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Role of Chitin in Montmorillonite Fabric: Transmission Electron Microscope Observations
- Jinwook Kim, Yoko Furukawa, Kenneth J. Curry, Richard H. Bennett
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- Journal:
- Clays and Clay Minerals / Volume 60 / Issue 1 / February 2012
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 January 2024, pp. 89-98
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Particle concentration, charge, solution chemistry (i.e. ionic strength), and the nature of organic matter (OM) are the major factors controlling particle flocculation in aqueous environments. In the present study, the nature of clay fabric associated with clay—OM interaction at a range of ionic strengths was the focus. In the flocculation experiments, the aqueous suspension of montmorillonite and chitin was mixed with NaCl/MgSO4 electrolyte solution. Advanced sample-preparation techniques and visualization methods using transmission electron microscopy were used to observe directly the micro- and nano-scale clay—OM fabric of the resulting flocs. Such direct observation elucidated the role of OM in clay flocculation; few attempts have been made in the past due to the technical difficulties in preserving the original structure. A comparison of clay fabric at two different ionic strengths of 0 and 0.14 M revealed that the individual hexagonal clay particles settled slowly with little intra-aggregate void space (void ratio: 0.07) at 0 M while rapid flocculation and settling of clay particles at 0.14 M, with or without OM, resulted in a more open fabric with greater void space (void ratio: 0.33). The silver-staining technique demonstrated effectively the location of electron-transparent chitin in montmorillonite aggregates. Chitin appeared to link the face-to-face (FF) contacts of clay domains by bridging between negatively charged face surfaces. However, the resultant void ratio and the average hydrodynamic diameter (dH) values were lower than in the OM-free system after flocculation. The results indicated that the interplay between ionic strength and OM content affected the floc architecture and void ratio.
3158 Sunitinib-Induced Cardiotoxicity in an Engineered Cardiac Microtissue Model
- Carissa Livingston, Abhinay Ramachandran, Elise Corbin, Alexia Vite, Alexander Bennett, Kenneth Margulies
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- Journal:
- Journal of Clinical and Translational Science / Volume 3 / Issue s1 / March 2019
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 26 March 2019, pp. 114-115
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OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: The aims of this study are threefold. Firstly, we are examining the effects of increased in vitro afterload (a proxy for hypertension) on human induced pluripotent stem cell cardiomyocyte (hiPSC-CM) response to sunitinib in a durable and dynamic cardiac microtissue culture system. Secondly, we are exploring effects of repeat exposure and recovery of both sunitinib and afterload throughout the lifetime of the hiPSC-CM microtissue. Finally, we are assessing methods to prevent and treat sunitinib induced cardiotoxicity. Primary outcomes for this study are commonly utilized metrics of cardiotoxicity: degree of caspase activation, electrophysiology benchmarks for minimum voltage threshold and maximum capture rate, and microtissue force generation. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: HiPSC-CMs are cultured and matured as 3D cardiac microtissues (CMTs) on a microtissue array. After maturation, cells are exposed to sunitinib doses of 0µM, 0.5µM, 1µM or 5µM for 12 hours. Concurrently with sunitinib dosing, increases in microtissue array stiffness are created with application of an external magnetic field. Afterload spring constants are fixed at pre-determined physiologic values ranging from 0.5µN/µm, to 5µN/µm. For Aim 1: Half of the CMTs are harvested at 8 hours after sunitinib dosing to conduct the caspase 3/7 assay, and the remainder are examined for 3 days following drug exposure to track temporal changes in electrophysiology and force generation. For Aim 2: After CMT maturation, 12-hour exposures to sunitinib are repeated three times at a fixed dose, with doses separated by one week. Concurrently with sunitinib dosing, increases or decreases in microtissue stiffness are created by changing the strength of an applied external magnetic field to create “ramp up” or “ramp down” stiffness conditions. Caspase assay and contractility metrics are measured at each timepoint. For Aim 3: Experimental conditions are conducted as described in Aim 1. Prior to the introduction of sunitinib, either carvedilol or an AMP-kinase activator is added to the CMT culture media at physiologic concentrations. Primary outcomes are examined as in Aim 1. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Aim 1: We hypothesize that increases in microtissue afterload, synchronized with sunitinib exposure will augment sunitinib toxicity in cardiomyocytes resulting in elevations of caspase 3/7 activity and minimum voltage capture as well as decreases in maximum capture rate and maximum force generation. Aim 2: We hypothesize that repeat exposures to both sunitinib and to increases in afterload will augment sunitinib toxicity in CMTs via the primary outcomes mentioned in Aim 1. Additionally, we hypothesize that decreases in afterload will decrease effective sunitinib toxicity in CMTs via the primary outcomes mentioned in Aim 1. Aim 3: We hypothesize that exposure to an AMP-kinase activator but not carvedilol will decrease the effects of sunitinib toxicity in CMTs via the primary outcomes mentioned in Aim 1. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: The use of small molecule, targeted chemotherapeutic agents is increasingly common. Many of these agents cause cardiotoxic side effects, the mechanisms of which are incompletely understood. Our lab has developed a novel 3D tissue engineering platform capable of supporting durable in vitro cardiac microtissues that experience dynamic alterations in their biomechanical load. By using this platform to examine the cardiotoxic effects of sunitinib, insight into treatment and prevention of this common problem will be developed.
