26 results
A hierarchy of mindreading strategies in joint action participation
- Todd Larson Landes, Piers Douglas Howe, Yoshihisa Kashima
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- Journal:
- Judgment and Decision Making / Volume 16 / Issue 4 / July 2021
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 January 2023, pp. 844-897
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This paper introduces the Hierarchical Mindreading Model (HMM), a new model of mindreading in two-person, mixed-motive games such as the Prisoners’ Dilemma. The HMM proposes that the strategies available to decision makers in these games can be classified on a hierarchy according to the type of mindreading involved. At Level 0 of the HMM, there is no attempt to infer the intentions of the other player from any of the context-specific information (i.e., signals, payoffs, or partner reliability). At Level 1, decision makers rely on signals to infer the other’s intention, without considering the possibility that those signals might not reflect the other’s true intention. Finally, in Level 2 strategies, decision makers infer the other player’s intended choice by integrating information contained in their signals with the apparent reliability of the other participant and/or the game’s payoffs. The implications of the HMM were tested across four studies involving 962 participants, with results consistently indicating the presence of strategies from all three levels of the HMM’s hierarchy.
Vaccine Confidence and the Importance of an Interdisciplinary Approach
- Douglas J. Opel, Heidi J. Larson
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- Journal:
- Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics / Volume 49 / Issue 4 / Winter 2021
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 10 January 2022, pp. 596-598
- Print publication:
- Winter 2021
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Parental confidence in vaccines is waning. To sustain and improve childhood vaccine coverage rates, insights from multiple disciplines are needed to understand and address the socio-cultural factors contributing to decreased vaccine confidence and uptake.
Eolian sand and loess deposits indicate west-northwest paleowinds during the Late Pleistocene in western Wisconsin, USA
- Randall J. Schaetzl, Phillip H. Larson, Douglas J. Faulkner, Garry L. Running, Harry M. Jol, Tammy M. Rittenour
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- Journal:
- Quaternary Research / Volume 89 / Issue 3 / May 2018
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 30 October 2017, pp. 769-785
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Our study adds to the Quaternary history of eolian systems and deposits in western Wisconsin, USA, primarily within the lower Chippewa River valley. Thickness and textural patterns of loess deposits in the region indicate transport by west-northwesterly and westerly winds. Loess is thickest and coarsest on the southeastern flanks of large bedrock ridges and uplands, similar in some ways to shadow dunes. In many areas, sand was transported up and onto the western flanks of bedrock ridges as sand ramps, presumably as loess was deposited in their lee. Long, linear dunes, common on the sandy lowlands of the Chippewa valley, also trend to the east-southeast. Small depressional blowouts are widespread here as well and often lie immediately upwind of small parabolic dunes. Finally, in areas where sediment was being exposed by erosion along cutbanks of the Chippewa River, sand appears to have been transported up and onto the terrace treads, forming cliff-top dunes. Luminescence data indicate that this activity has continued throughout the latest Pleistocene and into the mid-Holocene. Together, these landforms and sediments paint a picture of a locally destabilized landscape with widespread eolian activity throughout much of the postglacial period.
Germination and Root Dynamics of Range Weeds and Forage Species
- Roger L. Sheley, Larry L. Larson, Douglas E. Johnson
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- Journal:
- Weed Technology / Volume 7 / Issue 1 / March 1993
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 12 June 2017, pp. 234-237
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Rapid germination and root growth have been identified as important plant characteristics for establishment in arid environments. This study evaluates germination, radicle elongation, and root growth rates of two annual grasses, two forage species, and yellow starthistle. Yellow starthistle germination, radicle elongation, and root growth were faster than those of medusahead and hedgehog dogtailgrass. Subterranean clover possessed rapid seedling growth characteristics similar to those of yellow starthistle, whereas Palestine orchardgrass was most delayed.
Stability of Wood Anatomy of Living and Holocene Thuja occidentalis L. Derived from Exposed and Submerged Portions of the Niagara Escarpment
- Douglas W. Larson, Lewis Melville
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- Journal:
- Quaternary Research / Volume 45 / Issue 2 / March 1996
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 20 January 2017, pp. 210-215
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Millennium-long tree-ring chronologies have recently been derived fromThuja occidentalis L. growing on the exposed cliffs of the Niagara Escarpment, Canada. Lengthening of these chronologies may be possible by incorporating tree-ring series from subaerially exposed and submerged subfossil wood, provided that its anatomy is not significantly influenced by time or treatment. In order to determine if Holocene-age samples would be suitable for incorporation into very long tree-ring chronologies, a study was undertaken comparing wood structure of living trees, dead trees exposed to the air during the late Holocene, and dead trees submerged since the early Holocene. The results show that the impact of time and environment on wood anatomy is considerably less than expected. The anatomy of annual rings in Holocene trees is similar to that found in modern specimens. High magnification scanning electron micrographs show that tracheid walls lose their rectangular appearance after 8000 yr, but few other signs of deterioration are present. The results mean that Holocene wood can be used to add to the long dendrochronological record that has already been produced from the Niagara Escarpment.
