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Perinatal and early-life factors associated with stable and unstable trajectories of psychopathic traits across childhood
- Vincent Bégin, Nathalie M.G. Fontaine, Frank Vitaro, Michel Boivin, Richard E. Tremblay, Sylvana M. Côté
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- Journal:
- Psychological Medicine / Volume 53 / Issue 2 / January 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 05 May 2021, pp. 379-387
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Background
This study aimed to identify perinatal and early-life factors associated with trajectories of psychopathic traits across childhood.
MethodsParticipants were 1631 children (51.5% girls) from the Quebec Longitudinal Study of Child Development. A wide range of perinatal and early-life factors were assessed from pregnancy to age 2.5 years using medical files and mothers’ reports. Psychopathic traits were assessed via teachers’ reports at ages 6, 7, 8, 10, and 12 years. Latent class growth analyses and multinomial logistic regressions controlling for child sex were conducted. Two-way interaction effects between perinatal/early-life factors and child sex were explored.
ResultsFour trajectories of psychopathic traits were identified: High-stable (4.48%), Increasing (8.77%), Decreasing (11.46%), and Low-stable (75.29%). A few perinatal factors and most child-level and family-level early-life factors significantly increased the odds of following the High-stable v. the Low-stable trajectory. Higher levels of psychotropic exposures during pregnancy, socioeconomic adversity, child's physical aggression, child's opposition, mother's depressive symptoms, and hostile parenting increased the likelihood of following the Increasing instead of the Low-stable trajectory. Higher socioeconomic adversity, mother's depressive symptoms, and inconsistent parenting were associated with membership to the High-stable instead of the Decreasing trajectory. Most associations were not moderated by child sex.
ConclusionsThese results shed light on the perinatal and early-life factors that are associated with specific pathways of psychopathic traits during childhood and suggest that different factors could be targeted to prevent the exacerbation (v. low and stable levels) or the stability at high levels (v. attenuation) of these traits.
Geospatial analysis of Mediterranean diet adherence in the United States
- Meifang Chen, Thomas Creger, Virginia Howard, Suzanne E Judd, Kathy F Harrington, Kevin R Fontaine
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- Journal:
- Public Health Nutrition / Volume 24 / Issue 10 / July 2021
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 03 August 2020, pp. 2920-2928
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Objective:
The current study aims to describe the Mediterranean diet (MD) adherence across the US regions, and explore the predictive factors of MD adherence among US adults.
Design:Cross-sectional secondary data analysis. MD adherence score (0–9) was calculated using the Block 98 FFQ. Hot spot analysis was conducted to describe the geospatial distribution of MD adherence across the US regions. Logistic regression explored predictors of MD adherence.
Setting:Nationwide community-dwelling residency in the USA.
Participants:Adults aged ≥45 years (n 20 897) who participated in the REasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke study and completed baseline assessment during January 2003 and October 2007.
Results:The mean of MD adherence score was 4·36 (sd 1·70), and 46·5 % of the sample had high MD adherence (score 5–9). Higher MD adherence clusters were primarily located in the western and northeastern coastal areas of the USA, whereas lower MD adherence clusters were majorly observed in south and east-north-central regions. Being older, black, not a current smoker, having a college degree or above, an annual household income ≥ $US 75K, exercising ≥4 times/week and watching TV/video <4 h/d were each associated with higher odds of high MD adherence.
Conclusions:There were significant geospatial and population disparities in MD adherence across the US regions. Future studies are needed to explore the causes of MD adherence disparities and develop effective interventions for MD promotion in the USA.
Quality: A non-interventional study evaluating quality of life in schizophrenic patients treated with atypical antipsychotics in the ambulatory setting
- J. Peuskens, E. Fontaine, T. Vanlerberghe
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- Journal:
- European Psychiatry / Volume 26 / Issue S2 / March 2011
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 16 April 2020, p. 1474
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Objectives
The QUALITY study evaluated Quality-of-Life in schizophrenic patients treated with atypical antipsychotics (AAPs) in the ambulatory setting.
MethodsThis study was a 9-month, observational, multicentre prospective study. Patients (18–65 years-old) diagnosed with schizophrenia and treatment started with one AAP before visit-1 (minimum: 4-weeks, maximum: 8-weeks) were enrolled into this Belgian study. At visit-1 patients’ demographics and medical history were recorded with follow-up visits after 3-, 6- and 9-months. At each visit, patients completed the Subjective Well-being under Neuroleptic treatment short form (SWN-K), while investigators assessed the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale (PANSS-8) and Global Assessment of Functioning.
