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Association of green tea consumption with prediabetes, diabetes and markers of glucose metabolism in rural Vietnam: a cross-sectional study
- Ami Fukunaga, Masamine Jimba, Thuy Thi Phuong Pham, Chau Que Nguyen, Dong Van Hoang, Tien Vu Phan, Aki Yazawa, Danh Cong Phan, Masahiko Hachiya, Huy Xuan Le, Hung Thai Do, Tetsuya Mizoue, Yosuke Inoue
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- Journal:
- British Journal of Nutrition / Volume 131 / Issue 11 / 14 June 2024
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 16 February 2024, pp. 1883-1891
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- 14 June 2024
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The literature on green tea consumption and glucose metabolism has reported conflicting findings. This cross-sectional study examined the association of green tea consumption with abnormal glucose metabolism among 3000 rural residents aged 40–60 years in Khánh Hòa province in Vietnam. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was conducted to examine the association of green tea consumption (0, < 200, 200–< 400, 400–< 600 or ≥ 600 ml/d) with prediabetes and diabetes (based on the American Diabetes Association criteria). Linear regression analysis was performed to examine the association between green tea consumption and the log-transformed homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (a marker of insulin resistance) and the log-transformed homeostatic model assessment of β-cell function (HOMA-β) (a marker of insulin secretion). The OR for prediabetes and diabetes among participants who consumed ≥ 600 ml/d v. those who did not consume green tea were 1·61 (95 % CI = 1·07, 2·42) and 2·04 (95 % CI = 1·07, 3·89), respectively. Higher green tea consumption was associated with a higher level of log-transformed HOMA-IR (Pfor trend = 0·04) but not with a lower level of log-transformed HOMA-β (Pfor trend = 0·75). Higher green tea consumption was positively associated with the prevalence of prediabetes, diabetes and insulin resistance in rural Vietnam. The findings of this study indicated prompting the need for further research considering context in understanding the link between green tea consumption and glucose metabolism, especially in rural settings in low- and middle-income countries.
2 The Vietnamese Montreal Cognitive Assessment: An Evaluation of Construct Validity and Recommended Cut-off for Cognitive Impairment after TBI
- Halle Quang, Ashley Nguyen, Cardinal Do, Skye McDonald, Chris Nguyen
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- Journal:
- Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society / Volume 29 / Issue s1 / November 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 21 December 2023, pp. 592-593
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Objective:
Cognitive screening tools such as the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) play an essential role in the clinical evaluation of neuropsychological functions. Despite the extensive investigations of the MoCA in English speaking countries as well as emerging adaptation work in a few Asian cultures, evidence base for the utility of the Vietnamese MoCA (MoCA-V) is lacking. This has posed a huge challenge for current and future clinical practice in Vietnam, as the country continues to assume a large burden of brain-related disorders. This study examined the construct validity of the MoCA-V and identified a cut-off score for the determination of cognitive impairment in a prevalent neurological condition in Vietnam - traumatic brain injury (TBI).
Participants and Methods:Participants included 129 neurologically healthy individuals and 80 patients with moderate-to-severe TBI. All participants completed the MoCA-V, along with other common neurocognitive measures such as the Trail Making Test (TMT) Parts A and B, Vietnamese Verbal Fluency Test, and Digit Span.
Results:Pearson’s correlations revealed significant, moderate correlations between performance on the MoCA-V subdomains and more comprehensive cognitive measures. Performance on the MoCA-V Attention domain was correlated with both Digit Span Forward, r(110) = .453, p < .001] and Digit Span Backward, r(110) = .303, p = .001; performance on the MoCA Language domain was correlated with the Vietnamese Verbal Fluency Test, r(107) = .334, p < .001; and performance on the MoCA Executive Function domain was correlated with the TMT-B, r(108) = -.479, p = .022. Performance on the MoCA-V was also associated with age, r(127) = -.659, p < .001, and education, r(127) = .769, p < .001, consistent with the general effects of age and education in cognitive abilities. Finally, a cut-off score of 22.5 was identified for the detection of cognitive impairment in Vietnamese people with TBI (AUC = 0.811; 95% CI = .75-.87, p < .001).
Conclusions:This study provides the first evidence for the construct validity and clinical utility of the MoCA-V. Future research is necessary to cross-validate study findings among other clinical populations. Lessons learned from neuropsychological test translation and adaptation process will be discussed, particularly in the development of the administration materials and test instructions (e.g., considerations for individuals with limited formal education, influences of colonialism in the development of test stimuli).
Shift from a Zero-COVID strategy to a New-normal strategy for controlling SARS-COV-2 infections in Vietnam
- Do Thi Thanh Toan, Thanh Hai Pham, Khanh Cong Nguyen, Quang Thai Pham, Quoc Doanh Ha, Hoa L. Nguyen, Robert J. Goldberg, Loc Quang Pham, Giang Minh Le, Tu Khac Nguyen, Van Khanh Tran, Van Thanh Ta
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- Journal:
- Epidemiology & Infection / Volume 151 / 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 04 July 2023, e117
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The aim of this study is to analyse the changing patterns in the transmission of COVID-19 in relation to changes in Vietnamese governmental policies, based on epidemiological data and policy actions in a large Vietnamese province, Bac Ninh, in 2021. Data on confirmed cases from January to December 2021 were collected, together with policy documents. There were three distinct periods of the COVID-19 pandemic in Bac Ninh province during 2021. During the first period, referred to as the ‘Zero-COVID’ period (01/04–07/04/2021), there was a low population vaccination rate, with less than 25% of the population receiving its first vaccine dose. Measures implemented during this period focused on domestic movement restrictions, mask mandates, and screening efforts to control the spread of the virus. The subsequent period, referred to as the ‘Transition’ period (07/05–10/22/2021), witnessed a significant increase in population vaccination coverage, with 80% of the population receiving their first vaccine dose. During this period, several days passed without any reported COVID-19 cases in the community. The local government implemented measures to manage domestic actions and reduce the time spent in quarantine, and encouraged home quarantining for the close contacts of cases with COVID-19. Finally, the ‘New-normal’ stage (10/23–12/31/2021), during which the population vaccination coverage with a second vaccine dose increased to 70%, and most of the mandates for the prevention and control of COVID-19 were reduced. In conclusion, this study highlights the importance of governmental policies in managing and controlling the transmission of COVID-19 and provides insights for developing realistic and context-specific strategies in similar settings.
SG-APSIC1100: Healthcare-associated infections in COVID-19 patients in Vietnam: Are we able to respond better?