3299 Dynamic Afterload Cardiac Microtissue Model To Examine Molecular Pathways of Heart Failure
- Abhinay Ramachandran, Carissa Livingston, Elise Corbin, Alexia Vite, Alex Bennett, Kenneth Margulies
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- Journal:
- Journal of Clinical and Translational Science / Volume 3 / Issue s1 / March 2019
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 26 March 2019, p. 9
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OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: This project aims to determine the key molecular pathways that link increased myocardial wall stress to cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and subsequent heart failure. We will use a cardiac microtissue (CMT) model with dynamically tunable cantilever stiffness to examine changes in CMT hypertrophy and electro-mechanical properties in response to increased afterload (cantilever stiffness). Subsequently, we will determine if inhibition of pro-hypertrophic or anti-hypertrophic pathways alter the hypertrophic response to increased afterload. Primary outcomes for this study are static/dynamic force, minimum electric field strength (VT), maximum capture rate (MCR), average cell area, and tissue cross-sectional thickness, and secondary outcomes are degree of myoblast activation and apoptosis. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: CMT platforms will be fabricated using iron-doped polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) to create magnetically tunable cantilevers. Cantilever stiffness will be increased with the application of an external magnetic field. Cantilever stiffness will be measured using a capacitance probe, where the force required to deflect both the cantilever and calibration probe is in accordance with Hooke’s Law. Human induced pluripotent stem cell cardiomyocyte (hiPSC-CMs) will be cultured and matured as 3D CMTs. In-vitro static/dynamic force generation will also be calculated by measuring the deflection of the cantilevers and applying Hooke’s law. CMTs will be paced using carbon electrodes to obtain VT and MCR. Structural data will be obtained using immunostaining and confocal microscopy. Finally, we will use pharmacologic inhibitors to inhibit molecular pathways that we identified in prior genetic screens such as ABCC8 (anti-hypertrophic mediator) and C1QTNF9 (pro-hypertrophic mediator). We will examine each of these pathways in low- and high-stiffness conditions. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: We believe increased afterload will cause significant hypertrophy, measured by increases in CMT cross-sectional thickness, cardiac myocyte area, myofibroblast activation, and myocyte apoptosis. In addition, we expect to see increases in static/dynamic force, increased voltage threshold, and decreased maximum capture rate. Preliminary results show a 64.3% increase in force generation when stiffness is increased by approximately 30%, and a 44.4% decrease in force generation when stiffness is decreased by approximately 30%. Finally, we expect that inhibiting a pro- or anti-hypertrophic molecular pathway will weaken or strengthen the hypertrophic response to increased afterload, respectively. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: To our knowledge, our lab is the first to create a dynamically tunable afterload system in the cantilever CMT model. This advance provides us with a robust platform to determine the molecular pathways that cause increased myocardial wall stress to result in cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and heart failure, which remain a critical knowledge gap in our understanding of cardiovascular disease. With more precise understanding of these pathways, we will equip ourselves with the knowledge to develop novel therapeutic agents to prevent the development or progression of heart failure.
Evaluation of site-specific weed management using a direct-injection sprayer
- Heather J. Goudy, Kenneth A. Bennett, Ralph B. Brown, François J. Tardif
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- Journal:
- Weed Science / Volume 49 / Issue 3 / June 2001
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 20 January 2017, pp. 359-366
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Targeting weed patches for site-specific herbicide applications potentially represents cost savings for operators, reduction in environmental herbicide effects, and increased efficiency of weed control. An experiment was initiated in a no-till corn field in Ontario, Canada, in 1998 and was continued in rotation with no-till soybeans in 1999. Weeds were intensively scouted, and distribution maps of the most common weeds (field horsetail, spiny sowthistle, dandelion, and common lambsquarters) were generated for both years. A prescription map for each plot was made using the weed density maps. Treatment decisions were based on a weed threshold value of 1 shoot m−2. Four herbicide treatments were compared: a conventional broadcast, a site-specific application targeting weed patches only, and two combinations of broadcast and site-specific applications. Treatments were applied using a direct-injection sprayer. Efficacy of weed control and yield were compared among treatments. In 1998 and 1999 there were no differences in the level of weed control or yield among treatments. The average percent area sprayed was reduced as much as 26% in the site-specific treatment in 1998 and up to 59% in the site-specific and broadcast combination treatments in 1999. For those species present in the field, patches ranged from highly aggregated to completely random, and patch stability ranged from very stable to very unstable over the 2 yr.