Testing Significance of Multi-Destination and Multi-Purpose Trip Effects in a Travel Cost Method Demand Model for Whale Watching Trips
- John Loomis, Shizuka Yorizane, Douglas Larson
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- Journal:
- Agricultural and Resource Economics Review / Volume 29 / Issue 2 / October 2000
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 15 September 2016, pp. 183-191
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Inclusion of multi-destination and multi-purpose visitors has an appreciable influence on a standard count data travel cost model derived estimate of willingness to pay but the differences are not statistically significant. We adapt a more general travel cost model (TCM) of Parsons and Wilson (1997) that allows for inclusion of multi-destination visitors as incidental demand to allow estimation of an unbiased measure of single and multi-destination willingness to pay for whale viewing using a single pooled equation. The primary purpose trip values from the standard TCM and simple generalized TCM model are identical at $43 per person per day and neither are significantly different from the $50 day value from a generalized model that distinguishes between joint and incidental trips. The general models avoid underestimation of total recreation site benefits that would result from omitting the consumer surplus of multi-destination visitors.
Wildlife conservation, labor supply and time values in rural Botswana
- Douglas M. Larson, Elizabeth F. Pienaar, Lovell S. Jarvis
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- Journal:
- Environment and Development Economics / Volume 21 / Issue 2 / April 2016
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 26 June 2015, pp. 135-157
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To improve wildlife conservation incentives in community-based natural resource management programs, a better understanding of rural communities' willingness to engage in wildlife conservation jobs is needed. We implement a discrete choice model explaining reservation wages for nine conservation jobs using contingent behavior data from rural Botswana residents. We present a model in which the conditional indirect utility function incorporates a more general value of time than has previously been used, and this specification outperforms the standard model. Sample estimates indicate that reservation wages are modestly higher for women than for men, and that residents have higher reservation wages for jobs requiring more exertion or involving more danger.
News and Social Cost: The Case of Oil Spills and Distant Viewers
- Scott Farrow, Douglas M. Larson
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- Journal:
- Journal of Benefit-Cost Analysis / Volume 3 / Issue 4 / 17 December 2012
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 19 January 2015, pp. 1-22
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Although contingent valuation methods are now frequently used to assess the total value of even distant events, benefit-cost analysis could also be informed by observed behavior that links distant events and consumers. It is typically the news media which connect passive consumers to distant events about which they may or may not take action. The information and adaptation costs incurred by the news consumer are privately beneficial, but additionally are shown to be a lower bound to social welfare losses from a socially defined “bad” event under plausible circumstances. The recent Deepwater Horizon well blow-out in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico is a current example which we seek to inform by study of the oil spill from the Valdez, Alaska spill in 1989. We identify an incremental willingness to pay for news about the Exxon Valdez spill above a standard news broadcast and an increased probability of viewing a broadcast related to the spill. We develop and explain how this private value associated with media consumption can be interpreted as a partial measure of social costs for passive viewers who take no further action beyond news viewing and likely represent the majority of affected citizens (though not necessarily the majority of social costs). Though the per-person values of passive users may be modest in magnitude in the present application, some passive use values appear to be measurable, and that it may well be worth pursuing further the search for the faint but observable links between behavior and distant events through the news media.
