeanrond, Renée Jeffery, David Lyle Jeffrey, Theodore W. Jennings, David H. Jensen, Robin Margaret Jensen, David Jobling, Dale A. Johnson, Elizabeth A. Johnson, Maxwell E. Johnson, Sarah Johnson, Mark D. Johnston, F. Stanley Jones, James William Jones, John R. Jones, Alissa Jones Nelson, Inge Jonsson, Jan Joosten, Elizabeth Judd, Mulambya Peggy Kabonde, Robert Kaggwa, Sylvester Kahakwa, Isaac Kalimi, Ogbu U. Kalu, Eunice Kamaara, Wayne C. Kannaday, Musimbi Kanyoro, Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, Frank Kaufmann, Léon Nguapitshi Kayongo, Richard Kearney, Alice A. Keefe, Ralph Keen, Catherine Keller, Anthony J. Kelly, Karen Kennelly, Kathi Lynn Kern, Fergus Kerr, Edward Kessler, George Kilcourse, Heup Young Kim, Kim Sung-Hae, Kim Yong-Bock, Kim Yung Suk, Richard King, Thomas M. King, Robert M. Kingdon, Ross Kinsler, Hans G. Kippenberg, Cheryl A. Kirk-Duggan, Clifton Kirkpatrick, Leonid Kishkovsky, Nadieszda Kizenko, Jeffrey Klaiber, Hans-Josef Klauck, Sidney Knight, Samuel Kobia, Robert Kolb, Karla Ann Koll, Heikki Kotila, Donald Kraybill, Philip D. W. Krey, Yves Krumenacker, Jeffrey Kah-Jin Kuan, Simanga R. Kumalo, Peter Kuzmic, Simon Shui-Man Kwan, Kwok Pui-lan, André LaCocque, Stephen E. Lahey, John Tsz Pang Lai, Emiel Lamberts, Armando Lampe, Craig Lampe, Beverly J. Lanzetta, Eve LaPlante, Lizette Larson-Miller, Ariel Bybee Laughton, Leonard Lawlor, Bentley Layton, Robin A. Leaver, Karen Lebacqz, Archie Chi Chung Lee, Marilyn J. Legge, Hervé LeGrand, D. L. LeMahieu, Raymond Lemieux, Bill J. Leonard, Ellen M. Leonard, Outi Leppä, Jean Lesaulnier, Nantawan Boonprasat Lewis, Henrietta Leyser, Alexei Lidov, Bernard Lightman, Paul Chang-Ha Lim, Carter Lindberg, Mark R. Lindsay, James R. Linville, James C. Livingston, Ann Loades, David Loades, Jean-Claude Loba-Mkole, Lo Lung Kwong, Wati Longchar, Eleazar López, David W. Lotz, Andrew Louth, Robin W. Lovin, William Luis, Frank D. Macchia, Diarmaid N. J. MacCulloch, Kirk R. MacGregor, Marjory A. MacLean, Donald MacLeod, Tomas S. Maddela, Inge Mager, Laurenti Magesa, David G. Maillu, Fortunato Mallimaci, Philip Mamalakis, Kä Mana, Ukachukwu Chris Manus, Herbert Robinson Marbury, Reuel Norman Marigza, Jacqueline Mariña, Antti Marjanen, Luiz C. L. Marques, Madipoane Masenya (ngwan'a Mphahlele), Caleb J. D. Maskell, Steve Mason, Thomas Massaro, Fernando Matamoros Ponce, András Máté-Tóth, Odair Pedroso Mateus, Dinis Matsolo, Fumitaka Matsuoka, John D'Arcy May, Yelena Mazour-Matusevich, Theodore Mbazumutima, John S. McClure, Christian McConnell, Lee Martin McDonald, Gary B. McGee, Thomas McGowan, Alister E. McGrath, Richard J. McGregor, John A. McGuckin, Maud Burnett McInerney, Elsie Anne McKee, Mary B. McKinley, James F. McMillan, Ernan McMullin, Kathleen E. McVey, M. Douglas Meeks, Monica Jyotsna Melanchthon, Ilie Melniciuc-Puica, Everett Mendoza, Raymond A. Mentzer, William W. Menzies, Ina Merdjanova, Franziska Metzger, Constant J. Mews, Marvin Meyer, Carol Meyers, Vasile Mihoc, Gunner Bjerg Mikkelsen, Maria Inêz de Castro Millen, Clyde Lee Miller, Bonnie J. Miller-McLemore, Alexander Mirkovic, Paul Misner, Nozomu Miyahira, R. W. L. Moberly, Gerald Moede, Aloo Osotsi Mojola, Sunanda Mongia, Rebeca Montemayor, James Moore, Roger E. Moore, Craig E. Morrison O.Carm, Jeffry H. Morrison, Keith Morrison, Wilson J. Moses, Tefetso Henry Mothibe, Mokgethi Motlhabi, Fulata Moyo, Henry Mugabe, Jesse Ndwiga Kanyua Mugambi, Peggy Mulambya-Kabonde, Robert Bruce Mullin, Pamela Mullins Reaves, Saskia Murk Jansen, Heleen L. Murre-Van den Berg, Augustine Musopole, Isaac M. T. Mwase, Philomena Mwaura, Cecilia Nahnfeldt, Anne Nasimiyu Wasike, Carmiña