Contributors
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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. Chapman, James H. Charlesworth, Kenneth R. Chase, Chen Zemin, Luciano Chianeque, Philip Chia Phin Yin, Francisca H. Chimhanda, Daniel Chiquete, John T. Chirban, Soobin Choi, Robert Choquette, Mita Choudhury, Gerald Christianson, John Chryssavgis, Sejong Chun, Esther Chung-Kim, Charles M. A. Clark, Elizabeth A. Clark, Sathianathan Clarke, Fred Cloud, John B. Cobb, W. Owen Cole, John A Coleman, John J. Collins, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Paul K. Conkin, Beth A. Conklin, Sean Connolly, Demetrios J. Constantelos, Michael A. Conway, Paula M. Cooey, Austin Cooper, Michael L. Cooper-White, Pamela Cooper-White, L. William Countryman, Sérgio Coutinho, Pamela Couture, Shannon Craigo-Snell, James L. Crenshaw, David Crowner, Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Elizabeth Mason Currier, Emmanuel Cutrone, Mary L. Daniel, David D. Daniels, Robert Darden, Rolf Darge, Isaiah Dau, Jeffry C. Davis, Jane Dawson, Valentin Dedji, John W. de Gruchy, Paul DeHart, Wendy J. Deichmann Edwards, Miguel A. De La Torre, George E. Demacopoulos, Thomas de Mayo, Leah DeVun, Beatriz de Vasconcellos Dias, Dennis C. Dickerson, John M. Dillon, Luis Miguel Donatello, Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, Susanna Drake, Jonathan A. Draper, N. Dreher Martin, Otto Dreydoppel, Angelyn Dries, A. J. Droge, Francis X. D'Sa, Marilyn Dunn, Nicole Wilkinson Duran, Rifaat Ebied, Mark J. Edwards, William H. Edwards, Leonard H. Ehrlich, Nancy L. Eiesland, Martin Elbel, J. Harold Ellens, Stephen Ellingson, Marvin M. Ellison, Robert Ellsberg, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Eldon Jay Epp, Peter C. Erb, Tassilo Erhardt, Maria Erling, Noel Leo Erskine, Gillian R. Evans, Virginia Fabella, Michael A. Fahey, Edward Farley, Margaret A. Farley, Wendy Farley, Robert Fastiggi, Seena Fazel, Duncan S. Ferguson, Helwar Figueroa, Paul Corby Finney, Kyriaki Karidoyanes FitzGerald, Thomas E. FitzGerald, John R. Fitzmier, Marie Therese Flanagan, Sabina Flanagan, Claude Flipo, Ronald B. Flowers, Carole Fontaine, David Ford, Mary Ford, Stephanie A. Ford, Jim Forest, William Franke, Robert M. Franklin, Ruth Franzén, Edward H. Friedman, Samuel Frouisou, Lorelei F. Fuchs, Jojo M. Fung, Inger Furseth, Richard R. Gaillardetz, Brandon Gallaher, China Galland, Mark Galli, Ismael García, Tharscisse Gatwa, Jean-Marie Gaudeul, Luis María Gavilanes del Castillo, Pavel L. Gavrilyuk, Volney P. Gay, Metropolitan Athanasios Geevargis, Kondothra M. George, Mary Gerhart, Simon Gikandi, Maurice Gilbert, Michael J. Gillgannon, Verónica Giménez Beliveau, Terryl Givens, Beth Glazier-McDonald, Philip Gleason, Menghun Goh, Brian Golding, Bishop Hilario M. Gomez, Michelle A. Gonzalez, Donald K. Gorrell, Roy Gottfried, Tamara Grdzelidze, Joel B. Green, Niels Henrik Gregersen, Cristina Grenholm, Herbert Griffiths, Eric W. Gritsch, Erich S. Gruen, Christoffer H. Grundmann, Paul H. Gundani, Jon P. Gunnemann, Petre Guran, Vidar L. Haanes, Jeremiah M. Hackett, Getatchew Haile, Douglas John Hall, Nicholas Hammond, Daphne Hampson, Jehu J. Hanciles, Barry Hankins, Jennifer Haraguchi, Stanley S. Harakas, Anthony John Harding, Conrad L. Harkins, J. William Harmless, Marjory Harper, Amir Harrak, Joel F. Harrington, Mark W. Harris, Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Van A. Harvey, R. Chris Hassel, Jione Havea, Daniel Hawk, Diana L. Hayes, Leslie Hayes, Priscilla Hayner, S. Mark Heim, Simo Heininen, Richard P. Heitzenrater, Eila Helander, David Hempton, Scott H. Hendrix, Jan-Olav Henriksen, Gina Hens-Piazza, Carter Heyward, Nicholas J. Higham, David Hilliard, Norman A. Hjelm, Peter C. Hodgson, Arthur Holder, M. Jan Holton, Dwight N. Hopkins, Ronnie Po-chia Hsia, Po-Ho Huang, James Hudnut-Beumler, Jennifer S. Hughes, Leonard M. Hummel, Mary E. Hunt, Laennec Hurbon, Mark Hutchinson, Susan E. Hylen, Mary Beth Ingham, H. Larry Ingle, Dale T. Irvin, Jon Isaak, Paul John Isaak, Ada María Isasi-Díaz, Hans Raun Iversen, Margaret C. Jacob, Arthur James, Maria Jansdotter-Samuelsson, David Jasper, Werner G. Jeanrond, Renée Jeffery, David Lyle Jeffrey, Theodore W. Jennings, David H. Jensen, Robin Margaret Jensen, David Jobling, Dale A. Johnson, Elizabeth A. Johnson, Maxwell E. Johnson, Sarah Johnson, Mark D. Johnston, F. Stanley Jones, James William Jones, John R. Jones, Alissa Jones Nelson, Inge Jonsson, Jan Joosten, Elizabeth Judd, Mulambya Peggy Kabonde, Robert Kaggwa, Sylvester Kahakwa, Isaac Kalimi, Ogbu U. Kalu, Eunice Kamaara, Wayne C. Kannaday, Musimbi