Contributors
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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. Chapman, James H. Charlesworth, Kenneth R. Chase, Chen Zemin, Luciano Chianeque, Philip Chia Phin Yin, Francisca H. Chimhanda, Daniel Chiquete, John T. Chirban, Soobin Choi, Robert Choquette, Mita Choudhury, Gerald Christianson, John Chryssavgis, Sejong Chun, Esther Chung-Kim, Charles M. A. Clark, Elizabeth A. Clark, Sathianathan Clarke, Fred Cloud, John B. Cobb, W. Owen Cole, John A Coleman, John J. Collins, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Paul K. Conkin, Beth A. Conklin, Sean Connolly, Demetrios J. Constantelos, Michael A. Conway, Paula M. Cooey, Austin Cooper, Michael L. Cooper-White, Pamela Cooper-White, L. William Countryman, Sérgio Coutinho, Pamela Couture, Shannon Craigo-Snell, James L. Crenshaw, David Crowner, Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Elizabeth Mason Currier, Emmanuel Cutrone, Mary L. Daniel, David D. Daniels, Robert Darden, Rolf Darge, Isaiah Dau, Jeffry C. Davis, Jane Dawson, Valentin Dedji, John W. de Gruchy, Paul DeHart, Wendy J. Deichmann Edwards, Miguel A. De La Torre, George E. Demacopoulos, Thomas de Mayo, Leah DeVun, Beatriz de Vasconcellos Dias, Dennis C. Dickerson, John M. Dillon, Luis Miguel Donatello, Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, Susanna Drake, Jonathan A. Draper, N. Dreher Martin, Otto Dreydoppel, Angelyn Dries, A. J. Droge, Francis X. D'Sa, Marilyn Dunn, Nicole Wilkinson Duran, Rifaat Ebied, Mark J. Edwards, William H. Edwards, Leonard H. Ehrlich, Nancy L. Eiesland, Martin Elbel, J. Harold Ellens, Stephen Ellingson, Marvin M. Ellison, Robert Ellsberg, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Eldon Jay Epp, Peter C. Erb, Tassilo Erhardt, Maria Erling, Noel Leo Erskine, Gillian R. Evans, Virginia Fabella, Michael A. Fahey, Edward Farley, Margaret A. Farley, Wendy Farley, Robert Fastiggi, Seena Fazel, Duncan S. Ferguson, Helwar Figueroa, Paul Corby Finney, Kyriaki Karidoyanes FitzGerald, Thomas E. FitzGerald, John R. Fitzmier, Marie Therese Flanagan, Sabina Flanagan, Claude Flipo, Ronald B. Flowers, Carole Fontaine, David Ford, Mary Ford, Stephanie A. Ford, Jim Forest, William Franke, Robert M. Franklin, Ruth Franzén, Edward H. Friedman, Samuel Frouisou, Lorelei F. Fuchs, Jojo M. Fung, Inger Furseth, Richard R. Gaillardetz, Brandon Gallaher, China Galland, Mark Galli, Ismael García, Tharscisse Gatwa, Jean-Marie Gaudeul, Luis María Gavilanes del Castillo, Pavel L. Gavrilyuk, Volney P. Gay, Metropolitan Athanasios Geevargis, Kondothra M. George, Mary Gerhart, Simon Gikandi, Maurice Gilbert, Michael J. Gillgannon, Verónica Giménez Beliveau, Terryl Givens, Beth Glazier-McDonald, Philip Gleason, Menghun Goh, Brian Golding, Bishop Hilario M. Gomez, Michelle A. Gonzalez, Donald K. Gorrell, Roy Gottfried, Tamara Grdzelidze, Joel B. Green, Niels Henrik Gregersen, Cristina Grenholm, Herbert Griffiths, Eric W. Gritsch, Erich S. Gruen, Christoffer H. Grundmann, Paul H. Gundani, Jon P. Gunnemann, Petre Guran, Vidar L. Haanes, Jeremiah M. Hackett, Getatchew Haile, Douglas John Hall, Nicholas Hammond, Daphne Hampson, Jehu J. Hanciles, Barry Hankins, Jennifer Haraguchi, Stanley S. Harakas, Anthony John Harding, Conrad L. Harkins, J. William Harmless, Marjory Harper, Amir Harrak, Joel F. Harrington, Mark W. Harris, Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Van A. Harvey, R. Chris Hassel, Jione Havea, Daniel Hawk, Diana L. Hayes, Leslie Hayes, Priscilla Hayner, S. Mark Heim, Simo Heininen, Richard P. Heitzenrater, Eila Helander, David Hempton, Scott H. Hendrix, Jan-Olav Henriksen, Gina Hens-Piazza, Carter Heyward, Nicholas J. Higham, David Hilliard, Norman A. Hjelm, Peter C. Hodgson, Arthur Holder, M. Jan Holton, Dwight N. Hopkins, Ronnie Po-chia Hsia, Po-Ho Huang, James Hudnut-Beumler, Jennifer S. Hughes, Leonard M. Hummel, Mary E. Hunt, Laennec Hurbon, Mark Hutchinson, Susan E. Hylen, Mary Beth Ingham, H. Larry Ingle, Dale T. Irvin, Jon Isaak, Paul John Isaak, Ada María Isasi-Díaz, Hans Raun Iversen, Margaret C. Jacob, Arthur James, Maria Jansdotter-Samuelsson, David Jasper, Werner G. Jeanrond, Renée Jeffery, David Lyle Jeffrey, Theodore W. Jennings, David H. Jensen, Robin Margaret Jensen, David Jobling, Dale A. Johnson, Elizabeth A. Johnson, Maxwell E. Johnson, Sarah Johnson, Mark D. Johnston, F. Stanley Jones, James