Navia Velasco, Thulani Ndlazi, Alexander Negrov, James B. Nelson, David G. Newcombe, Carol Newsom, Helen J. Nicholson, George W. E. Nickelsburg, Tatyana Nikolskaya, Damayanthi M. A. Niles, Bertil Nilsson, Nyambura Njoroge, Fidelis Nkomazana, Mary Beth Norton, Christian Nottmeier, Sonene Nyawo, Anthère Nzabatsinda, Edward T. Oakes, Gerald O'Collins, Daniel O'Connell, David W. Odell-Scott, Mercy Amba Oduyoye, Kathleen O'Grady, Oyeronke Olajubu, Thomas O'Loughlin, Dennis T. Olson, J. Steven O'Malley, Cephas N. Omenyo, Muriel Orevillo-Montenegro, César Augusto Ornellas Ramos, Agbonkhianmeghe E. Orobator, Kenan B. Osborne, Carolyn Osiek, Javier Otaola Montagne, Douglas F. Ottati, Anna May Say Pa, Irina Paert, Jerry G. Pankhurst, Aristotle Papanikolaou, Samuele F. Pardini, Stefano Parenti, Peter Paris, Sung Bae Park, Cristián G. Parker, Raquel Pastor, Joseph Pathrapankal, Daniel Patte, W. Brown Patterson, Clive Pearson, Keith F. Pecklers, Nancy Cardoso Pereira, David Horace Perkins, Pheme Perkins, Edward N. Peters, Rebecca Todd Peters, Bishop Yeznik Petrossian, Raymond Pfister, Peter C. Phan, Isabel Apawo Phiri, William S. F. Pickering, Derrick G. Pitard, William Elvis Plata, Zlatko Plese, John Plummer, James Newton Poling, Ronald Popivchak, Andrew Porter, Ute Possekel, James M. Powell, Enos Das Pradhan, Devadasan Premnath, Jaime Adrían Prieto Valladares, Anne Primavesi, Randall Prior, María Alicia Puente Lutteroth, Eduardo Guzmão Quadros, Albert Rabil, Laurent William Ramambason, Apolonio M. Ranche, Vololona Randriamanantena Andriamitandrina, Lawrence R. Rast, Paul L. Redditt, Adele Reinhartz, Rolf Rendtorff, Pål Repstad, James N. Rhodes, John K. Riches, Joerg Rieger, Sharon H. Ringe, Sandra Rios, Tyler Roberts, David M. Robinson, James M. Robinson, Joanne Maguire Robinson, Richard A. H. Robinson, Roy R. Robson, Jack B. Rogers, Maria Roginska, Sidney Rooy, Rev. Garnett Roper, Maria José Fontelas Rosado-Nunes, Andrew C. Ross, Stefan Rossbach, François Rossier, John D. Roth, John K. Roth, Phillip Rothwell, Richard E. Rubenstein, Rosemary Radford Ruether, Markku Ruotsila, John E. Rybolt, Risto Saarinen, John Saillant, Juan Sanchez, Wagner Lopes Sanchez, Hugo N. Santos, Gerhard Sauter, Gloria L. Schaab, Sandra M. Schneiders, Quentin J. Schultze, Fernando F. Segovia, Turid Karlsen Seim, Carsten Selch Jensen, Alan P. F. Sell, Frank C. Senn, Kent Davis Sensenig, Damían Setton, Bal Krishna Sharma, Carolyn J. Sharp, Thomas Sheehan, N. Gerald Shenk, Christian Sheppard, Charles Sherlock, Tabona Shoko, Walter B. Shurden, Marguerite Shuster, B. Mark Sietsema, Batara Sihombing, Neil Silberman, Clodomiro Siller, Samuel Silva-Gotay, Heikki Silvet, John K. Simmons, Hagith Sivan, James C. Skedros, Abraham Smith, Ashley A. Smith, Ted A. Smith, Daud Soesilo, Pia Søltoft, Choan-Seng (C. S.) Song, Kathryn Spink, Bryan Spinks, Eric O. Springsted, Nicolas Standaert, Brian Stanley, Glen H. Stassen, Karel Steenbrink, Stephen J. Stein, Andrea Sterk, Gregory E. Sterling, Columba Stewart, Jacques Stewart, Robert B. Stewart, Cynthia Stokes Brown, Ken Stone, Anne Stott, Elizabeth Stuart, Monya Stubbs, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, David Kwang-sun Suh, Scott W. Sunquist, Keith Suter, Douglas Sweeney, Charles H. Talbert, Shawqi N. Talia, Elsa Tamez, Joseph B. Tamney, Jonathan Y. Tan, Yak-Hwee Tan, Kathryn Tanner, Feiya Tao, Elizabeth S. Tapia, Aquiline Tarimo, Claire Taylor, Mark Lewis Taylor, Bishop Abba Samuel Wolde Tekestebirhan, Eugene TeSelle, M. Thomas Thangaraj, David R. Thomas, Andrew Thornley, Scott Thumma, Marcelo Timotheo da Costa, George E. “Tink” Tinker, Ola Tjørhom, Karen Jo Torjesen, Iain