- Thu Truong Anh, Dao Xuan Co, Do Ngoc Son, Pham The Thach, Luong Quoc Chinh, Huynh Xuan Nghiem, Nguyen Dai Vinh, Truong Thai Phuong, Pham Hong Nhung, Le Duc Nhan, Tran Thi Dung, Tran Thi Nga, Nguyen Quang Tuan
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- Journal:
- Antimicrobial Stewardship & Healthcare Epidemiology / Volume 3 / Issue S1 / February 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 16 March 2023, p. s18
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Objectives: Studies have revealed that a relatively high incidence of severe infection and mortality in COVID-19 patients is attributed to healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). We implemented a study in 2 field hospitals dedicated to COVID-19 treatment in Da Nang, Vietnam (July–August 2020), and Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam (August–October 2021), to identify pathogens, risk factors, and outcomes associated with HAIs. Methods: We applied a prospective study tool to estimate HAI incidence among 1,454 patients. HAIs are diagnosed and ascertained using surveillance criteria established by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. All patients hospitalized for COVID-19 for at least 2 days were enrolled in this assessment of HAI risks, pathogens, and outcomes. Results: Among 1,454 sampled patients, 391 patients had 423 HAIs (27.1%). The highest proportion occurred in ICUs, with 422 HAI patients (34.1%). Pneumonia (n = 331, 78.3%) and bloodstream infections (n = 55, 13.1%) were the most common HAIs. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria, such as Klebsiella pneumonia (27.9%) and Acinetobacter baumannii (25.3%), were the most commonly isolated organisms. Ventilators and central venous catheters were independently associated with HAIs. Regarding the mortality rates, 55% of deaths occurred in intensive care units. Patients with HAIs (70.3%) were twice as likely to die compared to patients without HAIs (38.8%). HAIs leading to septic shock caused almost triple mortality (n = 58, 90.6%) compared with non-HAI patients (n = 412, 38.8%). HAIs prolonged hospital stay: 24.7 days for patients with HAIs and 19.1 days for patients without HAIs (P < .001). Conclusions: Patients with COVID-19–related critical illnesses are at high risk of HAIs from multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. HAIs prolong hospitalization, whereas HAIs with septic shock almost tripled mortality. Guidelines and procedures to prevent and control HAIs caused by MDR bacteria as well as training and monitoring on aseptic-compliant techniques during invasive clinical procedures are needed.
SG-APSIC1126: Controlling SARS-CoV-2 infection in inpatients through a grouping system at Ho Chi Minh Children’s Hospital 1 in Vietnam
- Chau Nguyen Ngoc Minh, Thi Thanh Thuy Le, Thanh Hung Nguye, Ngoc Quang Minh Ngo, Van Niem Do, Thi Thanh Huong Nguyen
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- Journal:
- Antimicrobial Stewardship & Healthcare Epidemiology / Volume 3 / Issue S1 / February 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 16 March 2023, pp. s5-s6
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Objectives: At the onset of COVID-19, whenever SARS-CoV-2 was detected at Children’s Hospital 1 (CH1), the related department or building was closed for extensive tracing, testing, and medical isolation. This process disrupted hospital activities, reduced the efficiency of patient care, and used medical resources. To address this problem, CH1 implemented a system of grouping inpatients to color-coded areas from June to December 2021. Methods: In this retrospective study, we describe the system of grouping inpatients to color-coded areas based on SARS-CoV-2 test result at a 1,600-bed, national pediatric hospital in Ho Chi Minh City. Results: Inpatients were first separated into those with or without respiratory symptoms, and secondly to different color-coded areas based on SARS-CoV-2 test result and hospitalization length: red zone (days 1–3), orange zone (days 3–7), and green zone (day 7 onward). Prior to admission, all patients were tested with a SARS-CoV-2 rapid diagnostic test. If negative, the patient was admitted to the red zone. On days 3 and 7 of hospitalization, the patient was tested using a pooled RT-PCR method. Patients negative on day 3 were relocated to the orange zone; patients negative on day 7 were relocated to the green zone. A patient with a positive test result at any time point was transferred to a COVID-19 zone. One caregiver was allowed to stay with 1 patient with similar testing regimen. A mobile transportation team was set up to deliver food and other necessities; thus, movement was restricted and interaction was prevented among zones. After this system was implemented, COVID-19 cases were detected early, with most positive cases in the red zone (19.6%) and the orange zone (2.8%), with only 1 case in the green zone (0.7%). Conclusions: The system of grouping patients to color-coded areas helped prevent SARS-CoV-2 transmission within the hospital, allowing undisrupted operation.
SG-APSIC1011: Factors associated with improved knowledge of COVID-19 prevention and control following a training of healthcare workers in Vietnam
- Hoang Nguyen, Tran Minh Dien, Le Thi Anh Thu, Le Kien Ngai, Pham Thanh Thuy, Do Minh Loan, Ta Anh Tuan, Do Thien Hai, Phan Huu Phuc, Tran Huu Luyen, Huynh Minh Tuan, Le Thi Thanh Thuy, Nguyen Thi Thanh Ha, Bui Nghia Thinh, Do Quoc Huy, Todd M Pollack
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- Journal:
- Antimicrobial Stewardship & Healthcare Epidemiology / Volume 3 / Issue S1 / February 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 16 March 2023, pp. s10-s11
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Objectives: SARS-CoV-2 is a novel and highly infectious virus. An effective response requires rapid training of healthcare workers (HCWs). We measured the change in knowledge related to COVID-19 and associated factors before and after training of HCWs in Vietnam. Methods: A quasi-experimental design was used to evaluate HCW knowledge related to prevention and control of SARS-CoV-2 before and after attending a 2-day training-of-trainers course. Between June and September 2020, 963 HCWs from 194 hospitals in 21 provinces received the training. HCW knowledge was assessed using a 20-item questionnaire consisting of multiple-choice questions at the beginning and closing of the training course. A participant received 1 point for each correct answer. He or she was considered to have improved knowledge the posttest score was higher than the pretest score with a score ≥15 on the posttest. We applied the McNemar test and logistic regression model to test the level of association between demographic factors and change in knowledge of COVID-19. Results: Overall, 100% of HCWs completed both the pretest and posttest. At baseline, only 14.7% scored ≥15. Following the training, 78.4% scored ≥15 and 64.3% had improved knowledge according to the predetermined definition. Questions related to the order of PPE donning and doffing and respiratory specimen collection procedures were identified as having the greatest improvement (44.6% and 60.7%, respectively). Being female (OR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.1–2.0), having a postgraduate degree (OR, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.4–4.4), working in a nonmanager position (OR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.1–2.1), previous contact with a COVID-19 patient (OR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.1–2.0), and working in northern Vietnam (OR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.4–2.6), were associated with greater knowledge improvement. Conclusions: Most HCWs demonstrated improved knowledge of COVID-19 prevention and control after attending the training. Particular groups may benefit from additional training: those who are male, leaders and managers, those who hold an undergraduate degree, and those who work in the southern provinces.
