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Neuropsychological tests associated with symptomatic HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) in a cohort of older adults in Tanzania
- Lachlan Fotheringham, Rachael A. Lawson, Sarah Urasa, Judith Boshe, Elizabeta B. Mukaetova-Ladinska, Jane Rogathi, William Howlett, Marieke C.J. Dekker, William K. Gray, Jonathan Evans, Richard W. Walker, Philip C. Makupa, Stella-Maria Paddick
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- Journal:
- Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , First View
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 20 May 2024, pp. 1-11
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Objective:
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) prevalence is expected to increase in East Africa as treatment coverage increases, survival improves, and this population ages. This study aimed to better understand the current cognitive phenotype of this newly emergent population of older combination antiretroviral therapy (cART)-treated people living with HIV (PLWH), in which current screening measures lack accuracy. This will facilitate the refinement of HAND cognitive screening tools for this setting.
Method:This is a secondary analysis of 253 PLWH aged ≥50 years receiving standard government HIV clinic follow-up in Kilimanjaro, Tanzania. They were evaluated with a detailed locally normed low-literacy neuropsychological battery annually on three occasions and a consensus panel diagnosis of HAND by Frascati criteria based on clinical evaluation and collateral history.
Results:Tests of verbal learning and memory, categorical verbal fluency, visual memory, and visuoconstruction had an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve >0.7 for symptomatic HAND (s-HAND) (0.70–0.72; p < 0.001 for all tests). Tests of visual memory, verbal learning with delayed recall and recognition memory, psychomotor speed, language comprehension, and categorical verbal fluency were independently associated with s-HAND in a logistic mixed effects model (p < 0.01 for all). Neuropsychological impairments varied by educational background.
Conclusions:A broad range of cognitive domains are affected in older, well-controlled, East African PLWH, including those not captured in widely used screening measures. It is possible that educational background affects the observed cognitive impairments in this setting. Future screening measures for similar populations should consider assessment of visual memory, verbal learning, language comprehension, and executive and motor function.
Prevalence and 1-year incidence of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) in adults aged ≥50 years attending standard HIV clinical care in Kilimanjaro, Tanzania
- Aidan Flatt, Tom Gentry, Johanna Kellett-Wright, Patrick Eaton, Marcella Joseph, Sarah Urasa, William Howlett, Marieke Dekker, Aloyce Kisoli, Jane Rogathe, Lindsay Henderson, Thomas Lewis, Jessica Thornton, Judith McCartney, Vanessa Yarwood, Charlotte Irwin, Elizabeta B. Mukaetova-Ladinska, Rufus Akinyemi, William K. Gray, Richard W. Walker, Catherine L. Dotchin, Andrew-Leon S. Quaker, Philip C. Makupa, Stella-Maria Paddick
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- Journal:
- International Psychogeriatrics / Volume 35 / Issue 7 / July 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 24 March 2021, pp. 339-350
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Objectives:
HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HANDs) are prevalent in older people living with HIV (PLWH) worldwide. HAND prevalence and incidence studies of the newly emergent population of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART)-treated older PLWH in sub-Saharan Africa are currently lacking. We aimed to estimate HAND prevalence and incidence using robust measures in stable, cART-treated older adults under long-term follow-up in Tanzania and report cognitive comorbidities.
Design:Longitudinal study
Participants:A systematic sample of consenting HIV-positive adults aged ≥50 years attending routine clinical care at an HIV Care and Treatment Centre during March–May 2016 and followed up March–May 2017.
Measurements:HAND by consensus panel Frascati criteria based on detailed locally normed low-literacy neuropsychological battery, structured neuropsychiatric clinical assessment, and collateral history. Demographic and etiological factors by self-report and clinical records.
Results:In this cohort (n = 253, 72.3% female, median age 57), HAND prevalence was 47.0% (95% CI 40.9–53.2, n = 119) despite well-managed HIV disease (Mn CD4 516 (98-1719), 95.5% on cART). Of these, 64 (25.3%) were asymptomatic neurocognitive impairment, 46 (18.2%) mild neurocognitive disorder, and 9 (3.6%) HIV-associated dementia. One-year incidence was high (37.2%, 95% CI 25.9 to 51.8), but some reversibility (17.6%, 95% CI 10.0–28.6 n = 16) was observed.
Conclusions:HAND appear highly prevalent in older PLWH in this setting, where demographic profile differs markedly to high-income cohorts, and comorbidities are frequent. Incidence and reversibility also appear high. Future studies should focus on etiologies and potentially reversible factors in this setting.