Results121 patients were enrolled: 91 male, mean age 36.7 ± 10.8years. The main AAPs were risperidone (38/121), apripirazole (28/121) and quetiapine (25/121). On average, most mean changes from baseline in SWN-K-subscale scores were positive (between −0.5 and +0.5, range −1.8–1.6) suggesting patients felt better, although there were no treatment-group differences. The associations between baseline SWN-K-subscales and age were small (RC [regression co-efficient] range: −0.03–0.01). PANSS-8-score changes were slightly negative (means between −0.77 and −0.43) suggesting decreased symptom severity. Patients with more severe negative symptoms considered their mental- and physical-functioning to be better throughout the study, indicated by significant correlations between these SWN-K-subscale scores and negative PANSS-scores (RC = 0.19, p = 0.0282; RC = 0.15, p = 0.0258). The associations between SWN-K-scores and positive PANSS-scores were small (RC: 0.01–0.14). The number of hospitalizations decreased during the study (9.6% between visit-1 and 2 vs. 7.5% visit-3 and −4).
ConclusionsQuality-of-life for all patients seemed to improve slightly, without any differences between treatment-groups.
Adequacy of nutritional intake during pregnancy in relation to prepregnancy BMI: results from the 3D Cohort Study
- Lise Dubois, Maikol Diasparra, Brigitte Bédard, Cynthia K. Colapinto, Bénédicte Fontaine-Bisson, Richard E. Tremblay, William D. Fraser
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- Journal:
- British Journal of Nutrition / Volume 120 / Issue 3 / 14 August 2018
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 07 June 2018, pp. 335-344
- Print publication:
- 14 August 2018
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Our study compares adequacy of nutritional intakes among pregnant women with different prepregnancy BMI and explores associations between nutritional intakes during pregnancy and both prepregnancy BMI and gestational weight gain (GWG). We collected dietary information from a large cohort of pregnant Canadian women (n 861) using a 3-d food record. We estimated usual dietary intakes of energy (E), macronutrients and micronutrients using the National Cancer Institute method. We also performed Pearson’s correlations between nutritional intakes and both prepregnancy BMI and GWG. In all BMI categories, intakes considered suboptimal (by comparison with estimated average requirements) were noted for Fe, vitamin D, folate, vitamin B6, Mg, Zn, Ca and vitamin A. Total fat intakes were above the acceptable macronutrient distribution range (AMDR) for 36 % of the women. A higher proportion of obese women had carbohydrate intakes (as %E) below the AMDR (v. normal-weight and overweight women; 19 v. 9 %) and Na intakes above the tolerable upper intake level (v. other BMI categories; 90 v. 77–78 %). In all BMI categories, median intakes of K and fibre were below adequate intake. Intakes of several nutrients (adjusted for energy) were correlated with BMI. Correlations were detected between energy-adjusted nutrient intakes and total GWG and were, for the most part, specific to certain BMI categories. Overweight and obese pregnant women appear to be the most nutritionally vulnerable. Nutrition interventions are needed to guide pregnant women toward their optimal GWG while also meeting their nutritional requirements.
The Role of Sensitivity Analysis in Groundwater Risk Modeling for Pesticides
- Don D. Fontaine, Patrick L. Havens, Gary E. Blau, Patricia M. Tillotson
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- Journal:
- Weed Technology / Volume 6 / Issue 3 / September 1992
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 12 June 2017, pp. 716-724
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Two methods were used to obtain the sensitivity of chemical leaching depth to variations in the input parameters of the Pesticide Root Zone Model (PRZM). First a Plackett-Burman (PB) screening design was used to vary 35 PRZM inputs over seven ranges around a nominal value. Six of the seven ranges were approximately 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 5.0, and 15%, the seventh range was chosen to cover a range appropriate for a soybean herbicide applied preemergence in the Midwestern region defined by the USDA–SCS land resource region M. Next, Fourier amplitude sensitivity testing (FAST) was then used to vary from 19 to 25 parameters over four of the ranges previously tested. For the smaller parameter ranges the two methods typically gave equivalent results but the PB method required far fewer simulations. For the simulation of the Midwestern region where some parameter varied by larger amounts the relative magnitudes of the sensitivity coefficients obtained by the two methods were similar but the magnitude of the coefficients obtained using FAST were smaller than those obtained using PB.