R. Torrance, Fernando Torres-Londoño, Archbishop Demetrios [Trakatellis], Marit Trelstad, Christine Trevett, Phyllis Trible, Johannes Tromp, Paul Turner, Robert G. Tuttle, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Peter Tyler, Anders Tyrberg, Justin Ukpong, Javier Ulloa, Camillus Umoh, Kristi Upson-Saia, Martina Urban, Monica Uribe, Elochukwu Eugene Uzukwu, Richard Vaggione, Gabriel Vahanian, Paul Valliere, T. J. Van Bavel, Steven Vanderputten, Peter Van der Veer, Huub Van de Sandt, Louis Van Tongeren, Luke A. Veronis, Noel Villalba, Ramón Vinke, Tim Vivian, David Voas, Elena Volkova, Katharina von Kellenbach, Elina Vuola, Timothy Wadkins, Elaine M. Wainwright, Randi Jones Walker, Dewey D. Wallace, Jerry Walls, Michael J. Walsh, Philip Walters, Janet Walton, Jonathan L. Walton, Wang Xiaochao, Patricia A. Ward, David Harrington Watt, Herold D. Weiss, Laurence L. Welborn, Sharon D. Welch, Timothy Wengert, Traci C. West, Merold Westphal, David Wetherell, Barbara Wheeler, Carolinne White, Jean-Paul Wiest, Frans Wijsen, Terry L. Wilder, Felix Wilfred, Rebecca Wilkin, Daniel H. Williams, D. Newell Williams, Michael A. Williams, Vincent L. Wimbush, Gabriele Winkler, Anders Winroth, Lauri Emílio Wirth, James A. Wiseman, Ebba Witt-Brattström, Teofil Wojciechowski, John Wolffe, Kenman L. Wong, Wong Wai Ching, Linda Woodhead, Wendy M. Wright, Rose Wu, Keith E. Yandell, Gale A. Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
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- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
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- 05 August 2012
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- 20 September 2010, pp xi-xliv
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Observations on the Sphingidae (Lepidoptera) of Trinidad
- D. J. Stradling, C. J. LEGG, F. D. Bennett
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- Bulletin of Entomological Research / Volume 73 / Issue 2 / June 1983
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 10 July 2009, pp. 201-232
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Species records of Sphingidae taken in Trinidad were kept from 1968 to 1979. Seventy–five species and one subspecies were taken, including several new records for the island. The numbers of sphingids taken in Robinson light–traps equipped with 125–watt mercury–arc lamps were recorded over a period of eight years at St. Augustine, Trinidad, and the data analysed. The species abundance distribution was found to be well–fitted by the log–normal series. Data were examined for trends and periodicities, and the variance was found to be largely accounted for by three principal factors. A long–term decline in catch was observed in one trap due to the growth of screening vegetation. Annual variation in catch was found to correlate with the annual pattern of precipitation, with higher catches during the rainy season, although some species differences were detectable. Monthly variation in catch was found to correspond with the cycle of lunar illumination, being significantly depressed with increasing brightness. Interspecific differences in the response to moonlight were also detected. The influence of screening effects on the observed periodicities is discussed in relation to the siting of the traps. Times of commencement of flight activity were recorded, and the relationship between time of capture and activity is discussed. Apart from one species, the sex ratio of captured sphingids was significantly male-biased. Data from three traps were compared with each other and with those from other tropical locations.