Kanyoro, Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, Frank Kaufmann, Léon Nguapitshi Kayongo, Richard Kearney, Alice A. Keefe, Ralph Keen, Catherine Keller, Anthony J. Kelly, Karen Kennelly, Kathi Lynn Kern, Fergus Kerr, Edward Kessler, George Kilcourse, Heup Young Kim, Kim Sung-Hae, Kim Yong-Bock, Kim Yung Suk, Richard King, Thomas M. King, Robert M. Kingdon, Ross Kinsler, Hans G. Kippenberg, Cheryl A. Kirk-Duggan, Clifton Kirkpatrick, Leonid Kishkovsky, Nadieszda Kizenko, Jeffrey Klaiber, Hans-Josef Klauck, Sidney Knight, Samuel Kobia, Robert Kolb, Karla Ann Koll, Heikki Kotila, Donald Kraybill, Philip D. W. Krey, Yves Krumenacker, Jeffrey Kah-Jin Kuan, Simanga R. Kumalo, Peter Kuzmic, Simon Shui-Man Kwan, Kwok Pui-lan, André LaCocque, Stephen E. Lahey, John Tsz Pang Lai, Emiel Lamberts, Armando Lampe, Craig Lampe, Beverly J. Lanzetta, Eve LaPlante, Lizette Larson-Miller, Ariel Bybee Laughton, Leonard Lawlor, Bentley Layton, Robin A. Leaver, Karen Lebacqz, Archie Chi Chung Lee, Marilyn J. Legge, Hervé LeGrand, D. L. LeMahieu, Raymond Lemieux, Bill J. Leonard, Ellen M. Leonard, Outi Leppä, Jean Lesaulnier, Nantawan Boonprasat Lewis, Henrietta Leyser, Alexei Lidov, Bernard Lightman, Paul Chang-Ha Lim, Carter Lindberg, Mark R. Lindsay, James R. Linville, James C. Livingston, Ann Loades, David Loades, Jean-Claude Loba-Mkole, Lo Lung Kwong, Wati Longchar, Eleazar López, David W. Lotz, Andrew Louth, Robin W. Lovin, William Luis, Frank D. Macchia, Diarmaid N. J. MacCulloch, Kirk R. MacGregor, Marjory A. MacLean, Donald MacLeod, Tomas S. Maddela, Inge Mager, Laurenti Magesa, David G. Maillu, Fortunato Mallimaci, Philip Mamalakis, Kä Mana, Ukachukwu Chris Manus, Herbert Robinson Marbury, Reuel Norman Marigza, Jacqueline Mariña, Antti Marjanen, Luiz C. L. Marques, Madipoane Masenya (ngwan'a Mphahlele), Caleb J. D. Maskell, Steve Mason, Thomas Massaro, Fernando Matamoros Ponce, András Máté-Tóth, Odair Pedroso Mateus, Dinis Matsolo, Fumitaka Matsuoka, John D'Arcy May, Yelena Mazour-Matusevich, Theodore Mbazumutima, John S. McClure, Christian McConnell, Lee Martin McDonald, Gary B. McGee, Thomas McGowan, Alister E. McGrath, Richard J. McGregor, John A. McGuckin, Maud Burnett McInerney, Elsie Anne McKee, Mary B. McKinley, James F. McMillan, Ernan McMullin, Kathleen E. McVey, M. Douglas Meeks, Monica Jyotsna Melanchthon, Ilie Melniciuc-Puica, Everett Mendoza, Raymond A. Mentzer, William W. Menzies, Ina Merdjanova, Franziska Metzger, Constant J. Mews, Marvin Meyer, Carol Meyers, Vasile Mihoc, Gunner Bjerg Mikkelsen, Maria Inêz de Castro Millen, Clyde Lee Miller, Bonnie J. Miller-McLemore, Alexander Mirkovic, Paul Misner, Nozomu Miyahira, R. W. L. Moberly, Gerald Moede, Aloo Osotsi Mojola, Sunanda Mongia, Rebeca Montemayor, James Moore, Roger E. Moore, Craig E. Morrison O.Carm, Jeffry H. Morrison, Keith Morrison, Wilson J. Moses, Tefetso Henry Mothibe, Mokgethi Motlhabi, Fulata Moyo, Henry Mugabe, Jesse Ndwiga Kanyua Mugambi, Peggy Mulambya-Kabonde, Robert Bruce Mullin, Pamela Mullins Reaves, Saskia Murk Jansen, Heleen L. Murre-Van den Berg, Augustine Musopole, Isaac M. T. Mwase, Philomena Mwaura, Cecilia Nahnfeldt, Anne Nasimiyu Wasike, Carmiña Navia Velasco, Thulani Ndlazi, Alexander Negrov, James B. Nelson, David G. Newcombe, Carol Newsom, Helen J. Nicholson, George W. E. Nickelsburg, Tatyana Nikolskaya, Damayanthi M. A. Niles, Bertil Nilsson, Nyambura Njoroge, Fidelis Nkomazana, Mary Beth Norton, Christian Nottmeier, Sonene Nyawo, Anthère Nzabatsinda, Edward T. Oakes, Gerald O'Collins, Daniel O'Connell, David W. Odell-Scott, Mercy Amba Oduyoye, Kathleen O'Grady, Oyeronke Olajubu, Thomas O'Loughlin, Dennis T. Olson, J. Steven O'Malley, Cephas N. Omenyo, Muriel Orevillo-Montenegro, César Augusto Ornellas Ramos, Agbonkhianmeghe E. Orobator, Kenan B. Osborne, Carolyn Osiek, Javier Otaola Montagne, Douglas F. Ottati, Anna May Say Pa, Irina Paert, Jerry G. Pankhurst, Aristotle Papanikolaou, Samuele F. Pardini, Stefano Parenti, Peter Paris, Sung Bae Park, Cristián G. Parker, Raquel Pastor, Joseph Pathrapankal, Daniel Patte, W. Brown Patterson, Clive Pearson, Keith F. Pecklers, Nancy Cardoso Pereira, David Horace Perkins, Pheme Perkins, Edward N. Peters, Rebecca Todd Peters, Bishop Yeznik Petrossian, Raymond Pfister, Peter C. Phan, Isabel Apawo Phiri, William S. F. Pickering, Derrick G. Pitard, William Elvis Plata, Zlatko Plese, John Plummer, James Newton Poling, Ronald Popivchak, Andrew Porter, Ute Possekel, James M. Powell, Enos Das Pradhan, Devadasan Premnath, Jaime Adrían Prieto Valladares, Anne Primavesi, Randall Prior, María Alicia Puente