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Serpentine-nontronite-vermiculite mixed-layer clay from the Weches Formation, Claiborne Group, middle Eocene, northeast Texas
- J. M. Huggett, D. K. McCarty, C. C. Calvert, A. S. Gale, C. Kirk
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- Journal:
- Clays and Clay Minerals / Volume 54 / Issue 1 / February 2006
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 January 2024, pp. 101-115
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The Weches Formation of the Claiborne Group (Eocene) in northeast Texas consists of clayey sandstones and mudrocks, both with variable proportions of dark green to brown clay peloids deposited in a marginal to open marine setting on the Gulf Coast margin. The composition of the dark green peloids, from two localities, has been investigated using X-ray diffraction, back-scattered electron microscopy with X-ray analysis, electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS), Mössbauer spectroscopy, chemical analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. These peloids were previously described on the basis of their color as glauconite (Yancey and Davidoff, 1994); our results, however, show that the dark green indurated pellets are predominantly composed of mixed-layer clays with a high proportion of Fe-rich 7 Å serpentine layers coexisting with a mixed-layer phase containing glauconite, nontronite and vermiculite layers, in addition to discrete illite and kaolinte. Analyses by EELS of single particles with a chemical composition consistent with them being the Fe-rich clay indicate that the Fe is >95% ferric, while Mössbauer analyses of the bulk magnetically separated fraction for the same samples indicates a ferric iron content of ∼60–70%, despite the variable relative proportions of expandable and 7 Å layers. Taking into account that there is a significant amount of 2:1 layers containing ferric Fe, we interpret these data as indicating that the Fe in the 7 Å layers has a significant amount of Fe2+ even taking into account the high ferric Fe ratio from the EELS analysis when the coexisting 2:1 layers are considered. Thus, these 1:1 layers are closer to berthierine in composition than to odinite. The vermiculite layers in the Texas clay may indicate partial ‘verdinization’ of expandable 2:1 clay. A possible reaction is smectite → vermiculite → berthierine-like phase. We estimate a temperature of 20°C for the seawater in which the Texas clay formed, the lower end of the range for modern occurrences of odinite.
Long-term behavioural rewriting of maladaptive drinking memories via reconsolidation-update mechanisms
- Grace Gale, Katie Walsh, Vanessa E. Hennessy, L. E. Stemerding, Koa Sher Ni, Emily Thomas, Sunjeev K. Kamboj, Ravi K. Das
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- Journal:
- Psychological Medicine / Volume 51 / Issue 16 / December 2021
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 16 June 2020, pp. 2875-2885
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Background
Alcohol use disorders can be conceptualised as a learned pattern of maladaptive alcohol-consumption behaviours. The memories encoding these behaviours centrally contribute to long-term excessive alcohol consumption and are therefore an important therapeutic target. The transient period of memory instability sparked during memory reconsolidation offers a therapeutic window to directly rewrite these memories using targeted behavioural interventions. However, clinically-relevant demonstrations of the efficacy of this approach are few. We examined key retrieval parameters for destabilising naturalistic drinking memories and the ability of subsequent counterconditioning to effect long-term reductions in drinking.
MethodsHazardous/harmful beer-drinking volunteers (N = 120) were factorially randomised to retrieve (RET) or not retrieve (No RET) alcohol reward memories with (PE) or without (No PE) alcohol reward prediction error. All participants subsequently underwent disgust-based counterconditioning of drinking cues. Acute responses to alcohol were assessed pre- and post-manipulation and drinking levels were assessed up to 9 months.
ResultsGreater long-term reductions in drinking were found when counterconditioning was conducted following retrieval (with and without PE), despite a lack of short-term group differences in motivational responding to acute alcohol. Large variability in acute levels of learning during counterconditioning was noted. ‘Responsiveness’ to counterconditioning predicted subsequent responses to acute alcohol in RET + PE only, consistent with reconsolidation-update mechanisms.
ConclusionsThe longevity of behavioural interventions designed to reduce problematic drinking levels may be enhanced by leveraging reconsolidation-update mechanisms to rewrite maladaptive memory. However, inter-individual variability in levels of corrective learning is likely to determine the efficacy of reconsolidation-updating interventions and should be considered when designing and assessing interventions.