William Jones, John R. Jones, Alissa Jones Nelson, Inge Jonsson, Jan Joosten, Elizabeth Judd, Mulambya Peggy Kabonde, Robert Kaggwa, Sylvester Kahakwa, Isaac Kalimi, Ogbu U. Kalu, Eunice Kamaara, Wayne C. Kannaday, Musimbi Kanyoro, Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, Frank Kaufmann, Léon Nguapitshi Kayongo, Richard Kearney, Alice A. Keefe, Ralph Keen, Catherine Keller, Anthony J. Kelly, Karen Kennelly, Kathi Lynn Kern, Fergus Kerr, Edward Kessler, George Kilcourse, Heup Young Kim, Kim Sung-Hae, Kim Yong-Bock, Kim Yung Suk, Richard King, Thomas M. King, Robert M. Kingdon, Ross Kinsler, Hans G. Kippenberg, Cheryl A. Kirk-Duggan, Clifton Kirkpatrick, Leonid Kishkovsky, Nadieszda Kizenko, Jeffrey Klaiber, Hans-Josef Klauck, Sidney Knight, Samuel Kobia, Robert Kolb, Karla Ann Koll, Heikki Kotila, Donald Kraybill, Philip D. W. Krey, Yves Krumenacker, Jeffrey Kah-Jin Kuan, Simanga R. Kumalo, Peter Kuzmic, Simon Shui-Man Kwan, Kwok Pui-lan, André LaCocque, Stephen E. Lahey, John Tsz Pang Lai, Emiel Lamberts, Armando Lampe, Craig Lampe, Beverly J. Lanzetta, Eve LaPlante, Lizette Larson-Miller, Ariel Bybee Laughton, Leonard Lawlor, Bentley Layton, Robin A. Leaver, Karen Lebacqz, Archie Chi Chung Lee, Marilyn J. Legge, Hervé LeGrand, D. L. LeMahieu, Raymond Lemieux, Bill J. Leonard, Ellen M. Leonard, Outi Leppä, Jean Lesaulnier, Nantawan Boonprasat Lewis, Henrietta Leyser, Alexei Lidov, Bernard Lightman, Paul Chang-Ha Lim, Carter Lindberg, Mark R. Lindsay, James R. Linville, James C. Livingston, Ann Loades, David Loades, Jean-Claude Loba-Mkole, Lo Lung Kwong, Wati Longchar, Eleazar López, David W. Lotz, Andrew Louth, Robin W. Lovin, William Luis, Frank D. Macchia, Diarmaid N. J. MacCulloch, Kirk R. MacGregor, Marjory A. MacLean, Donald MacLeod, Tomas S. Maddela, Inge Mager, Laurenti Magesa, David G. Maillu, Fortunato Mallimaci, Philip Mamalakis, Kä Mana, Ukachukwu Chris Manus, Herbert Robinson Marbury, Reuel Norman Marigza, Jacqueline Mariña, Antti Marjanen, Luiz C. L. Marques, Madipoane Masenya (ngwan'a Mphahlele), Caleb J. D. Maskell, Steve Mason, Thomas Massaro, Fernando Matamoros Ponce, András Máté-Tóth, Odair Pedroso Mateus, Dinis Matsolo, Fumitaka Matsuoka, John D'Arcy May, Yelena Mazour-Matusevich, Theodore Mbazumutima, John S. McClure, Christian McConnell, Lee Martin McDonald, Gary B. McGee, Thomas McGowan, Alister E. McGrath, Richard J. McGregor, John A. McGuckin, Maud Burnett McInerney, Elsie Anne McKee, Mary B. McKinley, James F. McMillan, Ernan McMullin, Kathleen E. McVey, M. Douglas Meeks, Monica Jyotsna Melanchthon, Ilie Melniciuc-Puica, Everett Mendoza, Raymond A. Mentzer, William W. Menzies, Ina Merdjanova, Franziska Metzger, Constant J. Mews, Marvin Meyer, Carol Meyers, Vasile Mihoc, Gunner Bjerg Mikkelsen, Maria Inêz de Castro Millen, Clyde Lee Miller, Bonnie J. Miller-McLemore, Alexander Mirkovic, Paul Misner, Nozomu Miyahira, R. W. L. Moberly, Gerald Moede, Aloo Osotsi Mojola, Sunanda Mongia, Rebeca Montemayor, James Moore, Roger E. Moore, Craig E. Morrison O.Carm, Jeffry H. Morrison, Keith Morrison, Wilson J. Moses, Tefetso Henry Mothibe, Mokgethi Motlhabi, Fulata Moyo, Henry Mugabe, Jesse Ndwiga Kanyua Mugambi, Peggy Mulambya-Kabonde, Robert Bruce Mullin, Pamela Mullins Reaves, Saskia Murk Jansen, Heleen L. Murre-Van den Berg, Augustine Musopole, Isaac M. T. Mwase, Philomena Mwaura, Cecilia Nahnfeldt, Anne Nasimiyu Wasike, Carmiña Navia Velasco, Thulani Ndlazi, Alexander Negrov, James B. Nelson, David G. Newcombe, Carol Newsom, Helen J. Nicholson, George W. E. Nickelsburg, Tatyana Nikolskaya, Damayanthi M. A. Niles, Bertil Nilsson, Nyambura Njoroge, Fidelis Nkomazana, Mary Beth Norton, Christian Nottmeier, Sonene Nyawo, Anthère Nzabatsinda, Edward T. Oakes, Gerald O'Collins, Daniel O'Connell, David W. Odell-Scott, Mercy Amba Oduyoye, Kathleen O'Grady, Oyeronke Olajubu, Thomas O'Loughlin, Dennis T. Olson, J. Steven O'Malley, Cephas N. Omenyo, Muriel Orevillo-Montenegro, César Augusto Ornellas Ramos, Agbonkhianmeghe E. Orobator, Kenan B. Osborne, Carolyn Osiek, Javier Otaola Montagne, Douglas F. Ottati, Anna May Say Pa, Irina Paert, Jerry G. Pankhurst, Aristotle Papanikolaou, Samuele F. Pardini, Stefano Parenti, Peter Paris, Sung Bae Park, Cristián G. Parker, Raquel Pastor, Joseph Pathrapankal, Daniel Patte, W. Brown Patterson, Clive Pearson, Keith F. Pecklers, Nancy Cardoso Pereira, David Horace Perkins, Pheme