Dietary Intake at 9 Years and Subsequent Body Mass Index in Adolescent Boys and Girls: A Study of Monozygotic Twin Pairs
- Lise Dubois, Maikol Diasparra, Leonie-Helen Bogl, Bénédicte Fontaine-Bisson, Brigitte Bédard, Richard E. Tremblay, Jaakko Kaprio, Michel Boivin
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- Journal:
- Twin Research and Human Genetics / Volume 19 / Issue 1 / February 2016
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 26 January 2016, pp. 47-59
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There is a lack of evidence pointing to specific dietary elements related to weight gain and obesity prevention in childhood and adulthood. Dietary intake and obesity are both inherited and culturally transmitted, but most prospective studies on the association between diet and weight status do not take genetics into consideration. The objective of this study was to document the association between dietary intake at 9 years and subsequent Body Mass Index (BMI) in adolescent monozygotic boy and girl twin pairs. This research used data from 152 twin pairs. Dietary data were collected from two 24-hour-recall interviews with a parent and the child aged 9 years. Height and weight were obtained when the twins were aged 9, 12, 13, and 14 years. Intrapair variability analysis was performed to identify dietary elements related to BMI changes in subsequent years. BMI-discordant monozygotic twin pairs were also identified to analyze the dietary constituents that may have generated the discordance. After eliminating potential confounding genetic factors, pre-adolescent boys who ate fewer grain products and fruit and consumed more high-fat meat and milk had higher BMIs during adolescence; pre-adolescent girls who consumed more grain products and high-fat meat and milk had higher BMIs during adolescence. Energy intake (EI) at 9 years was not related to BMI in subsequent years. Our study suggests that messages and interventions directed at obesity prevention could take advantage of sex-specific designs and‚ eventually‚ genetic information.
Pulsations in hot subdwarf stars: recent advances and prospects for testing stellar physics
- Stéphane Charpinet, V. Van Grootel, G. Fontaine, P. Brassard, S.K. Randall, E. M. Green
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- Journal:
- Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union / Volume 11 / Issue A29B / August 2015
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 27 October 2016, pp. 581-588
- Print publication:
- August 2015
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The evolved, core helium burning, extreme horizontal branch stars (also known as hot B subdwarfs) host several classes of pulsators showing either p- or g-modes, or both. They offer particularly favorable conditions for probing with asteroseismology their internal structure, thus constituting arguably the most interesting seismic window for this intermediate stage of stellar evolution. G-modes in particular have the power to probe deep inside these stars, down to the convective He-burning core boundary where uncertain physics (convection, overshooting, semi-convection) is at work. Space data recently obtained with CoRoT and Kepler are offering us the possibility to probe these regions in detail and possibly shed new light on how these processes shape the core structure. In this short paper, we present the most recent advances that have taken place in this field and we provide hints of the foreseen future achievements of hot subdwarf asteroseismology.
6 - Contested Identities
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- By Roger E. Backhouse, University of Birmingham, Philippe Fontaine, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Cachan
- Edited by Roger E. Backhouse, University of Birmingham, Philippe Fontaine, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Cachan
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- A Historiography of the Modern Social Sciences
- Published online:
- 05 September 2014
- Print publication:
- 22 September 2014, pp 183-210
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Summary
In 2007, when the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) proposed a new classification in which "history of economic thought" was moved from "economics" to "history, archeology, religion and philosophy", some in the field were up in arms, protesting that this amounted to its destruction. This chapter shows that the changing identity problem of the history of economics cannot be understood without taking account of the changes affecting economics from 1945, especially as the claim that the history of economics is economics has, for many of its practitioners, been central to the legitimation of the field up to the present. Until the 1950s or so, economists had usually attached importance to history, including both economic history and the history of economic theories, but as the discipline became more technical and acquired a more scientific self-image, this view found fewer and fewer supporters within the profession.