A Successful Case of Cardiac Arrest due to Acute Myocarditis with COVID-19: 120 Minutes on Manual Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation then Veno-Arterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation
- Bui Hai Hoang, Huyen Trang Tran, Tat Thanh Nguyen, Minh Nguyen Nguyen, Anh Dung Nguyen, Giang Phuc Do, Ngoc Tu Vu, Mai Nguyen, Lan Hieu Nguyen, Shinji Nakahara
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- Journal:
- Prehospital and Disaster Medicine / Volume 37 / Issue 6 / December 2022
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 04 October 2022, pp. 843-846
- Print publication:
- December 2022
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Acute myocarditis is one of the common complications of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) with a relatively high case fatality. Here reported is a fulminant case of a 42-year-old previously healthy woman with cardiogenic shock and refractory cardiac arrest due to COVID-19-induced myocarditis who received veno-arterial (VA) extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) after 120 minutes of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). This is the first adult case of cardiac arrest due to COVID-19-induced myocarditis supported by ECMO that fully recovered with normal neurological functions. The success of the treatment course with full recovery emphasized the potential role of ECMO in treating these patients.
Red meat consumption is associated with prediabetes and diabetes in rural Vietnam: a cross-sectional study
- Chau Que Nguyen, Thuy Thi Phuong Pham, Ami Fukunaga, Dong Van Hoang, Tien Vu Phan, Danh Cong Phan, Dong Van Huynh, Masahiko Hachiya, Huy Xuan Le, Hung Thai Do, Tetsuya Mizoue, Yosuke Inoue
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- Journal:
- Public Health Nutrition / Volume 26 / Issue 5 / May 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 20 June 2022, pp. 1006-1013
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Objective:
To examine the association between red/processed meat consumption and glycaemic conditions (i.e. prediabetes (preDM) and diabetes mellitus (DM)) among middle-aged residents in rural Khánh Hòa, Vietnam.
Design:In this cross-sectional study, a multinomial logistic regression model was used to examine the association between daily consumption of red/processed meat (0–99 g, 100–199 g or ≥ 200 g) and preDM/DM with adjustments for socio-demographic, lifestyle-related and health-related variables.
Setting:Khánh Hòa Province, Vietnam
Participants:The study used data collected through a baseline survey conducted during a prospective cohort study on CVD among 3000 residents, aged 40–60 years, living in rural communes in Khánh Hòa Province.
Results:The multinomial regression model revealed that the relative-risk ratios for DM were 1·00 (reference), 1·11 (95 % CI = 0·75, 1·62) and 1·80 (95 % CI = 1·40, 2·32) from the lowest to the highest red/processed meat consumption categories (Ptrend = 0·006). The corresponding values for preDM were 1·00 (reference), 1·25 (95 % CI = 1·01, 1·54) and 1·67 (95 % CI = 1·20, 2·33) (Ptrend = 0·004). We did not find any evidence of statistical significance in relation to poultry consumption.
Conclusion:Increased red/processed meat consumption, but not poultry consumption, was positively associated with the prevalence of preDM/DM in rural communes in Khánh Hòa Province, Vietnam. Dietary recommendations involving a reduction in red/processed meat consumption should be considered in low- and middle-income countries.
Why Bystanders Did Not Perform Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation on Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Patients: A Multi-Center Study in Hanoi (Vietnam)
- Dinh Hung Vu, Bui Hai Hoang, Ngoc Son Do, Giang Phuc Do, Xuan Dung Dao, Huu Huan Nguyen, Quang Thuy Luu, Lan Hieu Nguyen, Shinji Nakahara
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- Journal:
- Prehospital and Disaster Medicine / Volume 37 / Issue 1 / February 2022
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 07 January 2022, pp. 101-105
- Print publication:
- February 2022
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Aim:
The aim of this study was to determine why bystanders did not use formal Emergency Medical Services (EMS) or conduct cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) on the scene for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) patients in Hanoi, Vietnam.
Methods:This was a prospective, observational study of OHCA patients admitted to five tertiary hospitals in the Hanoi area from June 2018 through January 2019. The data were collected through interviews (using a structured questionnaire) with bystanders.
Results:Of the 101 patients, 79% were aged <65 years, 71% were men, 79% were witnessed to collapse, 36% were transported to the hospital by formal EMS, and 16% received bystander CPR at the scene. The most frequently indicated reason for not using EMS by the attendants was “using a private vehicle or taxi is faster” (85%). The reasons bystanders did not conduct CPR at the scene included “not recognizing the ailment as cardiac arrest” (60%), “not knowing how to perform CPR” (33%), and “being afraid of doing harm to patients” (7%). Only seven percent of the bystanders had been trained in CPR.
Conclusion:The information revealed in this study provides useful information to indicate what to do to increase EMS use and CPR provision. Spreading awareness and training among community members regarding EMS roles, recognition of cardiac arrest, CPR skills, and dispatcher training to assist bystanders are crucial to improve the outcomes of OHCA patients in Vietnam.
5 - Vietnam and the East Sea in Its Strategic Thinking
- Edited by Gordon Houlden, University of Alberta, Scott Romaniuk, University of Alberta, Nong Hong
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- Security, Strategy, and Military Dynamics in the South China Sea
- Published by:
- Bristol University Press
- Published online:
- 13 April 2023
- Print publication:
- 27 July 2021, pp 101-116
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Summary
Vietnam is a coastal state and a disputing party in the South China Sea (SCS), which is called the East Sea in Vietnam due to its location vis-à-vis its mainland. Within the framework of this chapter, these two terms are used interchangeably. There, Vietnam claims sovereignty over the land features in the Paracels and Spratlys, and over a suite of maritime zones as stipulated by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), which overlap wholly and partly with those of its neighbours. The country has been well-known as one of the claimants which has stood firmly in a series of stand-offs with its giant neighbour, China. It is a big puzzle for many why Hanoi would risk antagonizing Beijing, its most important neighbour, for a bunch of remote, barren and tiny features in the middle of the sea and for the waters off its coast. This chapter builds on the existing literature of Vietnam's maritime activities and its statecraft to map and identify the importance of the East Sea in the Vietnamese perspective throughout the course of history. It should be noted that the SCS and the offshore islets have not only been incorporated into Vietnam's political geography since at least the 17th century but also into its strategic thinking. In other words, the sea and islands serve as a layer of defence that increases the country's strategic depth.