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- By Mitchell Aboulafia, Frederick Adams, Marilyn McCord Adams, Robert M. Adams, Laird Addis, James W. Allard, David Allison, William P. Alston, Karl Ameriks, C. Anthony Anderson, David Leech Anderson, Lanier Anderson, Roger Ariew, David Armstrong, Denis G. Arnold, E. J. Ashworth, Margaret Atherton, Robin Attfield, Bruce Aune, Edward Wilson Averill, Jody Azzouni, Kent Bach, Andrew Bailey, Lynne Rudder Baker, Thomas R. Baldwin, Jon Barwise, George Bealer, William Bechtel, Lawrence C. Becker, Mark A. Bedau, Ernst Behler, José A. Benardete, Ermanno Bencivenga, Jan Berg, Michael Bergmann, Robert L. Bernasconi, Sven Bernecker, Bernard Berofsky, Rod Bertolet, Charles J. Beyer, Christian Beyer, Joseph Bien, Joseph Bien, Peg Birmingham, Ivan Boh, James Bohman, Daniel Bonevac, Laurence BonJour, William J. Bouwsma, Raymond D. Bradley, Myles Brand, Richard B. Brandt, Michael E. Bratman, Stephen E. Braude, Daniel Breazeale, Angela Breitenbach, Jason Bridges, David O. Brink, Gordon G. Brittan, Justin Broackes, Dan W. Brock, Aaron Bronfman, Jeffrey E. Brower, Bartosz Brozek, Anthony Brueckner, Jeffrey Bub, Lara Buchak, Otavio Bueno, Ann E. Bumpus, Robert W. Burch, John Burgess, Arthur W. Burks, Panayot Butchvarov, Robert E. Butts, Marina Bykova, Patrick Byrne, David Carr, Noël Carroll, Edward S. Casey, Victor Caston, Victor Caston, Albert Casullo, Robert L. Causey, Alan K. L. Chan, Ruth Chang, Deen K. Chatterjee, Andrew Chignell, Roderick M. Chisholm, Kelly J. Clark, E. J. Coffman, Robin Collins, Brian P. Copenhaver, John Corcoran, John Cottingham, Roger Crisp, Frederick J. Crosson, Antonio S. Cua, Phillip D. Cummins, Martin Curd, Adam Cureton, Andrew Cutrofello, Stephen Darwall, Paul Sheldon Davies, Wayne A. Davis, Timothy Joseph Day, Claudio de Almeida, Mario De Caro, Mario De Caro, John Deigh, C. F. Delaney, Daniel C. Dennett, Michael R. DePaul, Michael Detlefsen, Daniel Trent Devereux, Philip E. Devine, John M. Dillon, Martin C. Dillon, Robert DiSalle, Mary Domski, Alan Donagan, Paul Draper, Fred Dretske, Mircea Dumitru, Wilhelm Dupré, Gerald Dworkin, John Earman, Ellery Eells, Catherine Z. Elgin, Berent Enç, Ronald P. Endicott, Edward Erwin, John Etchemendy, C. Stephen Evans, Susan L. Feagin, Solomon Feferman, Richard Feldman, Arthur Fine, Maurice A. Finocchiaro, William FitzPatrick, Richard E. Flathman, Gvozden Flego, Richard Foley, Graeme Forbes, Rainer Forst, Malcolm R. Forster, Daniel Fouke, Patrick Francken, Samuel Freeman, Elizabeth Fricker, Miranda Fricker, Michael Friedman, Michael Fuerstein, Richard A. Fumerton, Alan Gabbey, Pieranna Garavaso, Daniel Garber, Jorge L. A. Garcia, Robert K. Garcia, Don Garrett, Philip Gasper, Gerald Gaus, Berys Gaut, Bernard Gert, Roger F. Gibson, Cody Gilmore, Carl Ginet, Alan H. Goldman, Alvin I. Goldman, Alfonso Gömez-Lobo, Lenn E. Goodman, Robert M. Gordon, Stefan Gosepath, Jorge J. E. Gracia, Daniel W. Graham, George A. Graham, Peter J. Graham, Richard E. Grandy, I. Grattan-Guinness, John Greco, Philip T. Grier, Nicholas Griffin, Nicholas Griffin, David A. Griffiths, Paul J. Griffiths, Stephen R. Grimm, Charles L. Griswold, Charles B. Guignon, Pete A. Y. Gunter, Dimitri Gutas, Gary Gutting, Paul Guyer, Kwame Gyekye, Oscar A. Haac, Raul Hakli, Raul Hakli, Michael Hallett, Edward C. Halper, Jean Hampton, R. James Hankinson, K. R. Hanley, Russell Hardin, Robert M. Harnish, William Harper, David Harrah, Kevin Hart, Ali Hasan, William Hasker, John Haugeland, Roger Hausheer, William Heald, Peter Heath, Richard Heck, John F. Heil, Vincent F. Hendricks, Stephen Hetherington, Francis Heylighen, Kathleen Marie Higgins, Risto Hilpinen, Harold T. Hodes, Joshua Hoffman, Alan Holland, Robert L. Holmes, Richard Holton, Brad W. Hooker, Terence E. Horgan, Tamara Horowitz, Paul Horwich, Vittorio Hösle, Paul Hoβfeld, Daniel Howard-Snyder, Frances Howard-Snyder, Anne Hudson, Deal W. Hudson, Carl A. Huffman, David L. Hull, Patricia Huntington, Thomas Hurka, Paul Hurley, Rosalind Hursthouse, Guillermo Hurtado, Ronald E. Hustwit, Sarah Hutton, Jonathan Jenkins Ichikawa, Harry A. Ide, David Ingram, Philip J. Ivanhoe, Alfred L. Ivry, Frank Jackson, Dale Jacquette, Joseph Jedwab, Richard Jeffrey, David Alan Johnson, Edward Johnson, Mark D. Jordan, Richard Joyce, Hwa Yol Jung, Robert Hillary Kane, Tomis Kapitan, Jacquelyn Ann K. Kegley, James A. Keller, Ralph Kennedy, Sergei Khoruzhii, Jaegwon Kim, Yersu Kim, Nathan L. King, Patricia Kitcher, Peter D. Klein, E. D. Klemke, Virginia Klenk, George L. Kline, Christian Klotz, Simo Knuuttila, Joseph J. Kockelmans, Konstantin Kolenda, Sebastian Tomasz Kołodziejczyk, Isaac Kramnick, Richard Kraut, Fred Kroon, Manfred Kuehn, Steven T. Kuhn, Henry E. Kyburg, John Lachs, Jennifer Lackey, Stephen E. Lahey, Andrea Lavazza, Thomas H. Leahey, Joo Heung Lee, Keith Lehrer, Dorothy Leland, Noah M. Lemos, Ernest LePore, Sarah-Jane Leslie, Isaac Levi, Andrew Levine, Alan E. Lewis, Daniel E. Little, Shu-hsien Liu, Shu-hsien