Index
- Edited by Roger E. Backhouse, University of Birmingham, Philippe Fontaine, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Cachan
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- A Historiography of the Modern Social Sciences
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- 05 September 2014
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- 22 September 2014, pp 237-248
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Contents
- Edited by Roger E. Backhouse, University of Birmingham, Philippe Fontaine, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Cachan
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- A Historiography of the Modern Social Sciences
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- 05 September 2014
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- 22 September 2014, pp v-vi
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Notes on Contributors
- Edited by Roger E. Backhouse, University of Birmingham, Philippe Fontaine, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Cachan
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- A Historiography of the Modern Social Sciences
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- 05 September 2014
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- 22 September 2014, pp vii-x
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1 - Introduction
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- By Roger E. Backhouse, University of Birmingham , Philippe Fontaine, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Cachan
- Edited by Roger E. Backhouse, University of Birmingham, Philippe Fontaine, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Cachan
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- A Historiography of the Modern Social Sciences
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- 05 September 2014
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- 22 September 2014, pp 1-28
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Summary
This chapter begins with a rise of the social sciences since the Second World War. It provides the background to their increased consideration in the historical literature in the past twenty five years. In particular, an important part of this history is that the social sciences achieved their more significant place in economic political, social, and cultural life, in large part, through cross disciplinary engagements guided by a common problem oriented approach. The chapter turns to the existing historiography, arguing that recent work has laid the foundations for moving from largely disciplinary histories of psychology, sociology, anthropology, economics, and political science to a history of the social sciences as a whole. In the chapter, the author argues for a comparative interdisciplinary historiography of the social sciences. Finally, it explains how the other chapters in this book are organized.
Frontmatter
- Edited by Roger E. Backhouse, University of Birmingham, Philippe Fontaine, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Cachan
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- A Historiography of the Modern Social Sciences
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- 05 September 2014
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- 22 September 2014, pp i-iv
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A Historiography of the Modern Social Sciences
- Edited by Roger E. Backhouse, Philippe Fontaine
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- 05 September 2014
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- 22 September 2014
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A Historiography of the Modern Social Sciences includes essays on the ways in which the histories of psychology, anthropology, sociology, economics, history and political science have been written since the Second World War. Bringing together chapters written by the leading historians of each discipline, the book establishes significant parallels and contrasts and makes the case for a comparative interdisciplinary historiography. This comparative approach helps explain historiographical developments on the basis of factors specific to individual disciplines and the social, political, and intellectual developments that go beyond individual disciplines. All historians, including historians of the different social sciences, encounter literatures with which they are not familiar. This book will provide a broader understanding of the different ways in which the history of the social sciences, and by extension intellectual history, is written.
Reaching the 1% accuracy level on stellar mass and radius determinations from asteroseismology
- V. Van Grootel, S. Charpinet, G. Fontaine, P. Brassard, E. M. Green
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- Journal:
- Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union / Volume 9 / Issue S301 / August 2013
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 18 February 2014, pp. 305-308
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- August 2013
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Asteroseismic modeling of subdwarf B (sdB) stars provides measurements of their fundamental parameters with a very good precision; in particular, the masses and radii determined from asteroseismology are found to typically reach a precision of 1% containing various uncertainties associated with their inner structure and the underlying microphysics (composition and transition zones profiles, nuclear reaction rates, etc.). Therefore, the question of the accuracy of the stellar parameters derived by asteroseismology is legitimate. We present here the seismic modeling of the pulsating sdB star in the eclipsing binary PG 1336–018, for which the mass and the radius are independently and precisely known from the modeling of the reflection/irradiation effect and the eclipses observed in the light curve. This allows us to quantitatively evaluate the reliability of the seismic method and test the impact of uncertainties in our stellar models on the derived parameters. We conclude that the sdB star parameters inferred from asteroseismology are precise, accurate, and robust against model uncertainties.