Growth of spring barley under drought: crop development, photosynthesis, dry-matter accumulation and nutrient content
- D. W. Lawlor, W. Day, A. E. Johnston, B. J. Legg, K. J. Parkinson
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- Journal:
- The Journal of Agricultural Science / Volume 96 / Issue 1 / February 1981
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 27 March 2009, pp. 167-186
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The effects of water deficit on growth of spring barley were analysed under five irrigation treatments. One crop was irrigated at weekly intervals from emergence throughout the growing season, and one was not irrigated at all after emergence. Soil water deficits in the other treatments were allowed to develop early, intermediate or late in the crop's development.
Weekly irrigation produced a crop with a large leaf area index (maximum value 4) and maintained green leaf and awns throughout the grain-filling period. Early drought decreased leaf area index (maximum value 2) by slowing expansion of main-stem leaves and decreasing the number and growth of tiller leaves. Leaf senescence was also increased with drought. Drought late in the development of ears and leaves and during the grain-filling period caused leaves and awns to senesce so that the total photosynthetic areas decreased faster than with irrigation. Photosynthetic rate per unit leaf area was little affected by drought so total dry-matter production was most affected by differences in leaf area.
Early drought gave fewer tillers (550/m2) and fewer grains per ear (18) than did irrigation (760 tillers/m2 and 21 grains per ear). Late irrigation after drought increased the number of grains per ear slightly but not the number of ears/m2. Thus at the start of the grain-filling period crops which had suffered drought early had fewer grains than irrigated (9·5 and 18·8 × 103/m2 respectively) or crops which suffered drought later in development (14 × 103/m2).
During the first 2 weeks of filling, grains grew at almost the same rate in all treatments. Current assimilate supply was probably insufficient to provide this growth in crops which had suffered drought, and stem reserves were mobilized, as shown by the decrease in stem mass during the period. Grains filled for 8 days longer with irrigation and were heavier (36–38 mg) than without irrigation (29–30 mg). Drought throughout the grainfilling period after irrigation earlier in the season resulted in the smallest grains (29 mg).
Grain yield depended on the number of ears, the number of grains per ear and mass per grain. Early drought decreased tillering and tiller ear production and the number of grains that filled in each ear. Late drought affected grain size via the effects on photosynthetic surface area.
Drought decreased the concentrations of phosphorus, potassium and magnesium in the dry matter of crops, and irrigation after drought increased them. Concentration of nitrogen was little affected by treatment. Possible mechanisms by which water deficits and nutrient supply affect crop growth and yield are discussed.
The effects of irrigation, nitrogen fertilizer and the control of pests and pathogens on spring-sown field beans (Vicia faba L.) and residual effects on two following winter wheat crops
- J. McEwen, R. Bardner, G. G. Briggs, R. H. Bromilow, A. J. Cockbain, J. M. Day, K. E. Fletcher, B. J. Legg, R. J. Roughley, G. A. Salt, H. R. Simpson, R. M. Webb, J. F. Witty, D. P. Yeoman
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- The Journal of Agricultural Science / Volume 96 / Issue 1 / February 1981
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 27 March 2009, pp. 129-150
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Experiments started in 1976, 1977 and 1978 on Clay-with-Flints soil at Rothamsted tested the effects of combinations of eight two-level factors on spring-sown field beans. Factors tested, presence v. absence, were irrigation, nitrogen fertilizer, aldicarb, fonofos (dieldrin in 1976), benomyl to the seed bed, permethrin (fenitrothion in 1976), pirimicarb, benomyl foliar spray (not tested in 1976).