3127 The effect of common genetic variants in the oxytocin receptor gene on oxytocin response.
- Manasi Malik, Naiqi Shi, Geraldine Serwald, Grace Y. Lee, Antonina I. Frolova, Céline Galés, Sarah K. England
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- Journal:
- Journal of Clinical and Translational Science / Volume 3 / Issue s1 / March 2019
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 26 March 2019, p. 115
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OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Previous studies suggest that genetic variants in the oxytocin receptor (OXTR) may alter oxytocin dose requirement for labor induction and may increase risk for preterm labor and neurodevelopmental disorders. However, the mechanisms of actions of these variants remain unknown. The goal of this study was to functionally characterize common missense and noncoding variants in OXTR. First, we aimed to determine the effects of missense variants on two major aspects of receptor function: calcium signaling and β-arrestin recruitment. Second, we used allelic expression imbalance assays in an effort to identify regulatory single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in noncoding regions of OXTR that alter OXTR mRNA expression. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We used the Exome Aggregation Consortium database to identify the 12 most prevalent missense single nucleotide variants in OXTR. To determine the functional effects of these variants, we transfected human embryonic kidney cells (a common model system used to study receptor function) with wild type OXTR, variant OXTR, or empty vector control. We used the calcium-sensitive dye Fluo4 to quantify intracellular calcium flux in response to oxytocin treatment, and used bioluminescence resonance energy transfer assays to measure recruitment of the signaling partner β-arrestin to the receptor. To investigate potential effects of noncoding SNPs on OXTR mRNA expression, we quantified allele-specific expression of OXTR in human uterine tissue obtained from participants at the time of Cesarean section. We used next-generation sequencing (Illumina MiSeq) to count alleles of a reporter SNP in OXTR exon 3. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Of the 12 most prevalent missense single nucleotide variants, four were predicted to be deleterious by PolyPhen variant annotation software. We anticipate that these variants will alter receptor signaling through calcium or β-arrestin pathways. We further observed that a reporter SNP in OXTR exon 3 exhibits significant allelic expression imbalance in a subset of our myometrial tissue samples, indicating that OXTR expression may be regulated by a functional SNP. Our current work focuses on discovering the functional SNPs in OXTR responsible for the pattern of allelic expression imbalance seen in mRNA. In the future, we will seek to explore the effects of these variants on uterine function by using genome editing of uterine smooth muscle cells. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Our results suggest that both missense and noncoding variants may affect OXTR expression and function. Future studies may suggest that OXTR sequencing, genotyping, or expression analysis would be useful to identify individuals likely to respond or fail to respond to safe doses of oxytocin for labor induction. Personalizing approaches for labor induction in this way would increase the safety of oxytocin and potentially reduce maternal morbidity and mortality.
Abnormalities in left inferior frontal gyral thickness and parahippocampal gyral volume in young people at high genetic risk for bipolar disorder
- G. Roberts, R. Lenroot, A. Frankland, P. K. Yeung, N. Gale, A. Wright, P. Lau, F. Levy, W. Wen, P. B. Mitchell
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- Journal:
- Psychological Medicine / Volume 46 / Issue 10 / July 2016
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 12 April 2016, pp. 2083-2096
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Background
Fronto-limbic structural brain abnormalities have been reported in patients with bipolar disorder (BD), but findings in individuals at increased genetic risk of developing BD have been inconsistent. We conducted a study in adolescents and young adults (12–30 years) comparing measures of fronto-limbic cortical and subcortical brain structure between individuals at increased familial risk of BD (at risk; AR), subjects with BD and controls (CON). We separately examined cortical volume, thickness and surface area as these have distinct neurodevelopmental origins and thus may reflect differential effects of genetic risk.
MethodWe compared fronto-limbic measures of grey and white matter volume, cortical thickness and surface area in 72 unaffected-risk individuals with at least one first-degree relative with bipolar disorder (AR), 38 BD subjects and 72 participants with no family history of mental illness (CON).
ResultsThe AR group had significantly reduced cortical thickness in the left pars orbitalis of the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) compared with the CON group, and significantly increased left parahippocampal gyral volume compared with those with BD.
ConclusionsThe finding of reduced cortical thickness of the left pars orbitalis in AR subjects is consistent with other evidence supporting the IFG as a key region associated with genetic liability for BD. The greater volume of the left parahippocampal gyrus in those at high risk is in line with some prior reports of regional increases in grey matter volume in at-risk subjects. Assessing multiple complementary morphometric measures may assist in the better understanding of abnormal developmental processes in BD.
Body composition and grip strength are improved in transgenic sickle mice fed a high-protein diet
- Patrice L. Capers, Hyacinth I. Hyacinth, Shayla Cue, Prasanthi Chappa, Tatyana Vikulina, Susanne Roser-Page, M. Neale Weitzmann, David R. Archer, Gale W. Newman, Alexander Quarshie, Jonathan K. Stiles, Jacqueline M. Hibbert
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- Journal:
- Journal of Nutritional Science / Volume 4 / 2015
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 27 February 2015, e6
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Key pathophysiology of sickle cell anaemia includes compensatory erythropoiesis, vascular injury and chronic inflammation, which divert amino acids from tissue deposition for growth/weight gain and muscle formation. We hypothesised that sickle mice maintained on an isoenergetic diet with a high percentage of energy derived from protein (35 %), as opposed to a standard diet with 20 % of energy derived from protein, would improve body composition, bone mass and grip strength. Male Berkeley transgenic sickle mice (S; n 8–12) were fed either 20 % (S20) or 35 % (S35) diets for 3 months. Grip strength (BIOSEB meter) and body composition (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scan) were measured. After 3 months, control mice had the highest bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) (P < 0·005). S35 mice had the largest increase in grip strength. A two-way ANOVA of change in grip strength (P = 0·043) attributed this difference to genotype (P = 0·025) and a trend in type of diet (P = 0·067). l-Arginine (l-Arg) supplementation of the 20 % diet was explored, as a possible mechanism for improvement obtained with the 35 % diet. Townes transgenic sickle mice (TS; n 6–9) received 0·8, 1·6, 3·2 or 6·4 % l-Arg based on the same protocol and outcome measures used for the S mice. TS mice fed 1·6 % l-Arg for 3 months (TS1.6) had the highest weight gain, BMD, BMC and lean body mass compared with other groups. TS3.2 mice showed significantly more improvement in grip strength than TS0·8 and TS1.6 mice (P < 0·05). In conclusion, the high-protein diet improved body composition and grip strength. Outcomes observed with TS1.6 and TS3.2 mice, respectively, confirm the hypothesis and reveal l-Arg as part of the mechanism.