Lutteroth, Eduardo Guzmão Quadros, Albert Rabil, Laurent William Ramambason, Apolonio M. Ranche, Vololona Randriamanantena Andriamitandrina, Lawrence R. Rast, Paul L. Redditt, Adele Reinhartz, Rolf Rendtorff, Pål Repstad, James N. Rhodes, John K. Riches, Joerg Rieger, Sharon H. Ringe, Sandra Rios, Tyler Roberts, David M. Robinson, James M. Robinson, Joanne Maguire Robinson, Richard A. H. Robinson, Roy R. Robson, Jack B. Rogers, Maria Roginska, Sidney Rooy, Rev. Garnett Roper, Maria José Fontelas Rosado-Nunes, Andrew C. Ross, Stefan Rossbach, François Rossier, John D. Roth, John K. Roth, Phillip Rothwell, Richard E. Rubenstein, Rosemary Radford Ruether, Markku Ruotsila, John E. Rybolt, Risto Saarinen, John Saillant, Juan Sanchez, Wagner Lopes Sanchez, Hugo N. Santos, Gerhard Sauter, Gloria L. Schaab, Sandra M. Schneiders, Quentin J. Schultze, Fernando F. Segovia, Turid Karlsen Seim, Carsten Selch Jensen, Alan P. F. Sell, Frank C. Senn, Kent Davis Sensenig, Damían Setton, Bal Krishna Sharma, Carolyn J. Sharp, Thomas Sheehan, N. Gerald Shenk, Christian Sheppard, Charles Sherlock, Tabona Shoko, Walter B. Shurden, Marguerite Shuster, B. Mark Sietsema, Batara Sihombing, Neil Silberman, Clodomiro Siller, Samuel Silva-Gotay, Heikki Silvet, John K. Simmons, Hagith Sivan, James C. Skedros, Abraham Smith, Ashley A. Smith, Ted A. Smith, Daud Soesilo, Pia Søltoft, Choan-Seng (C. S.) Song, Kathryn Spink, Bryan Spinks, Eric O. Springsted, Nicolas Standaert, Brian Stanley, Glen H. Stassen, Karel Steenbrink, Stephen J. Stein, Andrea Sterk, Gregory E. Sterling, Columba Stewart, Jacques Stewart, Robert B. Stewart, Cynthia Stokes Brown, Ken Stone, Anne Stott, Elizabeth Stuart, Monya Stubbs, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, David Kwang-sun Suh, Scott W. Sunquist, Keith Suter, Douglas Sweeney, Charles H. Talbert, Shawqi N. Talia, Elsa Tamez, Joseph B. Tamney, Jonathan Y. Tan, Yak-Hwee Tan, Kathryn Tanner, Feiya Tao, Elizabeth S. Tapia, Aquiline Tarimo, Claire Taylor, Mark Lewis Taylor, Bishop Abba Samuel Wolde Tekestebirhan, Eugene TeSelle, M. Thomas Thangaraj, David R. Thomas, Andrew Thornley, Scott Thumma, Marcelo Timotheo da Costa, George E. “Tink” Tinker, Ola Tjørhom, Karen Jo Torjesen, Iain R. Torrance, Fernando Torres-Londoño, Archbishop Demetrios [Trakatellis], Marit Trelstad, Christine Trevett, Phyllis Trible, Johannes Tromp, Paul Turner, Robert G. Tuttle, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Peter Tyler, Anders Tyrberg, Justin Ukpong, Javier Ulloa, Camillus Umoh, Kristi Upson-Saia, Martina Urban, Monica Uribe, Elochukwu Eugene Uzukwu, Richard Vaggione, Gabriel Vahanian, Paul Valliere, T. J. Van Bavel, Steven Vanderputten, Peter Van der Veer, Huub Van de Sandt, Louis Van Tongeren, Luke A. Veronis, Noel Villalba, Ramón Vinke, Tim Vivian, David Voas, Elena Volkova, Katharina von Kellenbach, Elina Vuola, Timothy Wadkins, Elaine M. Wainwright, Randi Jones Walker, Dewey D. Wallace, Jerry Walls, Michael J. Walsh, Philip Walters, Janet Walton, Jonathan L. Walton, Wang Xiaochao, Patricia A. Ward, David Harrington Watt, Herold D. Weiss, Laurence L. Welborn, Sharon D. Welch, Timothy Wengert, Traci C. West, Merold Westphal, David Wetherell, Barbara Wheeler, Carolinne White, Jean-Paul Wiest, Frans Wijsen, Terry L. Wilder, Felix Wilfred, Rebecca Wilkin, Daniel H. Williams, D. Newell Williams, Michael A. Williams, Vincent L. Wimbush, Gabriele Winkler, Anders Winroth, Lauri Emílio Wirth, James A. Wiseman, Ebba Witt-Brattström, Teofil Wojciechowski, John Wolffe, Kenman L. Wong, Wong Wai Ching, Linda Woodhead, Wendy M. Wright, Rose Wu, Keith E. Yandell, Gale A. Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
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- Book:
- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
- Published online:
- 05 August 2012
- Print publication:
- 20 September 2010, pp xi-xliv
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Initial development of a survey tool to detect issues of chemical coping in chronic pain patients
- Kenneth L. Kirsh, Carolyn Jass, Daniel S. Bennett, James E. Hagen, Steven D. Passik
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- Journal:
- Palliative & Supportive Care / Volume 5 / Issue 3 / September 2007
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 24 September 2007, pp. 219-226