Liu, Alan K. L. Chan, Brian Loar, Lawrence B. Lombard, John Longeway, Dominic McIver Lopes, Michael J. Loux, E. J. Lowe, Steven Luper, Eugene C. Luschei, William G. Lycan, David Lyons, David Macarthur, Danielle Macbeth, Scott MacDonald, Jacob L. Mackey, Louis H. Mackey, Penelope Mackie, Edward H. Madden, Penelope Maddy, G. B. Madison, Bernd Magnus, Pekka Mäkelä, Rudolf A. Makkreel, David Manley, William E. Mann (W.E.M.), Vladimir Marchenkov, Peter Markie, Jean-Pierre Marquis, Ausonio Marras, Mike W. Martin, A. P. Martinich, William L. McBride, David McCabe, Storrs McCall, Hugh J. McCann, Robert N. McCauley, John J. McDermott, Sarah McGrath, Ralph McInerny, Daniel J. McKaughan, Thomas McKay, Michael McKinsey, Brian P. McLaughlin, Ernan McMullin, Anthonie Meijers, Jack W. Meiland, William Jason Melanson, Alfred R. Mele, Joseph R. Mendola, Christopher Menzel, Michael J. Meyer, Christian B. Miller, David W. Miller, Peter Millican, Robert N. Minor, Phillip Mitsis, James A. Montmarquet, Michael S. Moore, Tim Moore, Benjamin Morison, Donald R. Morrison, Stephen J. Morse, Paul K. Moser, Alexander P. D. Mourelatos, Ian Mueller, James Bernard Murphy, Mark C. Murphy, Steven Nadler, Jan Narveson, Alan Nelson, Jerome Neu, Samuel Newlands, Kai Nielsen, Ilkka Niiniluoto, Carlos G. Noreña, Calvin G. Normore, David Fate Norton, Nikolaj Nottelmann, Donald Nute, David S. Oderberg, Steve Odin, Michael O’Rourke, Willard G. Oxtoby, Heinz Paetzold, George S. Pappas, Anthony J. Parel, Lydia Patton, R. P. Peerenboom, Francis Jeffry Pelletier, Adriaan T. Peperzak, Derk Pereboom, Jaroslav Peregrin, Glen Pettigrove, Philip Pettit, Edmund L. Pincoffs, Andrew Pinsent, Robert B. Pippin, Alvin Plantinga, Louis P. Pojman, Richard H. Popkin, John F. Post, Carl J. Posy, William J. Prior, Richard Purtill, Michael Quante, Philip L. Quinn, Philip L. Quinn, Elizabeth S. Radcliffe, Diana Raffman, Gerard Raulet, Stephen L. Read, Andrews Reath, Andrew Reisner, Nicholas Rescher, Henry S. Richardson, Robert C. Richardson, Thomas Ricketts, Wayne D. Riggs, Mark Roberts, Robert C. Roberts, Luke Robinson, Alexander Rosenberg, Gary Rosenkranz, Bernice Glatzer Rosenthal, Adina L. Roskies, William L. Rowe, T. M. Rudavsky, Michael Ruse, Bruce Russell, Lilly-Marlene Russow, Dan Ryder, R. M. Sainsbury, Joseph Salerno, Nathan Salmon, Wesley C. Salmon, Constantine Sandis, David H. Sanford, Marco Santambrogio, David Sapire, Ruth A. Saunders, Geoffrey Sayre-McCord, Charles Sayward, James P. Scanlan, Richard Schacht, Tamar Schapiro, Frederick F. Schmitt, Jerome B. Schneewind, Calvin O. Schrag, Alan D. Schrift, George F. Schumm, Jean-Loup Seban, David N. Sedley, Kenneth Seeskin, Krister Segerberg, Charlene Haddock Seigfried, Dennis M. Senchuk, James F. Sennett, William Lad Sessions, Stewart Shapiro, Tommie Shelby, Donald W. Sherburne, Christopher Shields, Roger A. Shiner, Sydney Shoemaker, Robert K. Shope, Kwong-loi Shun, Wilfried Sieg, A. John Simmons, Robert L. Simon, Marcus G. Singer, Georgette Sinkler, Walter Sinnott-Armstrong, Matti T. Sintonen, Lawrence Sklar, Brian Skyrms, Robert C. Sleigh, Michael Anthony Slote, Hans Sluga, Barry Smith, Michael Smith, Robin Smith, Robert Sokolowski, Robert C. Solomon, Marta Soniewicka, Philip Soper, Ernest Sosa, Nicholas Southwood, Paul Vincent Spade, T. L. S. Sprigge, Eric O. Springsted, George J. Stack, Rebecca Stangl, Jason Stanley, Florian Steinberger, Sören Stenlund, Christopher Stephens, James P. Sterba, Josef Stern, Matthias Steup, M. A. Stewart, Leopold Stubenberg, Edith Dudley Sulla, Frederick Suppe, Jere Paul Surber, David George Sussman, Sigrún Svavarsdóttir, Zeno G. Swijtink, Richard Swinburne, Charles C. Taliaferro, Robert B. Talisse, John Tasioulas, Paul Teller, Larry S. Temkin, Mark Textor, H. S. Thayer, Peter Thielke, Alan Thomas, Amie L. Thomasson, Katherine Thomson-Jones, Joshua C. Thurow, Vzalerie Tiberius, Terrence N. Tice, Paul Tidman, Mark C. Timmons, William Tolhurst, James E. Tomberlin, Rosemarie Tong, Lawrence Torcello, Kelly Trogdon, J. D. Trout, Robert E. Tully, Raimo Tuomela, John Turri, Martin M. Tweedale, Thomas Uebel, Jennifer Uleman, James Van Cleve, Harry van der Linden, Peter van Inwagen, Bryan W. Van Norden, René van Woudenberg, Donald Phillip Verene, Samantha Vice, Thomas Vinci, Donald Wayne Viney, Barbara Von Eckardt, Peter B. M. Vranas, Steven J. Wagner, William J. Wainwright, Paul E. Walker, Robert E. Wall, Craig Walton, Douglas Walton, Eric Watkins, Richard A. Watson, Michael V. Wedin, Rudolph H. Weingartner, Paul Weirich, Paul J. Weithman, Carl Wellman, Howard Wettstein, Samuel C. Wheeler, Stephen A. White, Jennifer Whiting, Edward R. Wierenga, Michael Williams, Fred Wilson, W. Kent Wilson, Kenneth P. Winkler, John F. Wippel, Jan Woleński, Allan B. Wolter, Nicholas P. Wolterstorff, Rega Wood, W. Jay Wood, Paul Woodruff, Alison Wylie, Gideon Yaffe, Takashi Yagisawa, Yutaka Yamamoto, Keith E. Yandell, Xiaomei Yang, Dean Zimmerman, Günter Zoller, Catherine Zuckert, Michael Zuckert, Jack A. Zupko (J.A.Z.)