Contributors
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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. Chapman, James H. Charlesworth, Kenneth R. Chase, Chen Zemin, Luciano Chianeque, Philip Chia Phin Yin, Francisca H. Chimhanda, Daniel Chiquete, John T. Chirban, Soobin Choi, Robert Choquette, Mita Choudhury, Gerald Christianson, John Chryssavgis, Sejong Chun, Esther Chung-Kim, Charles M. A. Clark, Elizabeth A. Clark, Sathianathan Clarke, Fred Cloud, John B. Cobb, W. Owen Cole, John A Coleman, John J. Collins, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Paul K. Conkin, Beth A. Conklin, Sean Connolly, Demetrios J. Constantelos, Michael A. Conway, Paula M. Cooey, Austin Cooper, Michael L. Cooper-White, Pamela Cooper-White, L. William Countryman, Sérgio Coutinho, Pamela Couture, Shannon Craigo-Snell, James L. Crenshaw, David Crowner, Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Elizabeth Mason Currier, Emmanuel Cutrone, Mary L. Daniel, David D. Daniels, Robert Darden, Rolf Darge, Isaiah Dau, Jeffry C. Davis, Jane Dawson, Valentin Dedji, John W. de Gruchy, Paul DeHart, Wendy J. Deichmann Edwards, Miguel A. De La Torre, George E. Demacopoulos, Thomas de Mayo, Leah DeVun, Beatriz de Vasconcellos Dias, Dennis C. Dickerson, John M. Dillon, Luis Miguel Donatello, Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, Susanna Drake, Jonathan A. Draper, N. Dreher Martin, Otto Dreydoppel, Angelyn Dries, A. J. Droge, Francis X. D'Sa, Marilyn Dunn, Nicole Wilkinson Duran, Rifaat Ebied, Mark J. Edwards, William H. Edwards, Leonard H. Ehrlich, Nancy L. Eiesland, Martin Elbel, J. Harold Ellens, Stephen Ellingson, Marvin M. Ellison, Robert Ellsberg, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Eldon Jay Epp, Peter C. Erb, Tassilo Erhardt, Maria Erling, Noel Leo Erskine, Gillian R. Evans, Virginia Fabella, Michael A. Fahey, Edward Farley, Margaret A. Farley, Wendy Farley, Robert Fastiggi, Seena Fazel, Duncan S. Ferguson, Helwar Figueroa, Paul Corby Finney, Kyriaki Karidoyanes FitzGerald, Thomas E. FitzGerald, John R. Fitzmier, Marie Therese Flanagan, Sabina Flanagan, Claude Flipo, Ronald B. Flowers, Carole Fontaine, David Ford, Mary Ford, Stephanie A. Ford, Jim Forest, William Franke, Robert M. Franklin, Ruth Franzén, Edward H. Friedman, Samuel Frouisou, Lorelei F. Fuchs, Jojo M. Fung, Inger Furseth, Richard R. Gaillardetz, Brandon Gallaher, China Galland, Mark Galli, Ismael García, Tharscisse Gatwa, Jean-Marie Gaudeul, Luis María Gavilanes del Castillo, Pavel L. Gavrilyuk, Volney P. Gay, Metropolitan Athanasios Geevargis, Kondothra M. George, Mary Gerhart, Simon Gikandi, Maurice Gilbert, Michael J. Gillgannon, Verónica Giménez Beliveau, Terryl Givens, Beth Glazier-McDonald, Philip Gleason, Menghun Goh, Brian Golding, Bishop Hilario M. Gomez, Michelle A. Gonzalez, Donald K. Gorrell, Roy Gottfried, Tamara Grdzelidze, Joel B. Green, Niels Henrik Gregersen, Cristina Grenholm, Herbert Griffiths, Eric W. Gritsch, Erich S. Gruen, Christoffer H. Grundmann, Paul H. Gundani, Jon P. Gunnemann, Petre Guran, Vidar L. Haanes, Jeremiah M. Hackett, Getatchew Haile, Douglas John Hall, Nicholas Hammond, Daphne Hampson, Jehu J. Hanciles, Barry Hankins, Jennifer Haraguchi, Stanley S. Harakas, Anthony John Harding, Conrad L. Harkins, J. William Harmless, Marjory Harper, Amir Harrak, Joel F. Harrington, Mark W. Harris, Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Van A. Harvey, R. Chris Hassel, Jione Havea, Daniel Hawk, Diana L. Hayes, Leslie Hayes, Priscilla Hayner, S. Mark Heim, Simo Heininen, Richard P. Heitzenrater, Eila Helander, David Hempton, Scott H. Hendrix, Jan-Olav Henriksen, Gina Hens-Piazza, Carter Heyward, Nicholas J. Higham, David Hilliard, Norman A. Hjelm, Peter C. Hodgson, Arthur Holder, M. Jan Holton, Dwight N. Hopkins, Ronnie Po-chia Hsia, Po-Ho Huang, James Hudnut-Beumler, Jennifer S. Hughes, Leonard M. Hummel, Mary E. Hunt, Laennec Hurbon, Mark Hutchinson, Susan E. Hylen, Mary Beth Ingham, H. Larry Ingle, Dale T. Irvin, Jon Isaak, Paul John Isaak, Ada María Isasi-Díaz, Hans Raun Iversen, Margaret C. Jacob, Arthur James, Maria Jansdotter-Samuelsson, David