The main pests and diseases present were nematodes of the genus Pratylenchus, the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum, the pea and bean weevil Sitona lineatus, root blackening associated with the fungal genera Pythium and Fusarium, the foliar diseases chocolate spot, Botrytis spp., rust, Uromyces fabae and bean leaf roll virus.
Incidence of these pests and diseases varied between years. Controlling those present increased yield by about 0·7 t grain/ha each year. The difficulty of apportioning this increase to particular pests and diseases is discussed.
Irrigation increased total dry-matter production and grain yield in 1976 and 1978 but only total dry-matter production in 1977, when grain yield was lost because of lodging. Nitrogen fertilizer had little or no effect.
The most favourable combinations of treatments gave yields of 3·4, 5·0 and 6·4 t grain/ha in the 3 years respectively. Small yields in 1976, despite irrigation, were attributed to premature senescence caused by exceptionally high temperatures. It is suggested that with good control of pests and diseases yields of at least 5 t/ha should be attainable on Clay-with-Flints soil without irrigation in years of average temperature and rainfall and yields in excess of 6 t/ha when the soil-moisture deficit is lessened by either above-average rainfall or irrigation.
Treatments applied to the beans had little or no effect on two following crops of winter wheat.
A drought experiment using mobile shelters: the effect of drought on barley yield, water use and nutrient uptake
- W. Day, B. J. Legg, B. K. French, A. E. Johnston, D. W. Lawlor, W. De C. Jeffers
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- Journal:
- The Journal of Agricultural Science / Volume 91 / Issue 3 / December 1978
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 27 March 2009, pp. 599-623
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Automatic mobile shelters were used to keep rain off a barley crop in a drought experiment. The treatments ranged from no water during the growing season to regular weekly irrigation. This paper reports the effect of drought on the harvest yield and its components, on water use and nutrient uptake.
Drought caused large decreases in yield, and affected each component of the grain yield. The magnitude of each component varied by up to 25% between treatments, and much of the variation could be accounted for by linear regression against the mean soil water deficit in one of three periods. For the number of grains per ear, the relevant period included tillering and ear formation; for the number of ears per unit ground area, the period included stem extension and tiller death; for grain mass, the period included grain filling.
The harvest yields were linearly related to water use, with no indication of a critical period of drought sensitivity. The relation of grain yield to the maximum potential soil water deficit did show that a prolonged early drought had an exceptionally large effect on both yield and water use.
Two unsheltered irrigation experiments, also on barley, were made in the same year on a nearby site. The effects of drought on yield in these experiments were in good agreement with the effects observed on the mobile shelter site.
When fully irrigated, the small plots under the mobile shelters used water 11% faster than larger areas of crop, because of advection. The maximum depth from which water was extracted was unaffected by the drought treatment. When 50% of the available soil water had been used the uptake rate decreased, but the maximum depth of uptake continued to increase.
Measurements of crop nutrients at harvest showed that nitrogen uptake was large, because of site history, and that phosphate uptake was decreased by drought to such an extent that phosphate shortage may have limited yield.
Variations in Motor Activity and in Food and Water Intake over 24 h Periods in Pigs
- D. L. Ingram, D. E. Walters, K. F. Legge
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- Journal:
- The Journal of Agricultural Science / Volume 95 / Issue 2 / October 1980
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 27 March 2009, pp. 371-380
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Groups of weaner pigs, and single animals, were observed in a temperature-controlled room isolated from external noise and light for periods of up to 4 weeks. Continuous records were made of motor activity, food intake and water consumption.
In the presence of a cycle of 12 h light and 12 h dark at 25 °C groups of pigs were most active in the light and took most of their food towards the end of the light period. Single pigs also tended to be more active in the light, but the rhythms were less marked, and one animal was most active during the dark period.
In continuous light, rhythms of activity and ingestion tended to collapse after only a few days, particularly in pigs which were kept by themselves. When the ambient temperature was increased to 35 °C during 12 h light and decreased to 25 °C during 12 h dark, a group of pigs was most active in the dark.