- Edited by Robert Audi, University of Notre Dame, Indiana
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- The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy
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- 05 August 2015
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- 27 April 2015, pp ix-xxx
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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. Chapman, James H. Charlesworth, Kenneth R. Chase, Chen Zemin, Luciano Chianeque, Philip Chia Phin Yin, Francisca H. Chimhanda, Daniel Chiquete, John T. Chirban, Soobin Choi, Robert Choquette, Mita Choudhury, Gerald Christianson, John Chryssavgis, Sejong Chun, Esther Chung-Kim, Charles M. A. Clark, Elizabeth A. Clark, Sathianathan Clarke, Fred Cloud, John B. Cobb, W. Owen Cole, John A Coleman, John J. Collins, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Paul K. Conkin, Beth A. Conklin, Sean Connolly, Demetrios J. Constantelos, Michael A. Conway, Paula M. Cooey, Austin Cooper, Michael L. Cooper-White, Pamela Cooper-White, L. William Countryman, Sérgio Coutinho, Pamela Couture, Shannon Craigo-Snell, James L. Crenshaw, David Crowner, Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Elizabeth Mason Currier, Emmanuel Cutrone, Mary L. Daniel, David D. Daniels, Robert Darden, Rolf Darge, Isaiah Dau, Jeffry C. Davis, Jane Dawson, Valentin Dedji, John W. de Gruchy, Paul DeHart, Wendy J. Deichmann Edwards, Miguel A. De La Torre, George E. Demacopoulos, Thomas de Mayo, Leah DeVun, Beatriz de Vasconcellos Dias, Dennis C. Dickerson, John M. Dillon, Luis Miguel Donatello, Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, Susanna Drake, Jonathan A. Draper, N. Dreher Martin, Otto Dreydoppel, Angelyn Dries, A. J. Droge, Francis X. D'Sa, Marilyn Dunn, Nicole Wilkinson Duran, Rifaat Ebied, Mark J. Edwards, William H. Edwards, Leonard H. Ehrlich, Nancy L. Eiesland, Martin Elbel, J. Harold Ellens, Stephen Ellingson, Marvin M. Ellison, Robert Ellsberg, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Eldon Jay Epp, Peter C. Erb, Tassilo Erhardt, Maria Erling, Noel Leo Erskine, Gillian R. Evans, Virginia Fabella, Michael A. Fahey, Edward Farley, Margaret A. Farley, Wendy Farley, Robert Fastiggi, Seena Fazel, Duncan S. Ferguson, Helwar Figueroa, Paul Corby Finney, Kyriaki Karidoyanes FitzGerald, Thomas E. FitzGerald, John R. Fitzmier, Marie Therese Flanagan, Sabina Flanagan, Claude Flipo, Ronald B. Flowers, Carole Fontaine, David Ford, Mary Ford, Stephanie A. Ford, Jim Forest, William Franke, Robert M. Franklin, Ruth Franzén, Edward H. Friedman, Samuel Frouisou, Lorelei F. Fuchs, Jojo M. Fung, Inger Furseth, Richard R. Gaillardetz, Brandon Gallaher, China Galland, Mark Galli, Ismael García, Tharscisse Gatwa, Jean-Marie Gaudeul, Luis María Gavilanes del Castillo, Pavel L. Gavrilyuk, Volney P. Gay, Metropolitan Athanasios Geevargis, Kondothra M. George, Mary Gerhart, Simon Gikandi, Maurice Gilbert, Michael J. Gillgannon, Verónica Giménez Beliveau, Terryl Givens, Beth Glazier-McDonald, Philip Gleason, Menghun Goh, Brian Golding, Bishop Hilario M. Gomez, Michelle A. Gonzalez, Donald K. Gorrell, Roy Gottfried, Tamara Grdzelidze, Joel B. Green, Niels Henrik Gregersen, Cristina Grenholm, Herbert Griffiths, Eric W. Gritsch, Erich S. Gruen, Christoffer H. Grundmann, Paul H. Gundani, Jon P. Gunnemann, Petre Guran, Vidar L. Haanes, Jeremiah M. Hackett, Getatchew Haile, Douglas John Hall, Nicholas Hammond, Daphne Hampson, Jehu J. Hanciles, Barry Hankins, Jennifer Haraguchi, Stanley S. Harakas, Anthony John Harding, Conrad L. Harkins, J. William Harmless, Marjory Harper, Amir Harrak, Joel F. Harrington, Mark W. Harris, Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Van A. Harvey, R. Chris Hassel, Jione Havea, Daniel Hawk, Diana L. Hayes, Leslie Hayes, Priscilla Hayner, S. Mark Heim, Simo Heininen, Richard P. Heitzenrater, Eila Helander, David Hempton, Scott H. Hendrix, Jan-Olav Henriksen, Gina Hens-Piazza, Carter Heyward, Nicholas J. Higham, David Hilliard, Norman A. Hjelm, Peter C. Hodgson, Arthur Holder, M. Jan Holton, Dwight N. Hopkins, Ronnie Po-chia Hsia, Po-Ho Huang, James Hudnut-Beumler, Jennifer S. Hughes, Leonard M. Hummel, Mary E. Hunt, Laennec Hurbon, Mark Hutchinson, Susan E. Hylen, Mary Beth Ingham, H. Larry Ingle, Dale T. Irvin, Jon Isaak, Paul John Isaak, Ada María Isasi-Díaz, Hans Raun Iversen, Margaret C. Jacob, Arthur James, Maria Jansdotter-Samuelsson, David Jasper, Werner G. Jeanrond, Renée Jeffery, David Lyle Jeffrey, Theodore W. Jennings, David H. Jensen, Robin Margaret Jensen, David Jobling, Dale A. Johnson, Elizabeth A. Johnson, Maxwell E. Johnson, Sarah Johnson, Mark D. Johnston, F. Stanley Jones, James William Jones, John R. Jones, Alissa Jones Nelson, Inge Jonsson, Jan Joosten, Elizabeth Judd, Mulambya Peggy Kabonde, Robert Kaggwa, Sylvester Kahakwa, Isaac Kalimi, Ogbu U. Kalu, Eunice Kamaara, Wayne C. Kannaday, Musimbi Kanyoro, Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, Frank Kaufmann, Léon Nguapitshi Kayongo, Richard Kearney, Alice A. Keefe, Ralph Keen, Catherine Keller, Anthony J. Kelly, Karen Kennelly, Kathi Lynn Kern, Fergus Kerr, Edward Kessler, George Kilcourse, Heup Young Kim, Kim Sung-Hae, Kim Yong-Bock, Kim Yung Suk, Richard King, Thomas M. King, Robert M. Kingdon, Ross Kinsler, Hans G. Kippenberg, Cheryl