Assessment of the dining environment on and near the campuses of fifteen post-secondary institutions
- Tanya M Horacek, Maria B Erdman, Carol Byrd-Bredbenner, Gale Carey, Sarah M Colby, Geoffrey W Greene, Wen Guo, Kendra K Kattelmann, Melissa Olfert, Jennifer Walsh, Adrienne B White
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- Journal:
- Public Health Nutrition / Volume 16 / Issue 7 / July 2013
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 18 October 2012, pp. 1186-1196
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Objective
The present study evaluated the restaurant and dining venues on and near post-secondary campuses varying in institution size.
DesignThe Nutrition Environment Measures Survey for Restaurants (NEMS-R) was modified to evaluate restaurants as fast food, sit down and fast casual; and campus dining venues as dining halls, student unions and snack bar/cafés. ANOVA with post hoc Tukey's B and T tests were used to distinguish differences between dining venues and associated institutions by size.
SettingThe study was conducted at fifteen US post-secondary institutions, 2009–2011.
SubjectsData presented are from a sample of 175 restaurants and sixty-eight on-campus dining venues.
ResultsThere were minimal differences in dining halls by institution size, although medium-sized institutions as compared with small-sized institutions offered significantly more healthful side dish/salad bar items. Dining halls scored significantly higher than student unions or snack bar/cafés on healthful entrées, side dish/salad bar and beverages offerings, but they also had the most barriers to healthful dietary habits (i.e. all-you-can-eat). No differences were found by restaurant type for NEMS-R scores for total restaurant dining environment or healthful entrées and barriers. Snack bars had more healthful side dishes (P = 0·002) and fast-food restaurants had the highest level of facilitators (i.e. nutrition information; P = 0·002).
ConclusionsBased on this evaluation in fifteen institutions, the full campus dining environment provides limited support for healthy eating and obesity prevention. The quality of campus dining environments can be improved via healthful offerings, providing nutrition information and other supports to facilitate healthy eating and prevent unwanted weight gain.
Notes on contributors
- Edited by Ian M. le M. Du Quesnay, Newnham College, Cambridge, Tony Woodman, University of Virginia
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- Catullus
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- 05 November 2012
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- 18 October 2012, pp vii-ix
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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. Chapman, James H. Charlesworth, Kenneth R. Chase, Chen Zemin, Luciano Chianeque, Philip Chia Phin Yin, Francisca H. Chimhanda, Daniel Chiquete, John T. Chirban, Soobin Choi, Robert Choquette, Mita Choudhury, Gerald Christianson, John Chryssavgis, Sejong Chun, Esther Chung-Kim, Charles M. A. Clark, Elizabeth A. Clark, Sathianathan Clarke, Fred Cloud, John B. Cobb, W. Owen Cole, John A Coleman, John J. Collins, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Paul K. Conkin, Beth A. Conklin, Sean Connolly, Demetrios J. Constantelos, Michael A. Conway, Paula M. Cooey, Austin Cooper, Michael L. Cooper-White, Pamela Cooper-White, L. William Countryman, Sérgio Coutinho, Pamela Couture, Shannon Craigo-Snell, James L. Crenshaw, David Crowner, Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Elizabeth Mason Currier, Emmanuel Cutrone, Mary L. Daniel, David D. Daniels, Robert Darden, Rolf Darge, Isaiah Dau, Jeffry C. Davis, Jane Dawson, Valentin Dedji, John W. de Gruchy, Paul DeHart, Wendy J. Deichmann Edwards, Miguel A. De La Torre, George E. Demacopoulos, Thomas de Mayo, Leah DeVun, Beatriz de Vasconcellos Dias, Dennis C. Dickerson, John M. Dillon, Luis Miguel Donatello, Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, Susanna Drake, Jonathan A. Draper, N. Dreher Martin, Otto Dreydoppel, Angelyn Dries, A. J. Droge, Francis X. D'Sa, Marilyn Dunn, Nicole Wilkinson Duran, Rifaat Ebied, Mark J. Edwards, William H. Edwards, Leonard H. Ehrlich, Nancy L. Eiesland, Martin Elbel, J. Harold Ellens, Stephen Ellingson, Marvin M. Ellison, Robert Ellsberg, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Eldon Jay Epp, Peter C. Erb, Tassilo Erhardt, Maria Erling, Noel Leo Erskine, Gillian R. Evans, Virginia Fabella, Michael A. Fahey, Edward Farley, Margaret A. Farley, Wendy Farley, Robert Fastiggi, Seena Fazel, Duncan S. Ferguson, Helwar Figueroa, Paul Corby Finney, Kyriaki Karidoyanes