Jasper, Werner G. Jeanrond, Renée Jeffery, David Lyle Jeffrey, Theodore W. Jennings, David H. Jensen, Robin Margaret Jensen, David Jobling, Dale A. Johnson, Elizabeth A. Johnson, Maxwell E. Johnson, Sarah Johnson, Mark D. Johnston, F. Stanley Jones, James William Jones, John R. Jones, Alissa Jones Nelson, Inge Jonsson, Jan Joosten, Elizabeth Judd, Mulambya Peggy Kabonde, Robert Kaggwa, Sylvester Kahakwa, Isaac Kalimi, Ogbu U. Kalu, Eunice Kamaara, Wayne C. Kannaday, Musimbi Kanyoro, Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, Frank Kaufmann, Léon Nguapitshi Kayongo, Richard Kearney, Alice A. Keefe, Ralph Keen, Catherine Keller, Anthony J. Kelly, Karen Kennelly, Kathi Lynn Kern, Fergus Kerr, Edward Kessler, George Kilcourse, Heup Young Kim, Kim Sung-Hae, Kim Yong-Bock, Kim Yung Suk, Richard King, Thomas M. King, Robert M. Kingdon, Ross Kinsler, Hans G. Kippenberg, Cheryl A. Kirk-Duggan, Clifton Kirkpatrick, Leonid Kishkovsky, Nadieszda Kizenko, Jeffrey Klaiber, Hans-Josef Klauck, Sidney Knight, Samuel Kobia, Robert Kolb, Karla Ann Koll, Heikki Kotila, Donald Kraybill, Philip D. W. Krey, Yves Krumenacker, Jeffrey Kah-Jin Kuan, Simanga R. Kumalo, Peter Kuzmic, Simon Shui-Man Kwan, Kwok Pui-lan, André LaCocque, Stephen E. Lahey, John Tsz Pang Lai, Emiel Lamberts, Armando Lampe, Craig Lampe, Beverly J. Lanzetta, Eve LaPlante, Lizette Larson-Miller, Ariel Bybee Laughton, Leonard Lawlor, Bentley Layton, Robin A. Leaver, Karen Lebacqz, Archie Chi Chung Lee, Marilyn J. Legge, Hervé LeGrand, D. L. LeMahieu, Raymond Lemieux, Bill J. Leonard, Ellen M. Leonard, Outi Leppä, Jean Lesaulnier, Nantawan Boonprasat Lewis, Henrietta Leyser, Alexei Lidov, Bernard Lightman, Paul Chang-Ha Lim, Carter Lindberg, Mark R. Lindsay, James R. Linville, James C. Livingston, Ann Loades, David Loades, Jean-Claude Loba-Mkole, Lo Lung Kwong, Wati Longchar, Eleazar López, David W. Lotz, Andrew Louth, Robin W. Lovin, William Luis, Frank D. Macchia, Diarmaid N. J. MacCulloch, Kirk R. MacGregor, Marjory A. MacLean, Donald MacLeod, Tomas S. Maddela, Inge Mager, Laurenti Magesa, David G. Maillu, Fortunato Mallimaci, Philip Mamalakis, Kä Mana, Ukachukwu Chris Manus, Herbert Robinson Marbury, Reuel Norman Marigza, Jacqueline Mariña, Antti Marjanen, Luiz C. L. Marques, Madipoane Masenya (ngwan'a Mphahlele), Caleb J. D. Maskell, Steve Mason, Thomas Massaro, Fernando Matamoros Ponce, András Máté-Tóth, Odair Pedroso Mateus, Dinis Matsolo, Fumitaka Matsuoka, John D'Arcy May, Yelena Mazour-Matusevich, Theodore Mbazumutima, John S. McClure, Christian McConnell, Lee Martin McDonald, Gary B. McGee, Thomas McGowan, Alister E. McGrath, Richard J. McGregor, John A. McGuckin, Maud Burnett McInerney, Elsie Anne McKee, Mary B. McKinley, James F. McMillan, Ernan McMullin, Kathleen E. McVey, M. Douglas Meeks, Monica Jyotsna Melanchthon, Ilie Melniciuc-Puica, Everett Mendoza, Raymond A. Mentzer, William W. Menzies, Ina Merdjanova, Franziska Metzger, Constant J. Mews, Marvin Meyer, Carol Meyers, Vasile Mihoc, Gunner Bjerg Mikkelsen, Maria Inêz de Castro Millen, Clyde Lee Miller, Bonnie J. Miller-McLemore, Alexander Mirkovic, Paul Misner, Nozomu Miyahira, R. W. L. Moberly, Gerald Moede, Aloo Osotsi Mojola, Sunanda Mongia, Rebeca Montemayor, James Moore, Roger E. Moore, Craig E. Morrison O.Carm, Jeffry H. Morrison, Keith Morrison, Wilson J. Moses, Tefetso Henry Mothibe, Mokgethi Motlhabi, Fulata Moyo, Henry Mugabe, Jesse Ndwiga Kanyua Mugambi, Peggy Mulambya-Kabonde, Robert Bruce Mullin, Pamela Mullins Reaves, Saskia Murk Jansen, Heleen L. Murre-Van den Berg, Augustine Musopole, Isaac M. T. Mwase, Philomena Mwaura, Cecilia Nahnfeldt, Anne Nasimiyu Wasike, Carmiña Navia Velasco, Thulani Ndlazi, Alexander Negrov, James B. Nelson, David G. Newcombe, Carol Newsom, Helen J. 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Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
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Notes on Contributors
- Roger E. Backhouse, University of Birmingham, Philippe Fontaine, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Cachan
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- The History of the Social Sciences since 1945