Lack of strategic depth and insecurity
Vietnam's strategic thinking is conditioned by history and geography. The combination of the asymmetry of power and geographical proximity created a permanent concern among Vietnamese political elites about the Northern threat. History textbooks remind schoolchildren about the bitter experience of King An Du’o’ng Vu’o’ng in trusting Chinese General Zhao Tuo (magistrate of Nanhai Province), which resulted in the fall of the Âu Lạc Dynasty in 179BCE and a longue durée of Chinese suzerainty. Consequently, such a dark time under the Chinese yoke, or “a millennium of grievance,” created a deep sense of insecurity and served as an undying reminder of the danger from the North.
Geographically speaking, Vietnam's most dominant feature is the lack of strategic depth. The concept broadly refers to the distance between the frontline and the country's core areas, including the capital and main industrial cities.
Factors associated with the duration of hospitalisation among COVID-19 patients in Vietnam: A survival analysis
- Pham Quang Thai, Do Thi Thanh Toan, Dinh Thai Son, Hoang Thi Hai Van, Luu Ngoc Minh, Le Xuan Hung, Ngo Van Toan, Luu Ngoc Hoat, Duong Huy Luong, Luong Ngoc Khue, Nguyen Trong Khoa, Le Thi Huong
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- Journal:
- Epidemiology & Infection / Volume 148 / 2020
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 10 June 2020, e114
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Background
The median duration of hospital stays due to COVID-19 has been reported in several studies on China as 10−13 days. Global studies have indicated that the length of hospitalisation depends on different factors, such as the time elapsed from exposure to symptom onset, and from symptom onset to hospital admission, as well as specificities of the country under study. The goal of this paper is to identify factors associated with the median duration of hospital stays of COVID-19 patients during the second COVID-19 wave that hit Vietnam from 5 March to 8 April 2020.
MethodWe used retrospective data on 133 hospitalised patients with COVID-19 recorded over at least two weeks during the study period. The Cox proportional-hazards regression model was applied to determine the potential risk factors associated with length of hospital stay.
ResultsThere were 65 (48.9%) females, 98 (73.7%) patients 48 years old or younger, 15 (11.3%) persons with comorbidities, 21 (16.0%) severely ill patients and 5 (3.8%) individuals with life-threatening conditions. Eighty-two (61.7%) patients were discharged after testing negative for the SARS-CoV-2 virus, 51 were still in the hospital at the end of the study period and none died. The median duration of stay in a hospital was 21 (IQR: 16–34) days. The multivariable Cox regression model showed that age, residence and sources of contamination were significantly associated with longer duration of hospitalisation.
ConclusionA close look at how long COVID-19 patients stayed in the hospital could provide an overview of their treatment process in Vietnam, and support the country's National Steering Committee on COVID-19 Prevention and Control in the efficient allocation of resources over the next stages of the COVID-19 prevention period.
2047 Mental illness public stigma, culture, and acculturation among Vietnamese Americans
- Mai Do, Jennifer McCleary, Diem Nguyen, Keith Winfrey
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- Journal:
- Journal of Clinical and Translational Science / Volume 2 / Issue S1 / June 2018
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 21 November 2018, pp. 17-19
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OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Stigma has been recognized as a major impediment to accessing mental health care among Vietnamese and Asian Americans (Leong and Lau, 2001; Sadavoy et al., 2004; Wynaden et al., 2005; Fong and Tsuang, 2007). The underutilization of mental health care, and disparities in both access and outcomes have been attributed to a large extent to stigma and cultural characteristics of this population (Wynaden et al., 2005; Jang et al., 2009; Leung et al., 2010; Spencer et al., 2010; Jimenez et al., 2013; Augsberger et al., 2015). People with neurotic or behavioral disorders may be considered “bad” as many Vietnamese people believe it is a consequence of one’s improper behavior in a previous life, for which the person is now being punished (Nguyen, 2003). Mental disorders can also been seen as a sign of weakness, which contributes to ambivalence and avoidance of help-seeking (Fong and Tsuang, 2007). Equally important is the need to protect family reputation; having emotional problems often implies that the person has “bad blood” or is being punished for the sins of his/her ancestors (Herrick and Brown, 1998; Leong and Lau, 2001), which disgraces the entire family (Wynaden et al., 2005). In these cases, public stigma (as opposed to internal stigma) is the primary reason for delays in seeking help (Leong and Lau, 2001). Other research has also highlighted the influences of culture on how a disorder may be labeled in different settings, although the presentation of symptoms might be identical (see Angel and Thoits, 1987). In Vietnamese culture, mental disorders are often labeled điên (literally translated as “madness”). A điên person and his or her family are often severely disgraced; consequently the individuals and their family become reluctant to disclose and seek help for mental health problems for fear of rejection (Sadavoy et al., 2004). Despite the critical role of stigma in accessing mental health care, there has been little work in trying to understand how stigmatizing attitudes towards mental illness among Vietnamese Americans manifest themselves and the influences of acculturation on these attitudes. Some previous work indicated a significant level of mental illness stigma among Vietnamese Americans, and experiences of living in the United States might interact with the way stigma manifests among this population (Do et al., 2014). Stigma is a complex construct that warrants a deeper and more nuanced understanding (Castro et al., 2005). Much of the development of stigma-related concepts was based on the classic work by Goffman (1963); he defined stigma as a process by which an individual internalizes stigmatizing characteristics and develops fears and anxiety about being treated differently from others. Public stigma (defined by Corrigan, 2004) includes the general public’s negative beliefs about specific groups, in this case individuals and families with mental illness concerns, that contribute to discrimination. Public stigma toward mental illness acts not only as a major barrier to care, but can also exacerbate anxiety, depression, and adherence to treatment (Link et al., 1999; Sirey et al., 2001; Britt et al., 2008; Keyes et al., 2010). Link and Phelan (2001) conceptualized public stigma through four major components. The first component, labeling, occurs when people distinguish and label human differences that are socially relevant, for example, skin color. In the second component, stereotyping, cultural beliefs link the labeled persons to undesirable characteristics either in the mind or the body of such persons, for example people who are mentally ill are violent. The third component is separating “us” (the normal people) from “them” (the mentally ill) by the public. Finally, labeled persons experience status loss and discrimination, where they are devalued, rejected and excluded. Link and Phelan (2001) emphasized that stigmatization also depends on access to social, economic, and political power that allows these components to unfold. This study aims to answer the following research questions: (1) how does public stigma related to mental illness manifest among Vietnamese Americans? and (2) in what ways does acculturation influence stigma among this population? We investigate how the 4 components of stigma according to Link and Phelan (2001) operationalized and how they depend on the level of acculturation to the host society. Vietnamese Americans is the key ethnic minority group for this study for several reasons. Vietnamese immigration, which did not start in large numbers until the 1970s, has features that allow for a natural laboratory for comparisons of degree of acculturation. Previous research has shown significant intergenerational differences in the level of acculturation and mental health outcomes (e.g., Shapiro et al., 1999; Chung et al., 2000; Ying and Han, 2007). In this study, we used age group as a proxy indicator of acculturation, assuming that those who were born and raised in the United States (the 18–35 year olds) would be more Americanized than those who were born in Vietnam but spent a significant part of their younger years in the United States (the 36–55 year olds), and those who were born and grew up in Vietnam (the 56–75 year olds) would be most traditional Vietnamese. The language used in focus group discussions (FGDs) reflected some of the acculturation, where all FGDs with the youngest groups were done in English, and all FGDs with the oldest groups were done in Vietnamese. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Data were collected through a set of FGDs and key informant interviews (KIIs) with experts to explore the conceptualization and manifestation of mental illness public stigma among Vietnamese Americans in New Orleans. Six FGDs with a total of 51 participants were conducted. Participants were Vietnamese American men and women ages 18–75. Stratification was used to ensure representation in the following age/immigration pattern categories: (1) individuals age 56–75 who were born and grew up in Vietnam and immigrated to the United States after age 35; (2) individuals age 36–55 who were born in Vietnam but spent a significant part of their youth in the United States; and (3) individuals age 18–35 who were born and grew up in the United States. These groups likely represent different levels of acculturation, assuming that people who migrate at a younger age are more likely to assimilate to the host society than those who do at a later age. Separate FGDs were conducted with men and women. Eleven KIIS were conducted with 6 service providers and 5 community and religious leaders. In this analysis, we focused on mental illness public stigma from the FGD participants’ perspectives. FGDs were conducted in either English or Vietnamese, whichever participants felt more comfortable with, using semistructured interview guides. All interviews were audio recorded, transcribed and translated into English if conducted in Vietnamese. Data coding and analysis was done using NVivo version 11 (QSR International, 2015). The analysis process utilized a Consensual Qualitative Research (CQR) approach, a validated and well-established approach to collecting and analyzing qualitative data. CQR involves gathering textual data through semistructured interviews or focus groups, utilizing a data analysis process that fosters multiple perspectives, a consensus process to arrive at judgments about the meaning of data, an auditor to check the work of the research team, and the development of domains, core-ideas, and cross-analysis (Hill et al., 2005). The study was reviewed and approved by Tulane University’s Internal Review Board. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Components of public stigma related to mental illness. The 4 components of public stigma manifest to different extents within the Vietnamese Americans in New Orleans. Labeling was among the strongest stigma components, while the evidence of the other components was mixed. Across groups of participants, Vietnamese Americans agreed that it was a common belief that people with mental disorders were “crazy,” “acting crazy,” or “madness.” “Not normal,” “sad,” and “depressed” were among other words used to describe the mentally ill. However, there were clear differences between younger and older Vietnamese on how they viewed these conditions. The youngest groups of participants tended to recognize the “craziness” and “madness” as a health condition that one would need to seek help for, whereas the oldest groups often stated that these conditions were short term and likely caused by family or economic problems, such as a divorce, or a bankruptcy. The middle-aged groups were somewhere in between. The evidence supporting the second component, stereotyping, was not strong among Vietnamese Americans. Most FGD participants agreed that although those with mental disorders may act differently, they were not distinguishable. In a few extreme cases, mentally ill individuals were described as petty thefts or being violent towards their family members. Similarly to the lack of strong evidence of stereotyping, there was also no evidence of the public separating the mentally ill (“them”) from “us”. It was nearly uniformly reported that they felt sympathetic to those with mental disorders and their family, and that they all recognized that they needed help, although the type of help was perceived differently across groups. The older participants often saw that emotional and financial support was needed to help individuals and families to pass through a temporary phase, whereas younger participants often reported that professional help was necessary. The last component, status loss and discrimination, had mixed evidence. While nearly no participants reported any explicit discriminatory behaviors observed and practiced towards individuals with mental disorders and their families, words like “discrimination” and “stigma” were used in all FGDs to describe direct social consequences of having a mental disorder. Social exclusion was common. Our older participants said: “They see less of you, when they see a flaw in you they don’t talk to you or care about you. That’s one thing the Vietnamese people are bad at, spreading false rumors and discrimination” (Older women FGD). One’s loss of status seemed certain if their or their loved one’s mental health status was disclosed. Shame, embarrassment, and being “frowned upon” were direct consequences of one’s mental health status disclosure and subsequently gossiped about. Anyone with mental disorders was certain to experience this, and virtually everyone in the community would reportedly do this to such a family. “You get frowned upon. In the Vietnamese culture, that’s [a family identified as one with mental health problems] the big no-no right there. When everybody frowns upon your family and your family name, that’s when it becomes a problem” (Young men FGD). This is tied directly to what our participants described as Vietnamese culture, where pride and family reputation were such a high priority that those with mental disorders needed to go to a great extent to protect—“We all know what saving face means” as reported by our young participants. Even among young participants, despite their awareness of mental illness and the need for professional help, the desire to avoid embarrassment and save face was so strong that one would think twice about seeking help. “No, you just don’t want to get embarrassed. I don’t want to go to the damn doctor and be like ‘Oh yeah, my brother got an issue. You can help him?’ Why would I do that? That’s embarrassing to myself…” (Young men FGD). Our middle-aged participants also reported: “If I go to that clinic [mental health or counseling clinic], I am hoping and praying that I won’t bump into somebody that I know from the community” (Middle-aged women FGD). Vietnamese people were also described as being very competitive among themselves, which led to the fact that if a family was known for having any problem, gossips would start and spread quickly wherever they go, and pretty soon, the family would be looked down by the entire community. “I think for Vietnamese people, they don’t help those that are in need. They know of your situation and laugh about it, see less of you, and distant themselves from you” (Older women FGD). Culture and mental illness stigma, much of the described stigma and discrimination expressed, and consequently the reluctance to seek help, was attributed to the lack of awareness of mental health and of mental health disorders. Many study participants across groups also emphasized a belief that Vietnamese Americans were often known for their perseverance and resilience, overcoming wars and natural disasters on their own. Mental disorders were reportedly seen as conditions that individuals and families needed to overcome on their own, rather than asking for help from outsiders. This aspect of Vietnamese culture is intertwined with the need to protect one’s family’s reputation, being passed on from one generation to the next, reinforcing the beliefs that help for mental disorders should come from within oneself and one’s family only. Consequently persons with mental health problems would be “Keeping it to themselves. Holding it in and believing in the power of their friends” (Middle-aged FGD) instead of seeking help. Another dimension of culture that was apparent from FGDs (as well as KIIs) was the mistrust in Western medicine. Not understanding how counseling or medicines work made one worry about approaching service providers or staying in treatment. The habit of Vietnamese people to only go see a doctor if they are sick with physical symptoms was also a hindrance to acknowledging mental illness and seeking care for it. Challenges, including the lack of vocabulary to express mental illness and symptoms, in the Vietnamese language, exaggerated the problem, even among those who had some understanding of mental disorders. It was said in the young men FGD that: “when you classify depression as an