FitzGerald, Thomas E. FitzGerald, John R. Fitzmier, Marie Therese Flanagan, Sabina Flanagan, Claude Flipo, Ronald B. Flowers, Carole Fontaine, David Ford, Mary Ford, Stephanie A. Ford, Jim Forest, William Franke, Robert M. Franklin, Ruth Franzén, Edward H. Friedman, Samuel Frouisou, Lorelei F. Fuchs, Jojo M. Fung, Inger Furseth, Richard R. Gaillardetz, Brandon Gallaher, China Galland, Mark Galli, Ismael García, Tharscisse Gatwa, Jean-Marie Gaudeul, Luis María Gavilanes del Castillo, Pavel L. Gavrilyuk, Volney P. Gay, Metropolitan Athanasios Geevargis, Kondothra M. George, Mary Gerhart, Simon Gikandi, Maurice Gilbert, Michael J. Gillgannon, Verónica Giménez Beliveau, Terryl Givens, Beth Glazier-McDonald, Philip Gleason, Menghun Goh, Brian Golding, Bishop Hilario M. Gomez, Michelle A. Gonzalez, Donald K. Gorrell, Roy Gottfried, Tamara Grdzelidze, Joel B. Green, Niels Henrik Gregersen, Cristina Grenholm, Herbert Griffiths, Eric W. Gritsch, Erich S. Gruen, Christoffer H. Grundmann, Paul H. Gundani, Jon P. Gunnemann, Petre Guran, Vidar L. Haanes, Jeremiah M. Hackett, Getatchew Haile, Douglas John Hall, Nicholas Hammond, Daphne Hampson, Jehu J. Hanciles, Barry Hankins, Jennifer Haraguchi, Stanley S. Harakas, Anthony John Harding, Conrad L. Harkins, J. William Harmless, Marjory Harper, Amir Harrak, Joel F. Harrington, Mark W. Harris, Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Van A. Harvey, R. Chris Hassel, Jione Havea, Daniel Hawk, Diana L. Hayes, Leslie Hayes, Priscilla Hayner, S. Mark Heim, Simo Heininen, Richard P. Heitzenrater, Eila Helander, David Hempton, Scott H. Hendrix, Jan-Olav Henriksen, Gina Hens-Piazza, Carter Heyward, Nicholas J. Higham, David Hilliard, Norman A. Hjelm, Peter C. Hodgson, Arthur Holder, M. Jan Holton, Dwight N. Hopkins, Ronnie Po-chia Hsia, Po-Ho Huang, James Hudnut-Beumler, Jennifer S. Hughes, Leonard M. Hummel, Mary E. Hunt, Laennec Hurbon, Mark Hutchinson, Susan E. Hylen, Mary Beth Ingham, H. Larry Ingle, Dale T. Irvin, Jon Isaak, Paul John Isaak, Ada María Isasi-Díaz, Hans Raun Iversen, Margaret C. Jacob, Arthur James, Maria Jansdotter-Samuelsson, David Jasper, Werner G. Jeanrond, Renée Jeffery, David Lyle Jeffrey, Theodore W. Jennings, David H. Jensen, Robin Margaret Jensen, David Jobling, Dale A. Johnson, Elizabeth A. Johnson, Maxwell E. Johnson, Sarah Johnson, Mark D. Johnston, F. Stanley Jones, James William Jones, John R. Jones, Alissa Jones Nelson, Inge Jonsson, Jan Joosten, Elizabeth Judd, Mulambya Peggy Kabonde, Robert Kaggwa, Sylvester Kahakwa, Isaac Kalimi, Ogbu U. Kalu, Eunice Kamaara, Wayne C. Kannaday, Musimbi Kanyoro, Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, Frank Kaufmann, Léon Nguapitshi Kayongo, Richard Kearney, Alice A. Keefe, Ralph Keen, Catherine Keller, Anthony J. Kelly, Karen Kennelly, Kathi Lynn Kern, Fergus Kerr, Edward Kessler, George Kilcourse, Heup Young Kim, Kim Sung-Hae, Kim Yong-Bock, Kim Yung Suk, Richard King, Thomas M. King, Robert M. Kingdon, Ross Kinsler, Hans G. Kippenberg, Cheryl A. Kirk-Duggan, Clifton Kirkpatrick, Leonid Kishkovsky, Nadieszda Kizenko, Jeffrey Klaiber, Hans-Josef Klauck, Sidney Knight, Samuel Kobia, Robert Kolb, Karla Ann Koll, Heikki Kotila, Donald Kraybill, Philip D. W. Krey, Yves Krumenacker, Jeffrey Kah-Jin Kuan, Simanga R. Kumalo, Peter Kuzmic, Simon Shui-Man Kwan, Kwok Pui-lan, André LaCocque, Stephen E. Lahey, John Tsz Pang Lai, Emiel Lamberts, Armando Lampe, Craig Lampe, Beverly J. Lanzetta, Eve LaPlante, Lizette Larson-Miller, Ariel Bybee Laughton, Leonard Lawlor, Bentley Layton, Robin A. Leaver, Karen Lebacqz, Archie Chi Chung Lee, Marilyn J. Legge, Hervé LeGrand, D. L. LeMahieu, Raymond Lemieux, Bill J. Leonard, Ellen M. Leonard, Outi Leppä, Jean Lesaulnier, Nantawan Boonprasat Lewis, Henrietta Leyser, Alexei Lidov, Bernard Lightman, Paul Chang-Ha Lim, Carter Lindberg, Mark R. Lindsay, James R. Linville, James C. Livingston, Ann Loades, David Loades, Jean-Claude Loba-Mkole, Lo Lung Kwong, Wati Longchar, Eleazar López, David W. Lotz, Andrew Louth, Robin W. Lovin, William Luis, Frank D. Macchia, Diarmaid N. J. MacCulloch, Kirk R. MacGregor, Marjory A. MacLean, Donald MacLeod, Tomas S. Maddela, Inge Mager, Laurenti Magesa, David G. Maillu, Fortunato Mallimaci, Philip Mamalakis, Kä Mana, Ukachukwu Chris Manus, Herbert Robinson Marbury, Reuel Norman Marigza, Jacqueline Mariña, Antti Marjanen, Luiz C. L. Marques, Madipoane Masenya (ngwan'a Mphahlele), Caleb J. D. Maskell, Steve Mason, Thomas Massaro, Fernando Matamoros Ponce, András Máté-Tóth, Odair Pedroso Mateus, Dinis Matsolo, Fumitaka Matsuoka, John D'Arcy May, Yelena Mazour-Matusevich, Theodore Mbazumutima, John S. McClure, Christian McConnell, Lee Martin McDonald, Gary