A. Kirk-Duggan, Clifton Kirkpatrick, Leonid Kishkovsky, Nadieszda Kizenko, Jeffrey Klaiber, Hans-Josef Klauck, Sidney Knight, Samuel Kobia, Robert Kolb, Karla Ann Koll, Heikki Kotila, Donald Kraybill, Philip D. W. Krey, Yves Krumenacker, Jeffrey Kah-Jin Kuan, Simanga R. Kumalo, Peter Kuzmic, Simon Shui-Man Kwan, Kwok Pui-lan, André LaCocque, Stephen E. Lahey, John Tsz Pang Lai, Emiel Lamberts, Armando Lampe, Craig Lampe, Beverly J. Lanzetta, Eve LaPlante, Lizette Larson-Miller, Ariel Bybee Laughton, Leonard Lawlor, Bentley Layton, Robin A. Leaver, Karen Lebacqz, Archie Chi Chung Lee, Marilyn J. Legge, Hervé LeGrand, D. L. LeMahieu, Raymond Lemieux, Bill J. Leonard, Ellen M. Leonard, Outi Leppä, Jean Lesaulnier, Nantawan Boonprasat Lewis, Henrietta Leyser, Alexei Lidov, Bernard Lightman, Paul Chang-Ha Lim, Carter Lindberg, Mark R. Lindsay, James R. Linville, James C. Livingston, Ann Loades, David Loades, Jean-Claude Loba-Mkole, Lo Lung Kwong, Wati Longchar, Eleazar López, David W. Lotz, Andrew Louth, Robin W. Lovin, William Luis, Frank D. Macchia, Diarmaid N. J. MacCulloch, Kirk R. MacGregor, Marjory A. MacLean, Donald MacLeod, Tomas S. Maddela, Inge Mager, Laurenti Magesa, David G. Maillu, Fortunato Mallimaci, Philip Mamalakis, Kä Mana, Ukachukwu Chris Manus, Herbert Robinson Marbury, Reuel Norman Marigza, Jacqueline Mariña, Antti Marjanen, Luiz C. L. Marques, Madipoane Masenya (ngwan'a Mphahlele), Caleb J. D. Maskell, Steve Mason, Thomas Massaro, Fernando Matamoros Ponce, András Máté-Tóth, Odair Pedroso Mateus, Dinis Matsolo, Fumitaka Matsuoka, John D'Arcy May, Yelena Mazour-Matusevich, Theodore Mbazumutima, John S. McClure, Christian McConnell, Lee Martin McDonald, Gary B. McGee, Thomas McGowan, Alister E. McGrath, Richard J. McGregor, John A. McGuckin, Maud Burnett McInerney, Elsie Anne McKee, Mary B. McKinley, James F. McMillan, Ernan McMullin, Kathleen E. McVey, M. Douglas Meeks, Monica Jyotsna Melanchthon, Ilie Melniciuc-Puica, Everett Mendoza, Raymond A. Mentzer, William W. Menzies, Ina Merdjanova, Franziska Metzger, Constant J. Mews, Marvin Meyer, Carol Meyers, Vasile Mihoc, Gunner Bjerg Mikkelsen, Maria Inêz de Castro Millen, Clyde Lee Miller, Bonnie J. Miller-McLemore, Alexander Mirkovic, Paul Misner, Nozomu Miyahira, R. W. L. Moberly, Gerald Moede, Aloo Osotsi Mojola, Sunanda Mongia, Rebeca Montemayor, James Moore, Roger E. Moore, Craig E. Morrison O.Carm, Jeffry H. Morrison, Keith Morrison, Wilson J. Moses, Tefetso Henry Mothibe, Mokgethi Motlhabi, Fulata Moyo, Henry Mugabe, Jesse Ndwiga Kanyua Mugambi, Peggy Mulambya-Kabonde, Robert Bruce Mullin, Pamela Mullins Reaves, Saskia Murk Jansen, Heleen L. Murre-Van den Berg, Augustine Musopole, Isaac M. T. Mwase, Philomena Mwaura, Cecilia Nahnfeldt, Anne Nasimiyu Wasike, Carmiña Navia Velasco, Thulani Ndlazi, Alexander Negrov, James B. Nelson, David G. Newcombe, Carol Newsom, Helen J. Nicholson, George W. E. Nickelsburg, Tatyana Nikolskaya, Damayanthi M. A. Niles, Bertil Nilsson, Nyambura Njoroge, Fidelis Nkomazana, Mary Beth Norton, Christian Nottmeier, Sonene Nyawo, Anthère Nzabatsinda, Edward T. Oakes, Gerald O'Collins, Daniel O'Connell, David W. Odell-Scott, Mercy Amba Oduyoye, Kathleen O'Grady, Oyeronke Olajubu, Thomas O'Loughlin, Dennis T. Olson, J. Steven O'Malley, Cephas N. Omenyo, Muriel Orevillo-Montenegro, César Augusto Ornellas Ramos, Agbonkhianmeghe E. Orobator, Kenan B. Osborne, Carolyn Osiek, Javier Otaola Montagne, Douglas F. Ottati, Anna May Say Pa, Irina Paert, Jerry G. Pankhurst, Aristotle Papanikolaou, Samuele F. Pardini, Stefano Parenti, Peter Paris, Sung Bae Park, Cristián G. Parker, Raquel Pastor, Joseph Pathrapankal, Daniel Patte, W. Brown Patterson, Clive Pearson, Keith F. Pecklers, Nancy Cardoso Pereira, David Horace Perkins, Pheme Perkins, Edward N. Peters, Rebecca Todd Peters, Bishop Yeznik Petrossian, Raymond Pfister, Peter C. 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Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
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- By Gareth Allen, Rowan Burnstein, Mick Cafferkey, Joseph Carter, Jonathan Cole, Giles Critchley, Marek Czosnyka, Egidio J. da Silva, Bruce Downey, Susan Dutch, Jonathan J. Evans, Peter Farling, Judith Fewings, Clare N. Gallagher, Helen M. K. Gooday, Arun K. Gupta, Adel Helmy, Camilla Herbert, David A. Hilton, Peter J. Hutchinson, Roisin Jack, Thérèse Jackson, Deva S. Jeyaretna, Peter J. Kirkpatrick, W. Hiu Lam, Fiona Lecky, Paul McArdle, Duncan McAuley, William W. McKinlay, Chris Maimaris, Alexander R. Manara, Anjum Memon, Patrick Mitchell, H. C. Patel, Brian Pentland, Puneet Plaha, Ann-Marie Pringle, Richard Protheroe, Heinke Pülhorn, Robert Redfern, Jane V. Russell, Ayan Sen, Martin Smith, Fiona Summers, Matthew J. C. Thomas, Elfyn O. Thomas, I. Timofeev, Lorna Torrens, Rikin A. Trivedi, Martin B. Walker, Laurence Watkins, Ruwan Alwis Weerakkody, Peter C. Whitfield, Maggie Whyte, Maralyn Woodford
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Rhipicephalus pravus Dönitz, 1910
- Jane B. Walker
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- Parasitology / Volume 46 / Issue 3-4 / November 1956
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- 06 April 2009, pp. 243-260