illness, no one wants to be sick,… if you call it an illness, no one wants to have that sort of illness, and it’s not an illness that you can physically see…” (Young men FGD). Another young man summarized so well the influence of culture on mental illness stigma: “Us Southeast Asian, like, from my parents specifically has Vietnam War refugees. I think the reason why they don’t talk about it is because it’s a barrier that they have to overcome themselves, right? As refugees, as people who have been through the war… [omitted]They don’t want to believe that they need help, and so the trauma that they carry when they give birth to us is carried on us as well. But due to the language barrier and also the, like, they say with the whole health care, in Vietnam I know that they don’t really believe in Western and Eurocentric medicine. So, from their understanding of how, like from their experience with colonization or French people, and how medicine works, they don’t believe in it” (Young men FGD). One characteristic of the Vietnamese culture that was also often mentioned by our FGD participants (as well as KIIs) was the lack of sharing and openness between generations, even within a family. Grandparents, parents, and children do not usually share and discuss each other’s problems. Parents and grandparents do not talk about problems because they need to appear strong and good in front of their children; children do not talk about problems because they are supposed to do well in all aspects, particularly in school. The competitiveness of Vietnamese and high expectations of younger generations again come into play here and create a vicious cycle. Young people are expected to do well in school, which put pressure on them and may result in mental health problems, yet, they cannot talk about it with their parents because they are not supposed to feel bad about school, and sharing is not encouraged. The Asian model minority myth and the expectations of parents that their children would do well in school and become doctors and lawyers were cited by many as a cause of mental health problems among young people. “Our parents are refugees, they had nothing and our parents want us to achieve this American Dream…. [omitted] It set expectations and images for us…. It was expected for all the Asians to be in the top 10, and for, like a little quick minute I thought I wasn’t going to make it, I was crying” (Yong men FGD). As a result, the mental health problems get worse. “If you’re feeling bad about something, you don’t feel like you can talk about it with anyone else, especially your family, because it is not something that is encouraged to be talked about anyway, so if you are feeling poorly and you don’t feel like you could talk to anybody, I think that just perpetuates the bad feelings” (Middle-aged women FGD). Acculturation and mental illness stigma Acculturation, the degree of assimilation to the host society, has changed some of the understanding of mental illness and stigmatizing attitudes. Differences across generations expressed in different FGDs indicated differences in perceptions towards mental illness that could be attributed to acculturation. For example, the young generation understood that mental illness was a health problem that was prevalent but less recognized in the Vietnamese community, whereas a prominent theme among the older participants was that mental illness was a temporary condition due to psychological stress, that it was a condition that only Caucasians had. Some of the components of public stigma related to mental illness seemed to vary between generations, for example the youngest participants were less likely to put a label on a person with mental health problems, or to stereotype them, compared to the oldest and middle-aged participants. This was attributed to their education, exposure to the media and information, and to them “being more Americanized.” However, there was no evidence that acculturation played an important role in changing the other components of public stigma, including stereotyping, separating, and status loss and discrimination. For example, the need to protect the family reputation was so important that our young participants shared: “If you damage their image, they will disown you before you damage that image” (Young men FGD). Young people, more likely to recognize mental health problems, were also more likely to share within the family and to seek help, but no more likely than their older counterparts to share outside of the family—“maybe you would go to counseling or go to therapy, but you wouldn’t tell people you’re doing that” (Young women FGD). The youngest participants in our study were facing a dilemma, in which they recognized mental health problems and the need for care, yet were still reluctant to seek care or talk about it publicly because of fears of damaging the family reputation and not living up to the parents’ expectations. Many young participants reported that it actually made it very difficult for them to navigate mental health issues between the 2 cultures, despite the awareness of the resources available. “I think it actually makes it harder. Only because you know to your parents and the culture, and your own people, it’s taboo, and it’s something that you don’t talk about. Just knowing that you have the resources to go seek it… You want advice from your family also, but you can’t connect the appointment to your family because you’re afraid to express that to your parents, you know? So I think that plays a big part, and knowing that you are up and coming, but you don’t want to do something to disappoint your family because they are so traditional” (Young men FGD). Some participants felt more comfortable talking about mental health problems, like depression, if it was their friend who experienced it and confided in them, but they would not necessarily felt open if it was their problem. Subtle cultural differences like this are likely overlooked by Western service providers. One older participant summarized it well “They [the young generation] are more Americanized. They are more open to other things [but] I think that mental health is still a barrier.” DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: This study investigated how different components of public stigma related to mental illness manifest among Vietnamese Americans, a major ethnic group in the United States, and how acculturation may influence such stigma. The findings highlighted important components of public stigma, including labeling and status loss, but did not provide strong evidence of the other components within our study population. Strong cultural beliefs underlined the understanding of mental health and mental illness in general, and how people viewed people with mental illness. Several findings have been highlighted in previous studies with Asian immigrants elsewhere; for example, a study from the perspectives of health care providers in Canada found that the unfamiliarity with Western biomedicine and spiritual beliefs and practices of immigrant women interacted with social stigma in preventing immigrants from accessing care (O’Mahony and Donnelly, 2007). Fancher et al. (2010) reported similar findings regarding stigma, traditional beliefs about medicine, and culture among Vietnamese Americans. Acculturation played a role in changing stigmatizing attitudes as evidenced in intergenerational differences. However, being more Americanized did not equate to being more open, having less stigmatizing attitudes, or being more willing to seek care for mental health issues. Consistent with previous studies (Pedersen and Paves, 2014), we still found some level of stigma among young people aged 18–35, although some components were lessened with an increased level of acculturation. There was also a conflict among the younger generation, in which the need for mental health care was recognized but accessing care was no easier for them than for their parent and grandparent generations. The study’s findings are useful to adapt existing instruments to measure stigma to this population. The findings also have important program implications. One, they can be directly translated into basic supports for local primary and behavioral health care providers. Two, they can also be used to guide and inform the development and evaluation of an intervention and an additional study to validate the findings in other immigrant ethnic groups in the United States. Finally, based on results of the study, we can develop a conceptual framework that describes pathways through which social, cultural, and ecological factors can influence stigma and the ways in which stigma acts as a barrier to accessing mental health care among Vietnamese Americans. The guiding framework then can be validated and applied in future programs aimed to improve mental health care utilization among ethnic minorities.
Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor from southern Vietnam in 2010 was molecularly distinct from that present from 1999 to 2004
- V. H. NGUYEN, H. T. PHAM, T. T. DIEP, C. D. H. PHAN, T. Q. NGUYEN, N. T. N. NGUYEN, T. C. NGO, T. V. NGUYEN, Q. K. DO, H. C. PHAN, B. M. NGUYEN, M. EHARA, M. OHNISHI, T. YAMASHIRO, L. T. P. NGUYEN, H. IZUMIYA
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- Journal:
- Epidemiology & Infection / Volume 144 / Issue 6 / April 2016
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 11 November 2015, pp. 1241-1247
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The Vibrio cholerae O1 (VCO1) El Tor biotype appeared during the seventh cholera pandemic starting in 1961, and new variants of this biotype have been identified since the early 1990s. This pandemic has affected Vietnam, and a large outbreak was reported in southern Vietnam in 2010. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analyses (MLVA) were used to screen 34 VCO1 isolates from the southern Vietnam 2010 outbreak (23 patients, five contact persons, and six environmental isolates) to determine if it was genetically distinct from 18 isolates from outbreaks in southern Vietnam from 1999 to 2004, and two isolates from northern Vietnam (2008). Twenty-seven MLVA types and seven PFGE patterns were identified. Both analyses showed that the 2008 and 2010 isolates were distinctly clustered and separated from the 1999–2004 isolates.
Temporal and spatial patterns of diarrhoea in the Mekong Delta area, Vietnam
- D. PHUNG, C. HUANG, S. RUTHERFORD, C. CHU, X. WANG, M. NGUYEN, N. H. NGUYEN, C. M. DO, T. H. NGUYEN
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- Journal:
- Epidemiology & Infection / Volume 143 / Issue 16 / December 2015
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 16 April 2015, pp. 3488-3497
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This study examined the temporal and spatial patterns of diarrhoea in relation to hydro-meteorological factors in the Mekong Delta area in Vietnam. A time-series design was applied to examine the temporal pattern of the climate–diarrhoea relationship using Poisson regression models. Spatial analysis was applied to examine the spatial clusters of diarrhoea using Global Moran's I and local indicators of spatial autocorrelation (LISA). The temporal pattern showed that the highest peak of diarrhoea was from weeks 30–42 corresponding to August–October annually. A 1 cm increase in river water level at a lag of 1 week was associated with a small [0·07%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0·01–0·1] increase in the diarrhoeal rate. A 1 °C increase in temperature at lag of 2 and 4 weeks was associated with a 1·5% (95% CI 0·3−2·7) and 1·1% (95% CI 0·1−2·3) increase in diarrhoeal risk, respectively. Relative humidity and diarrhoeal risk were in nonlinear relationship. The spatial analysis showed significant clustering of diarrhoea, and the LISA map shows three multi-centred diarrhoeal clusters and three single-centred clusters in the research location. The findings suggest that climatic conditions projected to be associated with climate change have important implication for human health impact in the Mekong Delta region.
9 - On the Determinantal Approach to the Tamagawa Number Conjecture
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- By T. Nguyen Quang Do, University of Franche-Comté, France
- Edited by John Coates, University of Cambridge, A. Raghuram, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Anupam Saikia, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, R. Sujatha, University of British Columbia, Vancouver
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- The Bloch–Kato Conjecture for the Riemann Zeta Function
- Published online:
- 05 March 2015
- Print publication:
- 13 March 2015, pp 154-192
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Summary
Abstract
We give a survey of Fontaine and Perrin-Riou's formulation of the Tamagawa number conjecture on special values of the L-functions of motives in terms of determinants and Galois cohomology. Following Fontaine's Bourbaki talk, we show its equivalence with the original formulation of Bloch–Kato. As an illustration, we sketch a proof for the Dedekind zeta function of an abelian number field.
The conjecture of Bloch and Kato [BK90] on the special values of the L-functions of motives was originally expressed – in analogy with the theory of semi-simple algebraic groups – in terms of Haar measures and Tamagawa numbers. Hence its usual other name, the Tamagawa number conjecture (TNC for short), to which we shall stick in these notes, in order to avoid confusion with another Bloch–Kato conjecture (on K-theory and Galois cohomology; see [Ko15] in this volume). Later on, Fontaine and Perrin-Riou [FPR94] proposed another formulation in terms of determinants of perfect complexes and Galois cohomology. Although the arithmetic becomes less apparent in the new formalism, it allows more flexibility and generality, as illustrated for instance by the subsequent development of the equivariant version of the conjecture (ETNC for short), which ‘provides a coherent overview and refinement of many existing “equivariant” conjectures, including for example the refined Birch–Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture for CM elliptic curves formulated by Gross, the conjectural congruences of Dirichlet L-functions formulated by Gross and Tate, the conjectures formulated by Chinburg et al. in the area of Galois module theory’ (see [BG03, Introduction, p.303]). As for the TNC proper, Fontaine and Perrin-Riou note that ‘the complicated formulas bringing in Tamagawa numbers, orders of Shafarevich groups, are only the consequence of the explicit calculation of an “intrinsic” formula making use of certain Euler–Poincaré characteristics’ [FPR94, p. 600]. Being among the arithmeticians who regret the occultation of these ‘complicated formulas’ in the style of the analytic class number formula, we were too happy to accept the proposal of the organizers of the Pune workshop to write these notes on the comparison and (at least when the field of coefficients is ℚ) the equivalence between the two formulations, that of Bloch–Kato and that of Fontaine–Perrin-Riou.
Normal families of meromorphic mappings of several complex variables for moving hypersurfaces in a complex projective space
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- Gerd Dethloff, Do Duc Thai, Pham Nguyen Thu Trang
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- Journal:
- Nagoya Mathematical Journal / Volume 217 / March 2015
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 11 January 2016, pp. 23-59
- Print publication:
- March 2015
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The main aim of this article is to give sufficient conditions for a family of meromorphic mappings of a domain D in ℂn into ℙN(ℂ) to be meromorphically normal if they satisfy only some very weak conditions with respect to moving hypersurfaces in ℙN(ℂ), namely, that their intersections with these moving hypersurfaces, which moreover may depend on the meromorphic maps, are in some sense uniform. Our results generalize and complete previous results in this area, especially the works of Fujimoto, Tu, Tu-Li, Mai-Thai-Trang, and the recent work of Quang-Tan.