B. McGee, Thomas McGowan, Alister E. McGrath, Richard J. McGregor, John A. McGuckin, Maud Burnett McInerney, Elsie Anne McKee, Mary B. McKinley, James F. McMillan, Ernan McMullin, Kathleen E. McVey, M. Douglas Meeks, Monica Jyotsna Melanchthon, Ilie Melniciuc-Puica, Everett Mendoza, Raymond A. Mentzer, William W. Menzies, Ina Merdjanova, Franziska Metzger, Constant J. Mews, Marvin Meyer, Carol Meyers, Vasile Mihoc, Gunner Bjerg Mikkelsen, Maria Inêz de Castro Millen, Clyde Lee Miller, Bonnie J. Miller-McLemore, Alexander Mirkovic, Paul Misner, Nozomu Miyahira, R. W. L. Moberly, Gerald Moede, Aloo Osotsi Mojola, Sunanda Mongia, Rebeca Montemayor, James Moore, Roger E. Moore, Craig E. Morrison O.Carm, Jeffry H. Morrison, Keith Morrison, Wilson J. Moses, Tefetso Henry Mothibe, Mokgethi Motlhabi, Fulata Moyo, Henry Mugabe, Jesse Ndwiga Kanyua Mugambi, Peggy Mulambya-Kabonde, Robert Bruce Mullin, Pamela Mullins Reaves, Saskia Murk Jansen, Heleen L. Murre-Van den Berg, Augustine Musopole, Isaac M. T. Mwase, Philomena Mwaura, Cecilia Nahnfeldt, Anne Nasimiyu Wasike, Carmiña Navia Velasco, Thulani Ndlazi, Alexander Negrov, James B. Nelson, David G. Newcombe, Carol Newsom, Helen J. Nicholson, George W. E. Nickelsburg, Tatyana Nikolskaya, Damayanthi M. A. Niles, Bertil Nilsson, Nyambura Njoroge, Fidelis Nkomazana, Mary Beth Norton, Christian Nottmeier, Sonene Nyawo, Anthère Nzabatsinda, Edward T. Oakes, Gerald O'Collins, Daniel O'Connell, David W. Odell-Scott, Mercy Amba Oduyoye, Kathleen O'Grady, Oyeronke Olajubu, Thomas O'Loughlin, Dennis T. Olson, J. Steven O'Malley, Cephas N. Omenyo, Muriel Orevillo-Montenegro, César Augusto Ornellas Ramos, Agbonkhianmeghe E. Orobator, Kenan B. Osborne, Carolyn Osiek, Javier Otaola Montagne, Douglas F. Ottati, Anna May Say Pa, Irina Paert, Jerry G. Pankhurst, Aristotle Papanikolaou, Samuele F. Pardini, Stefano Parenti, Peter Paris, Sung Bae Park, Cristián G. Parker, Raquel Pastor, Joseph Pathrapankal, Daniel Patte, W. Brown Patterson, Clive Pearson, Keith F. Pecklers, Nancy Cardoso Pereira, David Horace Perkins, Pheme Perkins, Edward N. Peters, Rebecca Todd Peters, Bishop Yeznik Petrossian, Raymond Pfister, Peter C. Phan, Isabel Apawo Phiri, William S. F. Pickering, Derrick G. Pitard, William Elvis Plata, Zlatko Plese, John Plummer, James Newton Poling, Ronald Popivchak, Andrew Porter, Ute Possekel, James M. Powell, Enos Das Pradhan, Devadasan Premnath, Jaime Adrían Prieto Valladares, Anne Primavesi, Randall Prior, María Alicia Puente Lutteroth, Eduardo Guzmão Quadros, Albert Rabil, Laurent William Ramambason, Apolonio M. Ranche, Vololona Randriamanantena Andriamitandrina, Lawrence R. Rast, Paul L. Redditt, Adele Reinhartz, Rolf Rendtorff, Pål Repstad, James N. Rhodes, John K. Riches, Joerg Rieger, Sharon H. Ringe, Sandra Rios, Tyler Roberts, David M. Robinson, James M. Robinson, Joanne Maguire Robinson, Richard A. H. Robinson, Roy R. Robson, Jack B. Rogers, Maria Roginska, Sidney Rooy, Rev. Garnett Roper, Maria José Fontelas Rosado-Nunes, Andrew C. Ross, Stefan Rossbach, François Rossier, John D. Roth, John K. Roth, Phillip Rothwell, Richard E. Rubenstein, Rosemary Radford Ruether, Markku Ruotsila, John E. Rybolt, Risto Saarinen, John Saillant, Juan Sanchez, Wagner Lopes Sanchez, Hugo N. Santos, Gerhard Sauter, Gloria L. Schaab, Sandra M. Schneiders, Quentin J. Schultze, Fernando F. Segovia, Turid Karlsen Seim, Carsten Selch Jensen, Alan P. F. Sell, Frank C. Senn, Kent Davis Sensenig, Damían Setton, Bal Krishna Sharma, Carolyn J. Sharp, Thomas Sheehan, N. Gerald Shenk, Christian Sheppard, Charles Sherlock, Tabona Shoko, Walter B. Shurden, Marguerite Shuster, B. Mark Sietsema, Batara Sihombing, Neil Silberman, Clodomiro Siller, Samuel Silva-Gotay, Heikki Silvet, John K. Simmons, Hagith Sivan, James C. Skedros, Abraham Smith, Ashley A. Smith, Ted A. Smith, Daud Soesilo, Pia Søltoft, Choan-Seng (C. S.) Song, Kathryn Spink, Bryan Spinks, Eric O. Springsted, Nicolas Standaert, Brian Stanley, Glen H. Stassen, Karel Steenbrink, Stephen J. Stein, Andrea Sterk, Gregory E. Sterling, Columba Stewart, Jacques Stewart, Robert B. Stewart, Cynthia Stokes Brown, Ken Stone, Anne Stott, Elizabeth Stuart, Monya Stubbs, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, David Kwang-sun Suh, Scott W. Sunquist, Keith Suter, Douglas Sweeney, Charles H. Talbert, Shawqi N. Talia, Elsa Tamez, Joseph B. Tamney, Jonathan Y. Tan, Yak-Hwee Tan, Kathryn Tanner, Feiya Tao, Elizabeth S. Tapia, Aquiline Tarimo, Claire Taylor, Mark Lewis Taylor, Bishop Abba Samuel Wolde Tekestebirhan, Eugene TeSelle, M. Thomas Thangaraj, David R. Thomas, Andrew Thornley, Scott Thumma, Marcelo Timotheo da Costa, George E. “Tink” Tinker, Ola