The effects of drought on barley: soil and plant water relations
- W. Day, D. W. Lawlor, B. J. Legg
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- Journal:
- The Journal of Agricultural Science / Volume 96 / Issue 1 / February 1981
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 27 March 2009, pp. 61-77
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In a field experiment on the effects of drought on spring barley, the crop was protected from rainfall by automatic rain shelters; a range of drought treatments was achieved by irrigating various plots according to a predetermined schedule. There were 12 treatments which ranged from no irrigation to full irrigation from emergence to harvest; results from seven treatments are discussed in this paper.
The rate of water uptake was determined for four soil horizons centred at 0·15, 0·50, 0·80 and 1·10 m. For all treatments, the rate of uptake in each horizon decreased as the soil dried, and although there were large differences in root density between horizons, maximum rates of uptake were similar in all horizons down to 0·80 m. Treatment effects showed that prolonged drought decreased the rate of uptake from the 0·80 and 1·10 m horizons: root density at and below 1·0 m probably differed between treatments.
Differences between treatments in leaf water potential (ψL) and osmotic potential (πL) were small, and there was no evidence that osmotic adjustment contributed to the drought response of this crop. Near anthesis, pre-dawn ψL was near zero for irrigated treatments and between – 3 and – 5 bar for unirrigated. During the day, ψL decreased to a minimum of – 15 to – 18 bar for irrigated plants, and was generally 3 bar lower for unirrigated. For all treatments, ψL was greater than π for the major part of the day, i.e. positive turgor was maintained; however, turgor was usually greater for irrigated than for unirrigated plants. The relationship, for leaf 8, between ψL and transpiration flux density was markedly non-linear, and was of a similar form for irrigated and vinirrigated plants. As the form of this relationship was independent of treatment, the non-linearity could not have been caused by variations in soil water potential through the profile.
Stomatal resistance differed markedly between treatments. A detailed analysis is presented, relating measured resistance for leaf 8 to ψL and to environmental variables: irradiance (I), water vapour pressure deficit (vpd), and temperature (T). The analysis showed no significant dependence of resistance on ψL or T, but marked dependence on I and vpd; a mathematical model combining a hyperbolic response function for I and an exponential function for vpd fitted the data well. The responses of abaxial and adaxial surface resistances to vpd were similar, but their light responses differed because of their different exposures to incident irradiance.
The effects of drought on barley growth: models and measurements showing the relative importance of leaf area and photosynthetic rate
- B. J. Legg, W. Day, D. W. Lawlor, K. J. Parkinson
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- The Journal of Agricultural Science / Volume 92 / Issue 3 / June 1979
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 27 March 2009, pp. 703-716
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In a field experiment on the effects of drought on spring barley the crop was protected from rain by automatic rain shelters. Various plots received irrigation at different times to give a range of drought treatments from full irrigation to no irrigation between emergence and harvest. The foliage area, light interception, stomatal resistance and leaf photosynthesis rate of five treatments were measured throughout the growing season, and a mathematical model has related the computed whole canopy photosynthesis to the measured total dry-matter yields at harvest. Hence, it was possible to estimate tha independent influences of drought on radiation interception, efficiency of use of intercepted radiation, and respiration. The analysis shows that for all treatments the decrease of intercepted radiation was the major factor in reducing yield, and it accounted for a loss of 30–40% for treatments that were stressed from the beginning of the season, and of 10–20% for treatments that were stressed after mid-May. Stomatal closure caused a reduction of up to 11% in daily photosynthesis, and the maximum effect was on plants that acquired a large leaf area before being stressed. However, the effect of stomatal closure integrated over the whole season was only 6% or less. Our measurements of internal resistance to carbon dioxide transfer were not precise enough to show significant differences between treatments; but increases of internal resistance, caused by stress, may have contributed to loss of yield.
Evaluation of the effects of environmental temperature and nutrition on growth and development
- M. J. Dauncey, D. L. Ingram, D. E. Walters, K. F. Legge
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- Journal:
- The Journal of Agricultural Science / Volume 101 / Issue 2 / October 1983
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 27 March 2009, pp. 291-299
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Growth and development of young mammals have been investigated in relation to environmental temperature and energy intake. The experimental design and statistical analysis have allowed an evaluation of the separate and combined effects of two environmental variables and the time it takes for these effects to develop. Piglets aged 14 days lived at either 35 or 10 °C, on a high or low energy intake (the energy content of the former was twice that of the latter). The influence of each of the four treatment combinations was assessed up to 64 days of age.