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The adults of Rhipicephalus pravus were first described very briefly by Dönitz, in 1910, from specimens collected from buffalo, giraffe and various antelopes on the Masai Steppe in Tanganyika. He did not designate any specific specimens as types. He compared the species with R. oculatus, but stated that the difference in the structure of the eyes of the two forms, which he described in detail, was so marked that he considered it to be specific. He also commented on the fact that the males of R. pravus are often strikingly narrow anteriorly, but added that this is not a decisive character. Zumpt (1942) redescribed the adults in detail from material collected in the Tanganyika highlands (Arusha, Kilimatinde, Kondoa-Irangi, Mkalama, Morogoro and Mpwapwa), in Kenya (Mt. Nyro and Mt. Loroghi) and in Abyssinia (Diredawa). Theiler & Robinson (1953) gave descriptions of adults collected at Fairmount, Edenburg, Orange Free State and of nymphae and larvae bred from them in the laboratory. They also discussed the biology, distribution and synonymy of the species. The following descriptions of the adults, nymph and larva are based on laboratory-bred specimens, the progeny of a female collected at Kima, approximately 90 miles south-east of Nairobi.
Rhipicephalus camelopardalis n.sp. (Ixodoidea, Ixodidae), a new species of tick from East African giraffes
- Jane B. Walker, A. J. Wiley
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- Parasitology / Volume 49 / Issue 3-4 / November 1959
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- 06 April 2009, pp. 448-453
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Among the ticks collected by Major E. W. Temple-Boreham from a giraffe at the Talek River, Cis-Mara area of W. Masai, Kenya, in October 1955, were eleven males and eight females which represent an undescribed species of the genus Rhipicephalus. Another female was collected by W. A. Hilton from a giraffe near mile 70 south of Arusha on the Great North Road, Tanganyika, on 10 July 1956, and G. H. Swynnerton collected three males from a giraffe at Nkonko, S. Manyoni district, Tanganyika, on 29 September 1958. The following is a description of these specimens.
Rhipicephalus pulchellus Gerstäcker 1873: a description of the larva and nymph with notes on the adults and on its biology
- Jane B. Walker
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- Parasitology / Volume 45 / Issue 1-2 / May 1955
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- 06 April 2009, pp. 95-98
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1. The larva and nymph of Rhipicephalus pulchellus are described for the first time and comments are made on the degree of variation in structure seen amongst adults of a single generation.
2. Information on various aspects of the biology of this tick and on classification is given.
Rhipicephalus reichenowi Zumpt, 1943: a re-description of the male and female and descriptions of the nymph and larva, together with an account of its known hosts and distribution
- Jane B. Walker
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- Parasitology / Volume 56 / Issue 3 / August 1966
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- 06 April 2009, pp. 457-469
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The male and female of Rhipicephalus reichenowi are re-described and the nymph and larva are described for the first time. The affinities of the species within the genus are discussed.
Its developmental periods under laboratory conditions are given and all known records of its hosts and distribution in the field are noted.
The author wishes to thank the Director of the East African Veterinary Research Organization for permission to publish this paper. She is also most grateful to everyone who submitted field collections of this species to her and to Dr Hoogstraal for permission to quote unpublished information; to Dr G. Theiler for her helpful suggestions during the preparation of the manuscript, and to Mr G. M. Kohls, Dr C. M. Clifford and Dr H. Hoogstraal, who also checked the manuscript before publication.
Rhipicephalus humeralis Rondelli 1926
- Jane B. Walker
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- Parasitology / Volume 47 / Issue 1-2 / June 1957
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- 06 April 2009, pp. 145-152
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1. The male of Rhipicephalus humeralis is redescribed and the female and immature stages are described for the first time. The synonymy of the species is discussed and the various stages are compared with those of R. pulchellus.
2. Details of the life cycle under laboratory conditions are given.
3. The host list and distribution of the species are given.
Rhipicephalus carnivoralis sp.nov. (Ixodoidea, Ixodidae) A new species of tick from East Africa
- Jane B. Walker
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- Parasitology / Volume 56 / Issue 1 / February 1966
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- 06 April 2009, pp. 1-12
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A description is given of the male, female, nymph and larva of Rhipicephalus carnivoralis sp.nov., a parasite of carnivores in East Africa, and its affinities within the genus are discussed.
Its developmental periods under laboratory conditions are given and its hosts and distribution in the field are recorded.