Tjørhom, Karen Jo Torjesen, Iain R. Torrance, Fernando Torres-Londoño, Archbishop Demetrios [Trakatellis], Marit Trelstad, Christine Trevett, Phyllis Trible, Johannes Tromp, Paul Turner, Robert G. Tuttle, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Peter Tyler, Anders Tyrberg, Justin Ukpong, Javier Ulloa, Camillus Umoh, Kristi Upson-Saia, Martina Urban, Monica Uribe, Elochukwu Eugene Uzukwu, Richard Vaggione, Gabriel Vahanian, Paul Valliere, T. J. Van Bavel, Steven Vanderputten, Peter Van der Veer, Huub Van de Sandt, Louis Van Tongeren, Luke A. Veronis, Noel Villalba, Ramón Vinke, Tim Vivian, David Voas, Elena Volkova, Katharina von Kellenbach, Elina Vuola, Timothy Wadkins, Elaine M. Wainwright, Randi Jones Walker, Dewey D. Wallace, Jerry Walls, Michael J. Walsh, Philip Walters, Janet Walton, Jonathan L. Walton, Wang Xiaochao, Patricia A. Ward, David Harrington Watt, Herold D. Weiss, Laurence L. Welborn, Sharon D. Welch, Timothy Wengert, Traci C. West, Merold Westphal, David Wetherell, Barbara Wheeler, Carolinne White, Jean-Paul Wiest, Frans Wijsen, Terry L. Wilder, Felix Wilfred, Rebecca Wilkin, Daniel H. Williams, D. Newell Williams, Michael A. Williams, Vincent L. Wimbush, Gabriele Winkler, Anders Winroth, Lauri Emílio Wirth, James A. Wiseman, Ebba Witt-Brattström, Teofil Wojciechowski, John Wolffe, Kenman L. Wong, Wong Wai Ching, Linda Woodhead, Wendy M. Wright, Rose Wu, Keith E. Yandell, Gale A. Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
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- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
- Published online:
- 05 August 2012
- Print publication:
- 20 September 2010, pp xi-xliv
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The Middle and Upper Quaternary deposits at Morston, north Norfolk, U.K.
- S. J. Gale, P. G. Hoare, C. O. Hunt, K. Pye
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- Journal:
- Geological Magazine / Volume 125 / Issue 5 / September 1988
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 May 2009, pp. 521-533
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Investigation of a section near Morston on the central north Norfolk coast has revealed evidence of a complex sequence of beach deposits laid down under interglacial conditions in association with relative sea levels similar to those of the present. This material rests upon a highly calcareous till and is itself overlain by a deposit comparable with the Hunstanton Till of northwest Norfolk. This site therefore represents the first location at which Hunstanton Till has been found overlying older till, and the only location so far discovered in East Anglia at which interglacial deposits separate glacigenic sediments. The site also contains the only indubitable Quaternary warm stage deposits to have been recognized in central north Norfolk.
Severe anoxia with and without concomitant brain atrophy and neuropsychological impairments
- Ramona O. Hopkins, Shawn D. Gale, Sterling C. Johnson, Carol V. Anderson, Erin D. Bigler, Duane D. Blatter, Lindell K. Weaver
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- Journal:
- Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society / Volume 1 / Issue 5 / September 1995
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 26 February 2009, pp. 501-509
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Significant anoxia may cause a variety of neuropathologic changes as well as cognitive deficits. We have recently seen 3 patients who have suffered severe anoxic episodes all with initial Glasgow Coma Scores (GCS) of 3 with sustained coma for 10–14 d. All 3 patients had extended hospitalizations and rehabilitation therapy. A neuropsychological test battery was administered and volumetric analyses of MRI scans were carried out in each case at least 6 mo postinjury. Two of the patients display distinct residual cognitive and neuropathologic changes while 1 patient made a remarkable recovery without evidence of significant morphological abnormality. These three cases demonstrate, that even with similar admission GCS, the outcome is variable and the degree of neuropsychological impairment appears to match the degree of morphologic abnormalities demonstrated by quantitative MR image analysis. An important finding of this study is that even though subjects with an anoxic insult exhibit severe cognitive and memory impairments along with concomitant morphologic changes, their attention/concentration abilities appear to be preserved. MR morphometry provides an excellent means by which neural structural changes can be quantified and compared to neuropsychological and behavioral outcomes. (JINS, 1995, I, 501–509.)