An influence of bottom electrode material on electrical conduction and resistance switching of TiOx thin films
- Kim Ngoc Pham, Trung Do Nguyen, Thi Kieu Hanh Ta, Khanh Linh Dao Thuy, Van Hieu Le, Duy Phong Pham, Cao Vinh Tran, Derrick Mott, Shinya Maenosono, Sang Sub Kim, Jaichan Lee, Duc Thang Pham, Bach Thang Phan
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- Journal:
- The European Physical Journal - Applied Physics / Volume 64 / Issue 3 / December 2013
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 09 December 2013, 30102
- Print publication:
- December 2013
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We investigated the electrical conduction and resistance switching mechanisms of TiOx thin films grown on three kinds of bottom electrode at room temperature (an inert Pt, an active Ti and fluorine tin oxide FTO electrodes). The bottom electrode materials strongly affect the I-V characteristics and switching parameters. The I-V characteristic is explained through the presence of interface states in the metal electrode devices (Pt and Ti) and the work function in the metal oxide device (FTO). The Pt device has the smallest VSET and largest switching ratio, while the Ti device shows the largest VSET and smallest switching ratio. XPS data shows non-lattice oxygen in TiOx films. Therefore, the proposed bipolar resistance switching arises from formation and rupture of filament paths, generated by the movement of oxygen vacancies. All devices depict the same electrical conductions, trap-controlled space-charge-limited, FN tunneling and Ohmic conductions for a high resistance state and a low resistance state, respectively. In this study, the rarely reported FN tunneling conduction in published TiOx-based ReRAM device was found, which can be attributed to an influence of the bottom electrode on the electronic distribution in devices.
The impact of cataract surgery on depressive symptoms for bilateral cataract patients in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Kien Gia To, Lynn B. Meuleners, Michelle L. Fraser, Dat Van Duong, Dung Van Do, Van-Anh Ngoc Huynh, Tien Duy Phi, Hoang Huy Tran, Nguyen Do Nguyen
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- Journal:
- International Psychogeriatrics / Volume 26 / Issue 2 / February 2014
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 14 November 2013, pp. 307-313
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Background:
Depression is common among older populations with cataract. However, the impact of cataract surgery on depression in both developed and developing countries remains unclear. The aim of this study is to determine the impact of cataract surgery on depressive symptoms and to examine the association between objective visual measures and change in depressive symptoms after surgery among a Vietnamese population in Ho Chi Minh City.
Methods:A cohort of older patients with bilateral cataract were assessed the week before and one to three months after first eye surgery only or first- and second-eye cataract surgeries. Visual measures including visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, and stereopsis were obtained. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the 20-item Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D). Descriptive analyses and a generalized estimating equations (GEE) analysis were undertaken to determine the impact of cataract surgery on depressive symptoms.
Results:Four hundred and thirteen participants were recruited into the study before cataract surgery. Two hundred and forty-seven completed the follow-up assessment after surgery. There was a significant decrease (improvement) of one point in the depressive symptoms score (p = 0.04) after cataract surgery, after accounting for potential confounding factors. In addition, females reported a significantly greater decrease (improvement) of two points in depressive symptom scores (p = 0.01), compared to males. However, contrast sensitivity, visual acuity, and stereopsis were not significantly associated with change in depressive symptoms scores. First-eye cataract surgery or both-eye cataract surgery did not modify the change in depressive symptoms score.
Conclusion:There was a small but significant improvement in depressive symptoms score after cataract surgery for an older population in Vietnam.
Double burden of undernutrition and overnutrition in Vietnam in 2011: results of the SEANUTS study in 0·5–11-year-old children
- Bao Khanh Le Nguyen, Hop Le Thi, Van Anh Nguyen Do, Nga Tran Thuy, Chinh Nguyen Huu, Tran Thanh Do, Paul Deurenberg, Ilse Khouw
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- Journal:
- British Journal of Nutrition / Volume 110 / Issue S3 / September 2013
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 September 2013, pp. S45-S56
- Print publication:
- September 2013
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The Vietnamese South East Asian Nutrition Survey (SEANUTS), a cross-sectional study, was undertaken to assess the nutritional status in a nationally representative sample of children aged 0·5–11·9 years. A multi-stage cluster-randomised sampling method was used to recruit 2872 children. Anthropometric measurements included weight, height, mid-upper arm circumference, and waist and hip circumferences. Blood biochemistry involved analyses of Hb, serum ferritin, and vitamins A and D. Dietary intake was assessed using a 24 h recall questionnaire, and nutrient intakes were compared with the Vietnamese RDA. In children aged < 5 years, approximately 14 % were stunted, 8·6 % underweight and 4·4 % thin. A higher prevalence of stunting (15·6 %) and underweight (22·2 %) was observed in school-aged children. Undernutrition was more prevalent in rural areas than in urban areas. In contrast, almost 29 % of the urban children were either overweight or obese when compared with 4 % of the overweight children and 1·6 % of the obese children in rural areas. A higher percentage of children in the age group 0·5–1·9 years and residing in rural areas had low Hb levels than those in the age group 2·0–5·9 years and residing in urban areas. In children aged 6–11 years, a small percentage had low Hb (11–14 %) and vitamin A (5–10 %) levels, but almost half the children (48–53 %) had vitamin D insufficiency. Food consumption data indicated that the children did not meet the RDA for energy, protein, Fe, vitamin A, vitamin B1 and vitamin C. Results from the SEANUTS highlight the double burden of malnutrition in Vietnam. Information from the SEANUTS can serve as an input for targeted policy development, planning and development of nutrition programmes.
Detection of HPAI H5N1 viruses in ducks sampled from live bird markets in Vietnam
- M. Q. PHAN, W. HENRY, C. B. BUI, D. H. DO, N. V. HOANG, N. T. THU, T. T. NGUYEN, T. D. LE, T. Q. DIEP, K. INUI, J. WEAVER, J. CARRIQUE-MAS
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- Journal:
- Epidemiology & Infection / Volume 141 / Issue 3 / March 2013
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 June 2012, pp. 601-611
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In Vietnam, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 infections in poultry often occur without concomitant clinical signs and outbreaks are not consistently reported. Live bird markets represent a convenient site for surveillance that does not rely on farmers' notifications. Two H5N1 surveys were conducted at live bird markets/slaughter points in 39 districts (five provinces) in the Red River, Mekong delta, and central Vietnam during January and May 2011. Oropharyngeal and rectal swab samples from 12 480 ducks were tested for H5N1 by reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction in pools of five. Traders and stallholders were interviewed using standardized questionnaires; 3·3% of pools tested positive. The highest prevalence (6·6%) corresponded to the Mekong delta, and no H5N1 was detected in the two Red River provinces. The surveys identified key risk behaviours of traders and stallholders. It is recommended that market surveys are implemented over time as a tool to evaluate progress in HPAI control in Vietnam.