The author wishes to thank the Director of the East African Veterinary Research Organization for permission to publish this paper. She is also most grateful to all who made field collections of this species for her; to the British Museum (Natural History), London, for the loan of specimens from their collection; to J. P. J. Ross for the loan of specimens from his collection and to D. W. Brocklesby and K. P. Bailey, who carried out the experiments on the transmission of East Coast fever. Dr G. Theiler, Mr G. H. Yeoman, Mr G. M. Kohls, Dr C. M. Clifford and Dr H. Hoogstraal kindly checked the manuscript before publication and made helpful suggestions. Finally, she would like to thank Professor P. C. C. Garnham and Dr Charles Wilcocks for their advice on the name of this tick.
The laboratory rearing of Amblyomma sparsum Neumann, 1899
- Jane B. Walker, B. T. Parsons
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- Parasitology / Volume 54 / Issue 1 / February 1964
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- 06 April 2009, pp. 173-175
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The successful rearing of Amblyomma sparsum, using rabbits as larval and nymphal hosts and either sheep or tortoise for feeding adults, is described and details of the duration of the various stages are given. The life cycle of this tick is compared with that of A. variegatum and A. nuttalli.
The authors are grateful to the Director of the Coryndon Memorial Museum, Nairobi, for the loan of a Leopard Tortoise, and to the Directors of the East African Veterinary Research Organization and of the Veterinary Services, Kenya, for permission to publish this note.
6 - Rhipicephalus species occurring in the Afrotropical region
- Jane B. Walker, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Pretoria, James E. Keirans, Georgia Southern University, Ivan G. Horak, University of Pretoria
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- The Genus Rhipicephalus (Acari, Ixodidae)
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- 05 November 2011
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- 06 January 2000, pp 40-58
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Summary
HISTORICAL REVIEW The first rhipicephalid to be recognized was the cosmopolitan species Rhipicephalus sanguineus, collected in France and described by Pierre Andre Latreille (1806). His description was brief in the extreme – ‘Sanguineus, punctatus, postice lineolis tribus impressis; dorso antico macula nulla thoracica, distincta.’ Translated from the Latin this means: ‘Blood red, punctate posteriorly with three impressed lines; no distinct thoracic spot anterodorsally’ (M.-L. Penrith, pers. comm., 1997). Latreille placed this tick in the genus Ixodes but Koch (1844) reclassified it as a member of his newly erected genus Rhipicephalus, and at the same time described three new species, R. capensis, R. senegalensis and R. simus. Nearly 30 years later A. Gerstäcker (1873), who studied various arthropods collected by Baron C.C. von der Decken during his travels in East Africa, described R. praetextatus and R. pulchellus. The latter, on account of the ornate scutal pattern of the adults, was originally regarded as a species of Dermacentor.
Towards the end of the 19 th century and early in this century research on ticks rapidly gathered momentum as these parasites became increasingly recognized as important vectors of various animal pathogens. In 1898 an American, C.P. Lounsbury, who had arrived in South Africa 3 years earlier to take up his appointment as Government Entomologist to the Department Department of Agriculture, Cape of Good Hope, turned his attention to ticks and tick-borne diseases. He soon established contact with two outstanding authorities in Europe, L.G. Neumann in Toulouse, France, and G.H.F. Nuttall in Cambridge, England. Neumann, who had already described R. compositus in 1877 and R. evertsi in 1899, based his descriptions of R. appendiculatus and R. nitens on Lounsbury's collections.
12 - Species groups based on the immature stages
- Jane B. Walker, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Pretoria, James E. Keirans, Georgia Southern University, Ivan G. Horak, University of Pretoria
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- The Genus Rhipicephalus (Acari, Ixodidae)
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- 05 November 2011
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- 06 January 2000, pp 591-609
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Summary
The oft-quoted saying ‘a picture is worth a thousand words’ is particularly apt when applied to the immature stages of ticks of the genus Rhipicephalus. Their identification to species level is especially difficult as several of them are so similar in appearance. For this reason we have not attempted to produce keys for their identification. Instead we have included a series of figures in which line drawings of the capitula of nymphs and larvae of morphologically similar species have been grouped. In some contentious cases, but not all, we have been influenced by the morphology of the adults in deciding on our groupings. The diagnostic characters on the capitula of the various species within a group are easily visible in these figures and should assist readers to identify them. In addition brief descriptions of these characters have been given for each group as well as summaries of the geographic distributions of the individual species.
The classification proposed now represents a revision and extension of that initially suggested by Walker (1961). We do not, however, wish to give readers the impression that we regard the present groups as being immutable. Some do appear to be naturally well founded, e.g. the R. evertsi group, comprising R. bursa, R. evertsi and R. glabroscutatum. These three species are not only very much alike morphologically at the immature stage but they are the only species in the genus at present known to have a two-host, rather than a three-host, life cycle. In other cases, though, our placing of individual species in this group or that may be regarded as questionable, e.g. the inclusion of R. armatus in the R. appendiculatus group.
Acknowledgements
- Jane B. Walker, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Pretoria, James E. Keirans, Georgia Southern University, Ivan G. Horak, University of Pretoria
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- The Genus Rhipicephalus (Acari, Ixodidae)
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- 05 November 2011
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- 06 January 2000, pp x-xii
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Contents
- Jane B. Walker, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Pretoria, James E. Keirans, Georgia Southern University, Ivan G. Horak, University of Pretoria
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- The Genus Rhipicephalus (Acari, Ixodidae)
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- 06 January 2000, pp vii-ix
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11 - Host/parasite list for the non-Afrotropical Rhipicephalus species
- Jane B. Walker, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Pretoria, James E. Keirans, Georgia Southern University, Ivan G. Horak, University of Pretoria
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- The Genus Rhipicephalus (Acari, Ixodidae)
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- 05 November 2011
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- 06 January 2000, pp 585-590
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Summary
Unless otherwise stated the records in the host/parasite checklist refer to adult ticks. The number in brackets appearing after a tick's name represents the number of collections made from the host species under which it is listed. When a tick's name appears in bold type this indicates that the animal under which it is listed is a preferred host of the adults. Large numbers of domestic cattle., sheep and dogs as well as Indian gerbils and Tolai hares have been examined for ticks within the distribution range of the non-Afrotropical Rhipicephalus species. The numbers of collections from these animals could give a false impression of host preference.