Perkins, Edward N. Peters, Rebecca Todd Peters, Bishop Yeznik Petrossian, Raymond Pfister, Peter C. Phan, Isabel Apawo Phiri, William S. F. Pickering, Derrick G. Pitard, William Elvis Plata, Zlatko Plese, John Plummer, James Newton Poling, Ronald Popivchak, Andrew Porter, Ute Possekel, James M. Powell, Enos Das Pradhan, Devadasan Premnath, Jaime Adrían Prieto Valladares, Anne Primavesi, Randall Prior, María Alicia Puente Lutteroth, Eduardo Guzmão Quadros, Albert Rabil, Laurent William Ramambason, Apolonio M. Ranche, Vololona Randriamanantena Andriamitandrina, Lawrence R. Rast, Paul L. Redditt, Adele Reinhartz, Rolf Rendtorff, Pål Repstad, James N. Rhodes, John K. Riches, Joerg Rieger, Sharon H. Ringe, Sandra Rios, Tyler Roberts, David M. Robinson, James M. Robinson, Joanne Maguire Robinson, Richard A. H. Robinson, Roy R. Robson, Jack B. Rogers, Maria Roginska, Sidney Rooy, Rev. Garnett Roper, Maria José Fontelas Rosado-Nunes, Andrew C. Ross, Stefan Rossbach, François Rossier, John D. Roth, John K. Roth, Phillip Rothwell, Richard E. Rubenstein, Rosemary Radford Ruether, Markku Ruotsila, John E. Rybolt, Risto Saarinen, John Saillant, Juan Sanchez, Wagner Lopes Sanchez, Hugo N. Santos, Gerhard Sauter, Gloria L. Schaab, Sandra M. Schneiders, Quentin J. Schultze, Fernando F. Segovia, Turid Karlsen Seim, Carsten Selch Jensen, Alan P. F. Sell, Frank C. Senn, Kent Davis Sensenig, Damían Setton, Bal Krishna Sharma, Carolyn J. Sharp, Thomas Sheehan, N. Gerald Shenk, Christian Sheppard, Charles Sherlock, Tabona Shoko, Walter B. Shurden, Marguerite Shuster, B. Mark Sietsema, Batara Sihombing, Neil Silberman, Clodomiro Siller, Samuel Silva-Gotay, Heikki Silvet, John K. Simmons, Hagith Sivan, James C. Skedros, Abraham Smith, Ashley A. Smith, Ted A. Smith, Daud Soesilo, Pia Søltoft, Choan-Seng (C. S.) Song, Kathryn Spink, Bryan Spinks, Eric O. Springsted, Nicolas Standaert, Brian Stanley, Glen H. Stassen, Karel Steenbrink, Stephen J. Stein, Andrea Sterk, Gregory E. Sterling, Columba Stewart, Jacques Stewart, Robert B. Stewart, Cynthia Stokes Brown, Ken Stone, Anne Stott, Elizabeth Stuart, Monya Stubbs, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, David Kwang-sun Suh, Scott W. Sunquist, Keith Suter, Douglas Sweeney, Charles H. Talbert, Shawqi N. Talia, Elsa Tamez, Joseph B. Tamney, Jonathan Y. Tan, Yak-Hwee Tan, Kathryn Tanner, Feiya Tao, Elizabeth S. Tapia, Aquiline Tarimo, Claire Taylor, Mark Lewis Taylor, Bishop Abba Samuel Wolde Tekestebirhan, Eugene TeSelle, M. Thomas Thangaraj, David R. Thomas, Andrew Thornley, Scott Thumma, Marcelo Timotheo da Costa, George E. “Tink” Tinker, Ola Tjørhom, Karen Jo Torjesen, Iain R. Torrance, Fernando Torres-Londoño, Archbishop Demetrios [Trakatellis], Marit Trelstad, Christine Trevett, Phyllis Trible, Johannes Tromp, Paul Turner, Robert G. Tuttle, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Peter Tyler, Anders Tyrberg, Justin Ukpong, Javier Ulloa, Camillus Umoh, Kristi Upson-Saia, Martina Urban, Monica Uribe, Elochukwu Eugene Uzukwu, Richard Vaggione, Gabriel Vahanian, Paul Valliere, T. J. Van Bavel, Steven Vanderputten, Peter Van der Veer, Huub Van de Sandt, Louis Van Tongeren, Luke A. Veronis, Noel Villalba, Ramón Vinke, Tim Vivian, David Voas, Elena Volkova, Katharina von Kellenbach, Elina Vuola, Timothy Wadkins, Elaine M. Wainwright, Randi Jones Walker, Dewey D. Wallace, Jerry Walls, Michael J. Walsh, Philip Walters, Janet Walton, Jonathan L. Walton, Wang Xiaochao, Patricia A. Ward, David Harrington Watt, Herold D. Weiss, Laurence L. Welborn, Sharon D. Welch, Timothy Wengert, Traci C. West, Merold Westphal, David Wetherell, Barbara Wheeler, Carolinne White, Jean-Paul Wiest, Frans Wijsen, Terry L. Wilder, Felix Wilfred, Rebecca Wilkin, Daniel H. Williams, D. Newell Williams, Michael A. Williams, Vincent L. Wimbush, Gabriele Winkler, Anders Winroth, Lauri Emílio Wirth, James A. Wiseman, Ebba Witt-Brattström, Teofil Wojciechowski, John Wolffe, Kenman L. Wong, Wong Wai Ching, Linda Woodhead, Wendy M. Wright, Rose Wu, Keith E. Yandell, Gale A. Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
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- Book:
- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
- Published online:
- 05 August 2012
- Print publication:
- 20 September 2010, pp xi-xliv
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Assessing the costs of living with wildlife in developing countries using willingness to pay