At 64 days of age the piglets at 35 °C on the high intake (35H) were twice as heavy as those at 10 °C on the low intake (10L). The other two groups (35L and 10H) had similar body weights, and these were between the 35H and 10L. Ambient temperature had a rapid influence on appearance and morphology: animals in the cold were shorter and squatter than those in the warm. In general, energy intake influenced the absolute size of the internal organs whereas temperature affected their size relative to body weight. Skeletal growth was faster in the warm than the cold, and on the high than the low intake. No statistically significant interactions were generally found between temperature and intake, indicating that their effects were exerted independently. Most of the effects were established after only 17 days.
The present investigation has helped in interpreting earlier studies on growth which concentrated on the effects of only one of the two environmental variables of temperature and nutrition. It emphasizes the key roles of nutrition in adaptation to environmental temperature, and of ambient temperature to nutritional studies.
A counterexample in the theory of Hermitian liftings
- D. A. Legg
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- Journal:
- Proceedings of the Edinburgh Mathematical Society / Volume 25 / Issue 2 / June 1982
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 20 January 2009, pp. 141-144
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In [3], [8], and [2], it was shown that if is an essentially Hermitian operator on l P, 1≦ p<∞, or on Lp[0,1], 1< p<∞, then T is a compact perturbation of a Hermitian operator. In [1], this result was established for operators on Orlicz sequence space l M, where 2∉[α M,β M] (the associated interval for M). In that same paper, it was conjectured that this result does not in general hold if 2∈[α M,β M]. In this paper, we show that this conjecture is correct by exhibiting an Orlicz sequence space l M and an essentially Hermitian operator on l M which is not a compact perturbation of a Hermitian operator.
Parasitism of Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) by Eretmocerus mundus (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) on cassava
- M. Otim, G. Kyalo, S. Kyamanywa, P. Asiimwe, J. P. Legg, M. Guershon, D. Gerling
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- Journal:
- International Journal of Tropical Insect Science / Volume 28 / Issue 3 / September 2008
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 September 2008, pp. 158-167
- Print publication:
- September 2008
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Parasitism rates of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) and searching and oviposition behaviours of its parasitoid Eretmocerus mundus Mercet were compared on two cassava varieties: a glabrous variety, Nase 4 and a hirsute variety, MM97/0245 with c. 88 leaf hairs/cm2. Parasitism was assessed after potted plants of both varieties were exposed in open fields to natural infestation by B. tabaci and its natural enemy. For the behavioural studies, naive, less than 24-h-old females were individually observed on infested cassava leaflets under a microscope for a maximum of 1 h each. The different foraging behaviours were recorded using the computer software ‘The Observer 5.0’ (Noldus Ltd, Wageningen, The Netherlands). Total per cent parasitism and parasitism by E. mundus did not differ significantly between varieties. Upon encounter with leaf hairs, the parasitoids stopped and groomed before resuming the host search. The frequency of repeat probing, host feeding and antennation after probing and host feeding were higher on the glabrous than on the hirsute variety, while the converse was observed when feeding on liquids on the leaf. The duration of host assessment, initial probing, grooming and resting on the leaf was higher on the glabrous than on the hirsute variety. Leaf hairiness at the density investigated caused some changes in the behaviour of the parasitoids, but did not have an overall effect on field parasitism. Since cassava is generally considered to have glabrous leaves and the variety MM97/0245 is one of the most hirsute varieties, we discount leaf hairiness as a factor in determining levels of parasitoid activity.
Investigating early agriculture in Central Asia: new research at Jeitun, Turkmenistan
- D. R. Harris, V. M. Masson, Y. E. Berezkin, M. P. Charles, C. Gosden, G. C. Hillman, A. K. Kasparov, G. F. Korobkova, K. Kurbansakhatov, A. J. Legge, S. Limbrey
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In 1989 ANTIQUITY published a special section of papers on the archaeology of the steppe zone, to notice the special role of that great sweep of land that links the northern fringes of early prehistoric agriculture in Europe and Asia. A new international team has now returned to Jeitun, the key early agricultural site in Turkmenistan, on the edge of the Kara Kum desert.
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