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Preface
- Roger E. Backhouse, University of Birmingham, Philippe Fontaine, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Cachan
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Summary
In January 2006, we initiated a seminar series, held at the Centre for Philosophy of Natural and Social Science (CPNSS), at the London School of Economics and Political Science, on the history of postwar social science. This was an experiment to create an audience for reflection on the history of the social sciences in general. To start the series, we decided to have papers on the six core social sciences, providing general perspectives against which further work could be placed. In subsequent years, after obtaining the support of the Leverhulme Trust, we explored interdisciplinary figures in social science and a series of social problems.
These papers made us realize the importance of this interdisciplinary approach to the history of the social sciences. There is already work on this, but only as part of histories that have a much longer time frame: historical research on the postwar social sciences remains overwhelmingly discipline based. So we approached Cambridge University Press with a proposal for a short volume based on chapters by four of the participants in the seminar and outsiders. This book is the result.
We do not claim to offer a comprehensive or unified history of the social sciences since the Second World War. Contributors were provided with a common list of themes and were asked to address the ones they considered relevant to the discipline they were discussing, but no attempt has been made to homogenise the chapters, which reflect the different disciplinary backgrounds and concerns of their authors, as well as the peculiarities of the social sciences under consideration.
THE HISTORY OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES SINCE 1945
- Roger E. Backhouse, University of Birmingham, Philippe Fontaine, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Cachan
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8 - Toward a History of the Social Sciences
- Roger E. Backhouse, University of Birmingham, Philippe Fontaine, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Cachan
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- The History of the Social Sciences since 1945
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Summary
We need to characterize American society of the mid-twentieth century in more psychological terms … for now the problems that concern us most border on the psychiatric.
C. Wright Mills (1951, p. 160).The Second World War and Its Aftermath
It is hard to overestimate the significance of the Second World War for the social sciences as a whole, even though its importance varied from one social science to another. The war and its aftermath brought about profound changes in Western societies, creating new problems that provided opportunities for social scientists to demonstrate their expertise. In the postwar decades, notably the 1960s, as a result of their efforts to tackle urgent social problems, the traditional domains of the social sciences were redefined. Of course many of the conceptual frameworks or paradigms within which social scientists operated had roots that went much further back, but the changed context brought about profound transformations. The most obvious change concerned the political position of the United States in relation to Europe: to quote British historian Tony Judt (2007, p. 13), “Europe in the aftermath of the Second World War offered a prospect of utter misery and desolation. … Europeans felt hopeless, they were exhausted – and for good reason.” The physical destruction had been immense, the death toll, especially among civilians, vastly higher than that in the First World War, and at the end of the war tens of millions of people were displaced, in part as a result of “an unprecedented exercise in ethnic cleansing and population transfer” (p.24): Europe was in chaos and the split between East and West was accentuated.