- WILLIAM R. SUTTON, DOUGLAS M. LARSON, LOVELL S. JARVIS
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- Journal:
- Environment and Development Economics / Volume 13 / Issue 4 / August 2008
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 August 2008, pp. 475-495
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The costs of living with wildlife are assessed using Namibian subsistence farmers' willingness to pay (WTP) for deterrents to attacks on crops and livestock. A utility-theoretic approach jointly estimates household WTP for deterrent programs in two ‘currencies’: maize and cash. This has a double payoff. Use of a non-cash staple increases respondent comprehension and provides more information about preferences, improving the accuracy of results. The household shadow value of maize is also identified. Significant costs from living with elephants and other types of wildlife are demonstrated. Compensation for farmers may be warranted on equity and efficiency grounds. Uncontrolled domestic cattle generate even higher costs to farmers than wildlife, highlighting the need to clarify property rights among these farmers.
5 - Fauna
- Douglas W. Larson, University of Guelph, Ontario, Uta Matthes, University of Guelph, Ontario, Peter E. Kelly, University of Guelph, Ontario
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- Cliff Ecology
- Published online:
- 16 September 2009
- Print publication:
- 06 January 2000, pp 125-174
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Summary
Cliffs worldwide support a variety of protists and animals including a vast array of invertebrates, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals. Cliffs in one area of highland in southern British Columbia, Canada, for example, supported 41 per cent (22 of 54) of the faunal species of high conservation value for the region (Sinnemann, 1992). Most studies of cliff fauna, however, have focused on one or a small number of species. This is in striking contrast to the floristic studies reviewed in the last chapter that generally focused on the determination of the composition of the entire plant community. In most faunal studies, the focus of the research is usually not on the habitat but rather directly on the species that occur there. Exceptions to this trend in the faunal literature include Johnson (1986), Reitan (1986), Ward and Anderson (1988), and Camp and Knight (1997). As a result, the organization of this chapter is quite different from the preceding one. This chapter summarizes the information that is presently available in the scientific literature on the ecology and distribution of faunal cliff species and presents it in broad taxonomic groups.
Avifauna
General trends
Cliffs appear to support a greater species richness of birds than equal areas within the surrounding habitat, although not all of these birds nest on the cliffs. This difference between adjacent land and cliffs is partly attributable to cliffs being ‘permanent habitat edges’ characterized by abrupt changes in soil, topography, geomorphology and microclimate combined with local conditions that minimize interspecific competition and predation (Matheson & Larson, 1998).
2 - Geology and geomorphology
- Douglas W. Larson, University of Guelph, Ontario, Uta Matthes, University of Guelph, Ontario, Peter E. Kelly, University of Guelph, Ontario
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- Book:
- Cliff Ecology
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- 06 January 2000, pp 19-42
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Summary
In most discussions of terrestrial ecology, the weathering patterns and age of the bedrock are an important part of the ecological context. This is especially true on cliffs where soil formation is either absent or minimal and there is direct contact between the rock face and the biota at all times. On level ground, the underlying geology becomes less critical and the processes of soil formation more critical to plant and animal communities over time (Oettli, 1904). The persistence of the contact between the biota and the rocks on cliffs (most often without soil) makes it necessary for us to present a broad summary of the important geological and geomorphological characteristics of cliffs which may influence the abundance and distribution of the biota on the surface.