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and cyanotic congenital heart disease
- Gale A. Pearson, Richard K. Firmin, Ranjit Leanage
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- Cardiology in the Young / Volume 2 / Issue 4 / October 1992
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 19 August 2008, pp. 359-360
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Worldwide figures suggest that two percent of appropriate referrals for neonatal extracorporeal membrane oxygenation turn out to have previously covert congenital heart disease. This is despite the fact that expert cardiological evaluation is routine prior to cannulation. The experience in the United Kingdom includes such a case which is reported here. The implications for the role of pediatric cardiologists in such a service are considered.
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and pediatric cardiology
- Gale A. Pearson, Malcom J. Underwood, K. Chen Chan, Richard K. Firmin
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- Cardiology in the Young / Volume 3 / Issue 3 / July 1993
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 19 August 2008, pp. 196-200
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6 - Hagfish: A Model for Early Endothelium
- from PART I - CONTEXT
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- By Pavan K. Cheruvu, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, Daniel Gale, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, Ann M. Dvorak, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, David Haig, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, William C. Aird, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory, Salisbury Cove, Maine
- Edited by William C. Aird, Harvard University, Massachusetts
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- Endothelial Biomedicine
- Published online:
- 04 May 2010
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- 03 September 2007, pp 66-73
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Summary
Evolution can be viewed as a gradual accumulation of adaptive mutations against a background of neutral change. Intraspecific diversity may be the substrate of evolution, but intraorganismal diversity – the emergence of new proteins, new cell types, and new tissue functionalities – is its exquisite product. Each organism, indeed each organ, is a complex, interlocking “bundle of adaptations.” The endothelium is no exception. Over the last three decades, the notion that the endothelium represents an uncomplicated permeability-selective barrier between blood and interstitium has been revised considerably. Endothelial cells (ECs) are now known to regulate inflammation, hemostasis, vasomotor tone, growth and proliferation of other cells, antigen presentation, extravasation of immune cells, and metabolism of tissue- or blood-derived hormones. These functions are differentially regulated in space and time (reviewed in 1). Endothelial cell heterogeneity reflects the capacity of the endothelium to adapt and respond to the unique demands of the underlying tissue (reviewed in 2). An important goal is to dissect the complex molecular mechanisms underlying endothelial cell function and dysfunction.
THE CALL FOR AN EVOLUTIONARY APPROACH
Why study comparative and evolutionary vascular biology? First, evolution is at heart an historical science, and curiosity drives us to understand the narrative of biological change as well as patterns that may underlie this change. Second, the study of simple models has for centuries been an indispensable tool for sharpening our analysis of more complex biological systems. One is reminded of the contributions of Mendel on Pisum sativum, Morgan on Drosophila melanogaster, and Kandel on Aplysia californica.
Confocal and Transmission Electron Microscopic Evaluation of BiP Signal Sequence in Baculovirus Expression Systems in Spodoptera Cell Lines
- T Gales, K Maley, BE Maleeff, R Kirkpatrick, H Thomas
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- Journal:
- Microscopy and Microanalysis / Volume 13 / Issue S02 / August 2007
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 05 August 2007, pp. 202-203
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- August 2007
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Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2007 in Ft. Lauderdale, Florida, USA, August 5 – August 9, 2007
Development of an in vitro Model of Gastric Toxicity Using Rabbit Parietal Cells
- T Gales, C Hu, M Tirmenstein, P Narayanan, L Storck, C Zhang, B Maleeff, K Frazier, H Thomas
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- Journal:
- Microscopy and Microanalysis / Volume 12 / Issue S02 / August 2006
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 31 July 2006, pp. 202-203
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- August 2006
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Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2005
Diet of the Heard Island cormorant Phalacrocorax atriceps nivalis
- K. Green, R. Williams, E.J. Woehler, H.R. Burton, N.J. Gales, R.T. Jones
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- Journal:
- Antarctic Science / Volume 2 / Issue 2 / June 1990
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 14 May 2004, pp. 139-141
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The diet of Heard Island cormorants was investigated by examination of casts over three summer seasons. The diet was composed mainly of benthic organisms, with polychaetes being the most common prey for the greater part of the population. Fish were taken commonly only by the small breeding population at the western end of the island, whereas elsewhere only 22% of casts contained any fish remains at all. The diet is therefore different from that reported for Phalacrocorax atriceps at other localities.
Microscopic Analysis of Oxidative Stress in Cultured Cells. I. Confocal Microscopy
- Beverly E. Maleeff, Tracy L. Gales, Padma K. Narayanan, Mark A. Tirmenstein, Timothy K. Hart
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- Journal:
- Microscopy and Microanalysis / Volume 7 / Issue S2 / August 2001
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 02 July 2020, pp. 634-635
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- August 2001
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Cellular oxidative stress, a common mechanism of drug-induced toxicity, is a result of the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in response to chemical stimuli. An endpoint of ROS production is lipid peroxidation, which can in turn lead to disruption of cellular membranes, loss of mitochondrial function, protein oxidation and DNA damage. This toxicity can be organ-specific due to the varying capacities of tissues to handle oxidative events. Liver is particularly sensitive to the effects of oxidative stress, and hepatic toxicity is seen clinically. HepG2 cells are an immortalized human hepatoma cell line used as an in vitro model for mammalian hepatotoxicity studies. The purpose of this study was to characterize the effects of chemically induced oxidative stress in this cultured cell model.