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Objective: Completely compliant drug-taking behavior is associated with opioid therapy that is usually highly beneficial to the pain patient, whereas frequent and severe aberrant behavior is generally associated with therapy that is potentially harmful to the patient and borders on addiction. There is a large group of patients in the middle between these two extremes: those who display aberrant behaviors periodically, who may additionally have a mixed response to opioid therapy, the overall results of which are less than satisfying (often in the domain of functionality) to the clinician. We have used the term chemical coping to describe this vast middle ground and seek to begin a line of research starting with the development of a clinically useful tool to identify this subset of patients.
Methods: A background review is provided to highlight the need for better understanding of chemical coping. In addition, the first steps in creating a chemical coping tool are discussed, including the results of focus group interviews to determine the clarity, understandability of the items, and to assure that they are not objectionable or offensive. A total of 15 patients and 15 professionals completed this phase of the project.
Results: Both the professionals and patients reported that the items were generally clear and understandable. In addition, although the items cover potentially sensitive topics and some were designed with a provocative edge, the respondents had few requested changes. The researchers are moving forward with the next phase of research.
Significance of results: The middle ground between compliant medication use and addiction, which we call chemical coping, is poorly understood and woefully underresearched. Despite this gap in our knowledge base, it is an often observed phenomenon. Creating a tool to identify these characteristics can lead to better treatment outcomes and earlier interventions to help improve compliance with medication regimens.
Is the Mental Health (Care and Treatment) (Scotland) Act 2003 the least restrictive option?
- Daniel M. Bennett, Kenneth M. Mitchell
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- Journal:
- Psychiatric Bulletin / Volume 31 / Issue 5 / May 2007
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 02 January 2018, p. 194
- Print publication:
- May 2007
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New Methods in Raman Spectroscopy – Combining Other Microscopes
- Kenneth Williams, Robert Bennett, Alan Brooker, Richard Bormett, Tim Prusnick
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- Journal:
- Microscopy and Microanalysis / Volume 9 / Issue S02 / August 2003
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 24 July 2003, pp. 1094-1095
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- August 2003
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5 - Formulation of fungi for in situ bioremediation
- Edited by G. M. Gadd, University of Dundee
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- Fungi in Bioremediation
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- 08 October 2009
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- 15 November 2001, pp 97-112
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Summary
Introduction
Fungi play a major role in environmental biotechnology. Their morphological, physiological and reproductive strategies make them especially suited for terrestrial habitats. This book is a testament to their multi-faceted role in the biodegradation of natural and xenobiotic compounds and to the major progress that has been made in our ability to use them as agents for the detoxification of hazardous wastes. Nevertheless, the fact remains that most of the successful applications have been performed in laboratory bench-top experiments. Field trials have been plagued by suboptimal results. Physical parameters such as aeration, moisture, nutrient level, pH, temperature and toxic contaminant level interact with living systems in unpredictable ways. Biological parameters such as predation and competition from the resident microbial populations also contribute to the variability of outcomes for in situ bioremediation. The challenge is to create remediation protocols that can be effective despite these numerous uncontrolled variables.
Two major biological strategies have been employed to increase the effectiveness of microbial bioremediation in field trials. The first is the stimulation of the indigenous population, usually through the delivery of a limiting nutrient. This practice is called biostimulation, and successful applications include use in marine oil spills and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-contaminated soils (Atlas & Bartha, 1992; Riser-Roberts, 1998). Nitrogen and phosphorus are the most commonly added nutrients (Liebeg & Cutright, 1999).