Bedrock composition and strength
The emergence of cliffs in the landscape is dependent on both the mechanical strength and the variability in the strength of the bedrock. These traits are built into the rock, both during the initial deposition of the materials and in the subsequent reshaping of the strata by crustal plate movement and large-scale geomorphological events such as glacial advances or the outflows from rivers. The variability built into different strata results in differences in the physical expression of weathering processes, with the removal of weaker materials and the retention of stronger ones. The pronounced series of cliffs interrupted by talus slopes lining the walls of the Grand Canyon, USA, is caused in part by this vertical mgeological heterogeneity in wear resistance (see Fig. 1.2).
3 - Physical environment
- Douglas W. Larson, University of Guelph, Ontario, Uta Matthes, University of Guelph, Ontario, Peter E. Kelly, University of Guelph, Ontario
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Summary
The vertical orientation of cliffs represents the primary (if obvious) difference from other landscape types, but verticality affects the environmental conditions on cliffs in a number of important ways that are not always obvious to ecologists who study the microclimate of level ground or slopes. The function of this chapter is to point out the various ways in which the physical environment of cliffs is distinct from that of horizontal surfaces. Its purpose, therefore, is not to give a complete account of all components of the physical environment. The reader is referred to standard texts, such as Monteith and Unsworth (1990), Arya (1988), Oke (1987) and Gates and Schmerl (1975), for basic information on microclimate and energy balance.
The first subsection briefly outlines the various components of the physical environment that are affected by vertical orientation of the substrate, and shows how these factors are interconnected in a complex way to make the cliff environment drastically different from surrounding level ground. More detail on each of these factors is then provided in the subsections that follow.
The effects of vertical orientation
Vertical orientation affects the total amount of direct radiation a surface receives and the way radiation input varies diurnally, seasonally and latitudinally. It also affects wind speeds on the surface and the amount of direct precipitation received. Radiation, wind and moisture together control the temperature of the rock. Absorption of radiant energy increases rock temperature, while wind speed controls the amount of energy that is dissipated by the heating of air and the evaporation of moisture, thus cooling the cliff surface.
4 - Flora
- Douglas W. Larson, University of Guelph, Ontario, Uta Matthes, University of Guelph, Ontario, Peter E. Kelly, University of Guelph, Ontario
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- Cliff Ecology
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Cliffs are largely inaccessible to people and their livestock and are therefore generally free from disturbances such as grazing and fire. As we have already shown, cliffs cannot support organisms with high productivity and therefore most vegetation on cliffs is small and unassuming. We believe that these features are the reasons why cliffs have attracted far less attention from biologists than other more accessible habitats with large numbers of productive macroscopic organisms. Maycock and Fahselt (1992) studied the vegetation of high arctic cliff faces and scree slopes in Canada that had previously been described as ‘unvegetated’. On these surfaces they found 156 plant species, of which half were lichens, one-quarter were macroscopic higher plants and one-quarter were bryophytes. The authors offer no satisfactory explanation as to why others might have so grossly misrepresented the diversity of species in these habitats, but they hint that the appearance of low productivity has discouraged close scrutiny in the past. The same suggestion was also offered by Larson (1990) to explain the lack of prior discovery of an ancient forest of stunted Thuja occidentalis on the apparently bare cliffs of the bare-looking Niagara Escarpment in southern Ontario, Canada. The small size of many cliffs often results in them being viewed as ‘break-points’ or transition-points in landscapes, rather than as separate landscape elements. This view leads to the characterization of cliffs as the ‘edges’ of other places, rather than places in their own right.
We feel that all of these factors help to explain the small amount of scientific literature dealing with the vegetation of cliffs compared to the vast amount of literature on level-ground forests, grasslands, wetlands, deserts, and tundras of the world.