The host groupings under which the tick collections are recorded in the host/parasite checklist follow the same sequence as those in the host record tables accompanying the individual tick species accounts, namely domestic animals, wild animals, birds and humans.
DOMESTIC ANIMALS
Bos indicus/taurus
R. bursa (40)
R. haemaphysaloides (11)
R. pilans (5)
R. pumilio (2)
R. rossicus (8)
R. schulzei (1)
R. turanicus (150 +)
Bubalus bubalisWater buffaloes
R. haemaphysaloides (2)
R. pilans (12)
R. turanicus (3)
Ovis ariesSheep
R. bursa (91)
R. haemaphysaloides (5)
R. pumilio (1)
R. schulzei (1)
R. turanicus (many)
Capra hircusGoats
R. bursa (35, including immatures)
R. haemaphysaloides (8)
R. leporis (1)
R. pumilio (1)
R. rossicus (1)
R. schulzei (1)
R. turanicus (many)
Camelus dromedariusCamels
R. bursa (1)
R. haemaphysaloides (2)
R. pumilio (1)
R. rossicus (1)
R. schulzei (1)
R. turanicus (15)
Equus caballusHorses
R. bursa (10) R. haemaphysaloides (4) R. pilans (8, including immatures)
1 - Introduction
- Jane B. Walker, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Pretoria, James E. Keirans, Georgia Southern University, Ivan G. Horak, University of Pretoria
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- The Genus Rhipicephalus (Acari, Ixodidae)
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- 05 November 2011
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- 06 January 2000, pp 1-2
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Summary
‘Haba na haba hujaza kibaba’ Little by little fills up the measure! This Swahili proverb encapsulates the contributions made by many people, starting in 1806, towards an understanding of the genus Rhipicephalus an important group of ixodid ticks occurring mainly, but by no means exclusively, in Africa. So far as we know our book represents the first completed attempt to review this knowledge. Almost certainly G.H.F. Nuttall, C. Warburton, W.F. Cooper and L.E. Robinson originally intended to include the genus in their series of monographs on the Ixodoidea but they never managed to do so. The first part, by Nuttall et al. on the family Argasidae, was published in 1908. Thereafter three further parts on individual ixodid genera appeared, by Nuttall & Warburton (1911, 1915) on Ixodes and Haernaphysalis, respectively, and by Robinson (1926) on Amblyomma.
In 1939 F. Zumpt, in the first of a series of papers entitled ‘Vorstudie zu einer Revision der Gattung Rhipicephalus’ noted that he planned to revise the genus in collaboration with Dr W. Minning. However, after publishing a key to the known species within the genus in 1949 he apparently abandoned this idea. In 1960 D.R. Arthur, of King's College, London, produced the fifth volume in the monographic series started by Nuttall and his colleagues in which he dealt with the genera Dermacentor, Anocentor, Cosrniomnia, Boophilus and Margaropus. At the same time he gave notice of his intention to complete the series, including a study of Rhipicephalus and Rhipicentor, but neither this nor his proposed volume on the genus Hyalomma ever materialized.
2 - Relationships of the ticks (Ixodida) and definition of the genus Rhipicephalus
- Jane B. Walker, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Pretoria, James E. Keirans, Georgia Southern University, Ivan G. Horak, University of Pretoria
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- The Genus Rhipicephalus (Acari, Ixodidae)
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- 05 November 2011
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- 06 January 2000, pp 3-4
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Ticks are all obligate blood-feeding parasites of terrestrial vertebrates at some stage of their life cycle. Many species are of considerable interest and importance as vectors of a wide variety of pathogens to both humans and animals.
They are members of the phylum Arthropoda, the jointed-legged animals. Although often referred to as insects, whose adults have six legs, they are in fact members of the class Arachnida. This class, whose adults have eight legs, includes spiders and scorpions as well as the order Acari, a large and diverse group to which the ticks and mites belong. Within the Acari the suborder Ixodida encompasses the three families of ticks, the Argasidae, Nuttalliellidae and Ixodidae. The systematics of the Ixodida were reviewed recently by Keirans (1992).
Members of the family Ixodidae, to which the genus Rhipicephalus belongs, are characterized by having a hard sclerotized scutum. This completely covers the dorsal surface of the body in the males but is merely a smaller shield just behind the capitulum in the females and immature stages. The mouthparts of all these ticks are anterior in position; their eyes, when present, are near the lateral margin of the scutum, and their spiracles, which are large, are located behind coxae IV. This combination of characters readily distinguishes ixodid ticks from species in the Nuttalliellidae and the Argasidae. Members of both the latter families lack a hard sclerotized scutum: the main feature characterizing them is the leathery integument that covers their bodies.
8 - Host/parasite list for the Afrotropical Rhipicephalus species
- Jane B. Walker, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Pretoria, James E. Keirans, Georgia Southern University, Ivan G. Horak, University of Pretoria
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- The Genus Rhipicephalus (Acari, Ixodidae)
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- 05 November 2011
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- 06 January 2000, pp 491-518
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Unless otherwise stated the records in the host/parasite checklist refer to adult ticks. The number in brackets appearing after a tick's name represents the number of collections made from the host species under which it is listed. It has been difficult to determine the exact number of records for R. fulvus. Consequently where the name of this tick appears in the host/parasite list it is followed by (+) which indicates that it has been collected from a particular host species.
When a tick's name appears in bold type this indicates that the animal under which it is listed is a preferred host of the adults. However, when the hosts of the immature stages are entirely unrelated to those of the adults the names of these ticks also appear in bold type under the names of the preferred hosts of their immature stages. These ticks are R. follis, R. gertrudae and R. simus. When more collections of their immature stages have been made we feel sure that the same will apply for R. compositus, R. lounsburyi, R. lunulatuSy R. muhsamae, R. neumanni, R. planus, R. praetextatus, R. senegalensis and R. zumpti and perhaps other species too.
Despite the fact that the immature stages of R. pravus, R. sp. near pravus and R. warburtoni are found on hares, on which their adults also occur, they undoubtedly have a preference for elephant shrews. The names of these ticks are also typed in bold under their respective elephant shrew hosts. We are confident that the same will apply for R. punctatus and R. sp. near punctatus once additional collections of their immature stages have been made.