Euesperides (Benghazi): Preliminary report on the spring 2000 season
- Paul Bennett, Andrew I. Wilson, Ahmed Buzaian, Kenneth Hamilton, David Thorpe, Dale Robertson, Eleni Zimi
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- Libyan Studies / Volume 31 / 2000
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 03 March 2015, pp. 121-143
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- 2000
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This paper reports on the second season of the new fieldwork at Euesperides (Benghazi). Excavations continued in Areas P (a large building with early Hellenistic mosaics) and Q (an area of streets and buildings built against the line of the Archaic period city wall), and were commenced at a site in the Lower City (Area R), where evidence for purple dye production from the Murex trunculus shellfish was found. In addition, a programme of machine-cut evaluation trenching was carried out in an area to the south of the Sidi Abeid mound to determine the limits of the archaeological area; this showed that occupation deposits continued for some distance to the south-east of the zone formerly considered to have encompassed the city. Geophysical prospection was completed in the Lower City, giving a fuller understanding of the city plan and of manufacturing activities. Preliminary quantification of the fine pottery suggests heavy reliance on imported wares (some 90%) to meet demand for tablewares, and carries important implications for the volume of ancient shipping and trade reaching Euesperides.
Experimental Observations of the Redistribution of Implanted Nitrogen at the Si-SiO2 Interface During RTA Processing
- Patrick S. Lysaght, Billy Nguyen, Joe Bennett, Gary Williamson, Kenneth Torres, Mark Gilmer, Tien-Ying Luo, David Brady, Jay Guan, George A. Brown, Peter Zeitzoff, Gennadi Bersuker, Jay Mucha, Franz Geyling, Gabriel Gebara, Lucky Vishnubhotla, Michael D. Jackson, Howard R. Huff
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- Journal:
- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 568 / 1999
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 10 February 2011, 283
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- 1999
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The redistribution of nitrogen from silicon to the Si-SiO2 interface due to thermal processing is investigated by Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy (SIMS) using Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (MOS) capacitors. SIMS profiles of implanted atomic nitrogen concentration indicate a significant redistribution of the nitrogen, from the silicon to the oxide layer in response to variations of the steady state time and temperature parameters of Rapid Thermal Anneal (RTA) processing. RTA treatment, in N2 ambient, over a temperature range of 750°C - 1100°C, results in a measured increase of the integrated nitrogen peak at the interface. High Frequency Capacitance Voltage (HFCV) measurements of an implanted (N/ 5 × 1014 cm2/s / 26keV) and annealed (900°C / 10s) sample is compared with a control (without N implant) sample to determine the relative nitrogen abundance at the interface. This value corresponds to the increase in fixed oxide charge Q that produces a negative shift in the flat band voltage Vo under negative gate bias conditions.
Urbanism and Economy at Euesperides (Benghazi): preliminary report on the 1999 season
- Andrew Wilson, Paul Bennett, Ahmed Buzaian, Susanne Ebbinghaus, Kenneth Hamilton, Alette Kattenberg, Eleni Zimi
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- Journal:
- Libyan Studies / Volume 30 / 1999
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 03 March 2015, pp. 147-168
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- 1999
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This paper reports on the first season of a new project at Euesperides (Benghazi) aimed at studying the urban development and economy of the city. Two area excavations were started, the first on the site of early Hellenistic pebble and tessellated mosaics discovered in 1998, and the second in what appears to be an area of houses and workshops built against the city wall on the east side of the mound of Sidi Abeid. Geophysical survey and surface prospection was also undertaken; it appears that the lower-lying extension to the city was much larger than previously thought, and several modifications are necessary to previously published plans of the site. Much of the lower city is covered with large spreads of deliberately crushed shells of Murex trunculus, indicating the production of purple dye on a significant scale. Other evidence of urban production was also recovered, notably metal-working, while study of the ceramic assemblage shows widespread trading connections, with significant imports of coarsewares besides the expected fineware and amphora imports.
Reconstructing The Winter’s Tale
- Edited by Stanley Wells, University of Birmingham
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- Shakespeare Survey
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- 28 March 2007
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- 16 December 1993, pp 81-90
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Summary
Perhaps William Butler Yeats anticipated the arrival of the post-modernist movement called deconstruction in his splendid poem, ‘Lapis Lazuli’. After all, the carved Chinese stone that he received from Harry Clifton contains not only a scene suggestive of the journey of life and the role of art amidst all the tragedy, but
Every discoloration of the stone,
Every accidental crack or dent,
Seems a water-course or an avalanche ...
In other words, as in deconstructionist doctrine, the work of art contains the elements of its own undoing. A critic who patiently ‘teases out’ the contradictory aspects of any piece of literature, especially the way in which the rhetoric works against the overt statement, can show how the meaning is subverted, just as the crack in the lapis lazuli threatens to destroy the carving. In fact, no critic is needed. Eventually the work will deconstruct itself; even individual words are forever engaged in the process of their own subversion as new meanings develop, new texts are brought to bear on old ones, and the stream of language constantly shifts. Deconstruction may indeed be a very elaborate way of insisting on a Heraclitean view of life and language.
The great flux of decay and re-creation of meaning is nowhere more evident than in the stage history of Shakespearian drama since mid-century. Anyone who has sampled the vast variety of productions of Shakespeare in that period is intensely aware of the purposeful assaults on the old doublet-and-hose meanings that go against all previous interpretations. Happily Shakespeare has been strong enough not only to withstand such reshaping but to return, like the mythological hero he has become, revitalized. I am reminded particularly of the Michael Bogdanov production of The Taming of the Shrew (1978, 1979) by the Royal Shakespeare Company with Jonathan Pryce and Paola Dionisotti, which turned the play into a feminist tract with exceptional skill and ingenuity.