1 - Introduction
- Douglas W. Larson, University of Guelph, Ontario, Uta Matthes, University of Guelph, Ontario, Peter E. Kelly, University of Guelph, Ontario
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In the six decades since Sir Arthur Tansley first coined the word ecosystem, an enormous amount of ecological research has been carried out in every imaginable habitat on earth. Forests, grasslands, deserts, tundra, wetlands and oceans have all been mapped in their distribution on the earth's surface and have revealed their structure and some aspects of their function to ecologists. Until recently, however, vertical cliffs have been almost completely overlooked as subjects for ecological study, even though some workers in Europe have included areas of steep rock in analyses of vegetation communities. For example, McVean and Ratcliffe (1962) described plant communities for the Scottish highlands but only a handful of stands had slopes greater than 60° and only one had a slope value of 80°. In other words, cliffs as defined in this book were not really included even if subsequent authors said that they were. McVean and Ratcliffe were also aware of the difficulty in dealing with cliff vegetation at the community scale. They stated:
To many botanists this heterogeneous cliff vegetation is the most interesting of all but to the phytosociologist it is easily the most baffling. The larger, stable ledges usually bear tall herb communities and are amenable to the normal method of analysis but the open and patchy vegetation consisting of small herbs, sedges, grasses and bryophytes is very difficult to describe. … We have therefore analyzed only those cliff communities which provided stands of at least the normal minimal area of 2 × 2 m. … Description of the micro-communities naturally confined to open rocks is best reserved for detailed studies of individual rupestral species.
(McVean & Ratcliffe, 1962, p. 88)
8 - Summary, opportunities and synthesis
- Douglas W. Larson, University of Guelph, Ontario, Uta Matthes, University of Guelph, Ontario, Peter E. Kelly, University of Guelph, Ontario
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To a very great extent, cliffs are places that are of interest to everyone and no-one at the same time. This paradox attracts us and we think it will attract others when it becomes better known. People on all continents see images of cliffs in a wide variety of mass media and are consequently drawn as though pulled by a magnet to cliffs or habitats with extreme topography. Cliffs are sites with enormous spiritual value and may even be habitats that have given rise to a wide variety of our food plants, garden weeds and commensal animals. Yet these same sites have zero area when photographed from space, have attracted little scrutiny from scientists, and have received almost no legal protection from various forms of commercial exploitation. Some may be inclined to protest the last two statements based on the content of the book so far, but when one compares the vast and easily accessed literature for other habitat types, our conclusions are justified.
The literature that we have reviewed and discussed in the preceding chapters almost always focuses on particular organisms, groups of organisms or specific aspects of cliff ecosystems without considering them as ‘places’ in the same way as lakes are considered as distinctive habitats by limnologists or forests by forest ecologists. A result of the particular organization that we have selected is that we may have reinforced rather than eliminated the idea of separate structures and functions on cliffs.
Contents
- Douglas W. Larson, University of Guelph, Ontario, Uta Matthes, University of Guelph, Ontario, Peter E. Kelly, University of Guelph, Ontario
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6 - Controlling processes
- Douglas W. Larson, University of Guelph, Ontario, Uta Matthes, University of Guelph, Ontario, Peter E. Kelly, University of Guelph, Ontario
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While inaccessibility has protected cliffs from significant amounts of disturbance, it has also limited the amount of experimental work that deals with questions of the genesis and maintenance of cliff communities. Most previous studies have inferred mechanisms of community or ecosystem function from descriptions of the cliff biota. In this chapter, literature on the growth of individual species and populations, the establishment of patterns of relative abundance, and the development of species composition is briefly reviewed. Ideas about how physical factors influence the biota of cliffs are presented first, followed by a discussion of the control of communities through biotic interactions.
Bedrock composition
There are three aspects of geology and geomorphology that influence the biotic communities of cliffs: bedrock composition, structural heterogeneities, and erosion. Bedrock composition falls into three large categories: (1) hard siliceous rocks, mainly of igneous origin but also including some sedimentary rocks such as sandstones; (2) hard calcareous rocks, mainly of sedimentary origin but also including igneous or metamorphic rocks such as basalt and marble; (3) unconsolidated or indurated materials such as sand, gravel or loess. It is generally known that siliceous rocks produce acid soils that select for an array of plant species commonly called calcifuges (‘lime avoiders’). Conversely, calcareous rocks produce chalky soils with neutral to high pH values that select for a different array of plants known as calcicoles (‘lime seekers’) (Fitter & Hay, 1987). The low pH values of soils derived from acid rocks cause the accumulation of toxic levels of Fe2+/Fe3+ or Al3+ ions.
Frontmatter
- Douglas W. Larson, University of Guelph, Ontario, Uta Matthes, University of Guelph, Ontario, Peter E. Kelly, University of Guelph, Ontario
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Cliff Ecology
- Pattern and Process in Cliff Ecosystems
- Douglas W. Larson, Uta Matthes, Peter E. Kelly
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Cliffs are present in virtually every country on earth. The lack of scientific interest in cliffs to date is in striking contrast to the commonness of cliffs around the world and to the attraction cliffs have had for humans throughout history. Cliffs provide a unique habitat, rarely investigated from an ecological viewpoint. This book aims to destroy the impression of cliffs as geological structures devoid of life, by reviewing information about the geology, geomorphology, microclimate, flora and fauna of both sea and inland cliffs. For the first time, evidence is presented to suggest that cliffs worldwide may represent an invaluable type of ecosystem, consisting of some of the least disturbed habitats on earth and contributing more to the biodiversity of a region than their surface coverage would indicate.