HepG2 cells were grown to subconfluence in poly-L-lysine coated 4-well LabTek™ II chambered coverglasses (Nalge Nunc International).
Microscopic Analysis of Oxidative Stress in Cultured Cells. II. Transmission Electron Microscopy
- Tracy L. Gales, Beverly E. Maleeff, Padma K. Narayanan, Mark A. Tirmenstein, Timothy K. Hart
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- Journal:
- Microscopy and Microanalysis / Volume 7 / Issue S2 / August 2001
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 02 July 2020, pp. 636-637
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- August 2001
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The insulin-sensitizing agent troglitazone (Rezulin) has been shown to cause severe hepatotoxicity and liver failure. While the toxic mechanism is still unknown, a component may be oxidative stress. We have demonstrated that increased lipid peroxidation, decreased glutathione levels, and collapse in mitochondrial membrane potential occurred following exposure of cultured hepatocytes to troglitazone. These hallmarks of oxidative stress can manifest morphologically in several ways including damage to cellular membranes, mitochondrial abnormalities, and cell death. The purpose of this study was to assess morphologic changes caused by exposure to troglitazone or cumene hydroperoxide (CH), a compound known to induce oxidative stress.
HepG2 and Novikoff hepatoma cells were grown on poly-L-lysine coated 6-well plates overnight, and exposed to 10, 25, 50 or 100 μM concentrations of troglitazone or CH in the growth media for 2 hours. Cells were fixed with 2.5% glutaraldehyde in phosphate buffer, harvested, and pelleted. Pellets were post-fixed in 1% osmium tetroxide, and processed to epoxy resin.
Electrical and Physical Characterization of Ultrathin Silicon Oxynitride Gate Dielectric Films Formed by the Jet Vapor Deposition Technique
- A. Karamcheti, V.H.C. Watt, T.Y. Luo, D. Brady, F. Shaapur, L. Vishnubhotla, G. Gale, H.R. Huff, M.D. Jackson, K. Torres, A. Diebold, J. Guan, M.C. Gilmer, G.A. Brown, G. Bersuker, P. Zeitzoff, T. Tamagawa, X. Guo, X.W. Wang, T.P. Ma
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- Journal:
- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 592 / 1999
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 10 February 2011, 307
- Print publication:
- 1999
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This paper describes the electrical and physical characteristics of ultrathin Jet Vapor Deposited (JVD) Silicon Oxynitride films. Capacitance-Voltage measurements indicate an equivalent oxide thickness (EOT) of less than 2 nm, taking into account the quantum-mechanical correction. These films have leakage currents almost two orders of magnitude lower than thermal oxide of the same equivalent thickness. Measurements on NMOSFETs with 0.15 μm of channel length demonstrate excellent electrical properties, including high drive currents (∼0.5 mA/μm @ Vd=Vg–Vt=l.5 V), low sub-threshold swings (∼72 mV/decade), and high transconductance (∼0.36 mS/μm @ Vd=1.5 V). These films were also analyzed using a variety of physicochemical methods, including Total X-ray Fluorescence (TXRF), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), Nuclear Reaction Analysis (NRA), Low Energy (500 eV) Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Surface metal concentrations of less than 1011 atoms/cm2 were measured from the TXRF analysis. The microroughness values for these films varied between 0.15 – 0.17 nm as measured by AFM. Low energy (500 eV) SIMS and NRA indicate high [N] near the top as well as throughout the bulk of the film, and a significant amount of [O] near the top of the film. High Resolution TEM pictures show a very uniform film with a physical thickness of 2.8 ± 0.1 nM, which yields an effective dielectric constant of 5.5, consistent with these types of oxynitride films.
Process and Manufacturing Challenges for High-K Gate Stack Systems
- M.C. Gilmer, T-Y Luo, H.R. Huff, M.D. Jackson, S. Kim, G. Bersuker, P. Zeitzoff, L. Vishnubhotla, G.A. Brown, R. Amos, D. Brady, V.H.C. Watt, G. Gale, J. Guan, B. Nguyen, G. Williamson, P. Lysaght, K. Torres, F. Geyling, C.F.H. Gondran, J. A. Fair, M.T. Schulberg, T. Tamagawa
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- Journal:
- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 567 / 1999
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 10 February 2011, 323
- Print publication:
- 1999
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A design-of-experiments methodology was implemented to assess the commercial equipment viability to fabricate the high-K dielectrics Ta2O5, TiO2 and BST (70/30 and 50/50 compositions) for use as gate dielectrics. The high-K dielectrics were annealed in 100% or 10% O2 for different times and temperatures in conjunction with a previously prepared NH3 nitrided or 14N implanted silicon surface. Five metal electrode configurations—Ta, TaN, W, WN and TiN—were concurrently examined. Three additional silicon surface configurations were explored in conjunction with a more in-depth set of time and temperature anneals for Ta2O5. Electrical characterization of capacitors fabricated with the above high-K gate dielectrics, as well as SIMS and TEM analysis, indicate that the post high-K deposition annealing temperature was the most significant variable impacting the leakage current density, although there was minimal influence on the capacitance. Further studies are required, however, to clarify the physical mechanisms underlying the electrical data presented.