The Case of the Rhyming Couplets: the Sonances of ‘Richard II’
- Kenneth C. Bennett
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- Journal:
- New Theatre Quarterly / Volume 4 / Issue 16 / November 1988
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 15 January 2009, pp. 356-367
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- November 1988
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Among the infinite variety of critical approaches to Shakespeare, relatively little attention has been paid, even by scholars professedly concerned with Shakespeare's language, to the quality and nature of the sound of his words – despite the commonplace assumption that the young Shakespeare, in particular, was in love with language. One consequence is that such a major element of Richard II as its high proportion of rhyming couplets is either briefly (and negatively) dismissed, or ignored. Here, Kenneth C. Bennett, who teaches in the Department of English at Lake Forest College, lllinois, considers in detail the distinctive qualities and ‘sonances’ of language in the play, looking in particular at the couplets, whose use and significance he analyzes and defends.
Capitalism, bureaucratic authoritarianism, and prospects for democracy in the United States
- Douglas C. Bennett, Kenneth E. Sharpe
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- Journal:
- International Organization / Volume 36 / Issue 3 / Summer 1982
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 22 May 2009, pp. 633-663
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- Summer 1982
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The Philanthropist and The Misanthrope: A Study in Comic Mimesis
- Kenneth C. Bennett
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- Journal:
- Theatre Research International / Volume 6 / Issue 2 / Spring 1981
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 23 January 2009, pp. 85-92
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- Spring 1981
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Christopher Hampton's The Philanthropist, seen in relation to its source, Molière's The Misanthrope, provides not only a modern commentary on that play but an insight into the nature of comic mimesis. Though startlingly different in most respects, the two plays present us with ‘unrealistic’ extremes which are simply distortions of tendencies we can see both in our society and in our selves. Such distortions are comic in that the audience perceives the disparity between the action and what would ordinarily occur in reality, but the distortions pose no threat to laughter because of the author's careful control of the context in which they occur.
Agenda Setting and Bargaining Power: The Mexican State Versus Transnational Automobile Corporations
- Douglas C. Bennett, Kenneth E. Sharpe
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- Journal:
- World Politics / Volume 32 / Issue 1 / October 1979
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 13 June 2011, pp. 57-89
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- October 1979
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The authors explore the often conflictual bargaining relations between transnational corporations and host governments of less developed countries. They focus particular attention on the conflict that surrounded the creation of the Mexican automobile industry (1960–1964), criticizing and reformulating a current approach to these issues. The argument proceeds in two parts—agenda setting and bargaining power. Each part is organized around a central criticism of the bargaining power approach and provides an alternative formulation which is then applied to an analysis of the bargaining relationship between the Mexican Government and the transnational automobile corporations.
Transnational corporations and the political economy of export promotion: the case of the Mexican automobile industry
- Douglas Bennett, Kenneth E. Sharpe
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- Journal:
- International Organization / Volume 33 / Issue 2 / Spring 1979
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 22 May 2009, pp. 177-201
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- Spring 1979
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Export promotion has replaced import substitution as the orthodox strategy for economic development. In sectors dominated by transnational corporations, however, such a strategy may run afoul of difficulties not immediately apparent from the neo-classical comparative-advantage perspective that has provided its principal theoretical support. Evidence from the Mexican automobile industry shows that an export promotion policy may face problems of a) demand rigidities in TNC intracompany transfers, b) decision dependency, c) difficulties in enforcing sanctions in cases of recalcitrance, and d) an unequal distribution of benefits between foreign-owned and domestically-owned firms.
The Application of a Multichannel Fixed and Sequential Spectrometer System to the Analysis of Air Pollution Particulate Samples from Source Emissions and Ambient Air
- Roy L. Bennett, Jack Wagman, Kenneth T. Knapp
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- Journal:
- Advances in X-ray Analysis / Volume 19 / 1975
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 06 March 2019, pp. 393-402
- Print publication:
- 1975
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The design and application of a newly-developed Siemens multichannel wavelength x-ray fluorescence spectrometer that has been specially adapted to the needs of the Environmental Protection Agency for rapid analysis of particulate samples is described. The system consists of sixteen fixed-wavelength spectrometers which are optimized for sixteen pre-selected elements and a computer-operated scanning channel which is used to determine additional elements that might be desired on a given sample. A minicomputer operates the instrument and custom-designed sample changer and processes the data.
Requirements for standards suitable for air pollution samples and the approaches used for the preparation of thin layer standards are discussed. Sensitivities, detection limits for elements of interest in air pollution, and the relative merits of aerosol filter types for x-ray fluorescence analysis have been determined. The system has been used to measure the elemental composition of a large number of samples from stationary source emissions, mobile sources, and ambient air.
Obstacles to Graduate Education Political Science
- Douglas Bennett, Morris Blachman, Frederick Eisele, James Paul, Kenneth Sharpe
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- Journal:
- PS: Political Science & Politics / Volume 2 / Issue 4 / Fall 1969
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 28 November 2022, pp. 622-641
- Print publication:
- Fall 1969
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