We propose a hierarchical Bayesian model for analyzing multi-site experimental fMRI studies. Our method takes the hierarchical structure of the data (subjects are nested within sites, and there are multiple observations per subject) into account and allows for modeling between-site variation. Using posterior predictive model checking and model selection based on the deviance information criterion (DIC), we show that our model provides a good fit to the observed data by sharing information across the sites. We also propose a simple approach for evaluating the efficacy of the multi-site experiment by comparing the results to those that would be expected in hypothetical single-site experiments with the same sample size.

We study the melting process of a solid under microgravity, driven solely by lateral vibrations that are perpendicular to the applied temperature gradient due to the absence of gravity-induced convection. Using direct numerical simulations with the phase-field method, we examine two-dimensional vibration-induced melting in a square cavity over four orders of magnitude of vibrational Rayleigh numbers, $10^5\le Ra_{{vib}}\le 10^9$. Our results show that as melting progresses, the flow structure transitions from a periodic-circulation regime with diffusion-dominated heat transfer to a columnar regime with vibroconvection. The mean height of the liquid–solid interface follows a power-law dependency with time, $\bar {\xi } \sim \tilde t^{1/(2-2\alpha )}$, where $\alpha = 0$ in the periodic-circulation regime and $\alpha = 1/2$ in the columnar regime. We further observe that within the columnar regime, the morphological evolution of the liquid–solid interface is influenced by the interaction of columnar thermal plumes in the central regions and the peripheral flow near the sidewalls. Specifically, we offer a comprehensive analysis of the plume merging behaviour, which is governed by the aspect ratio ($\bar {\xi }$) of the liquid layer and the intensity of vibration, quantified by the effective vibrational Rayleigh number $Ra_{vib}^{eff}$. We identify the relationship between the number of columnar plumes $K_m$ and $Ra_{vib}^{eff}$, finding that $K_m \sim \bar {\xi }^{-1} (Ra_{vib}^{eff})^{\gamma }$ with the fitting scaling exponent $\gamma = 0.150 \pm 0.025$. We subsequently quantify the characteristics of the interface roughness amplitude evolution in microgravity vibroconvection. Our results indicate that the roughness amplitude exhibits a power-law dependence on the mean height of the liquid layer. Drawing from the Stefan boundary condition, we theoretically deduce this dependence under the assumption of a non-uniform heat flux distribution at the interface, where the theory is corroborated by our numerical simulations.

A high-energy picosecond 355 nm ultraviolet (UV) laser operating at 100 Hz was demonstrated. A 352 mJ, 69 ps, 1064 nm laser at 100 Hz was realized firstly by cascaded regenerative, laser diode end-pumped single-pass and side-pumped main amplifiers. The stimulated Raman scattering-based beam shaping technique, thermally induced birefringence compensation and 4f spatial filter-image relaying systems were used to maintain a relatively homogeneous beam intensity distribution during the amplification process. By using lithium triborate crystals for second- and third-harmonic generation (THG), a 172 mJ, approximately 56 ps, 355 nm UV laser was achieved with a THG conversion efficiency of 49%. To the best of our knowledge, it is the highest pulse energy of a picosecond 355 nm UV laser so far. The beam quality factor ${M}^2$ and pulse energy stability were ${M}_x^2$=3.92, ${M}_y^2$=3.71 and root mean square of 1.48%@3 hours. This laser system could play significant roles in applications including photoconductive switch excitation, laser drilling and laser micro-fabrication.

Dietary n-3 PUFA may have potential benefits in preventing peptic ulcer disease (PUD). However, data from observational epidemiological studies are limited. Thus, we conducted a Mendelian randomisation analysis to reveal the causal impact of n-3 PUFA on PUD. Genetic variants strongly associated with plasma levels of total or individual n-3 PUFA including plant-derived α-linolenic acid and marine-derived EPA, DPA and DHA were enrolled as instrumental variables. Effect size estimates of the n-3 PUFA-associated genetic variants with PUD were evaluated using data from the UK biobank. Per one sd increase in the level of total n-3 PUFA in plasma was significantly associated with a lower risk of PUD (OR = 0·91; 95 % CI 0·85, 0·99; P = 0·020). The OR were 0·81 (95 % CI 0·67, 0·97) for EPA, 0·72 (95 % CI 0·58, 0·91) for DPA and 0·87 (95 % CI 0·80, 0·94) for DHA. Genetically predicted α-linolenic acid levels in plasma had no significant association with the risk of PUD (OR = 5·41; 95 % CI 0·70, 41·7). Genetically predicted plasma levels of n-3 PUFA were inversely associated with the risk of PUD, especially marine-based n-3 PUFA. Such findings may have offered an effective and feasible strategy for the primary prevention of PUD.

Sediments within accretionary complexes, preserving key information on crust growth history of Central Asian Orogenic Belt, did not get enough attention previously. Here, we conduct comprehensive geochemical study on the turbidites from the North Tianshan Accretionary Complex (NTAC) in the Chinese West Tianshan orogen, which is a good example of sediments derived from juvenile materials. The turbidites, composed of sandstone, siltstone, and argillaceous siliceous rocks, are mainly Carboniferous. All the investigated samples have relatively low Chemical Index of Alteration values (35–63) and Plagioclase Index of Alteration values (34–68), indicating relatively weak weathering before erosion and deposition. The sandstone and siltstone, and slate samples display high Index of Compositional Variability values of 0.89–1.50 and 0.89–0.93, suggesting a relatively immature source. The sandstones and siltstones were mainly derived from intermediate igneous rocks, and the slates from felsic igneous rocks, formed in oceanic/continental arc settings. The investigated samples roughly display high positive εNd(t) values (mainly at +5.5 to +7.9, except one spot at +0.8), with corresponding Nd model ages at 672 Ma–522 Ma (except one at ∼1.1 Ga). Combined with the previous studies, we suggest that the turbidites in the NTAC were mainly derived from intermediate to felsic igneous rocks with juvenile arc signature, and thus the northern Chinese West Tianshan is a typical site with significant Phanerozoic crust growth.

We study the multifractal properties of the uniform approximation exponent and asymptotic approximation exponent in continued fractions. As a corollary, we calculate the Hausdorff dimension of the uniform Diophantine set

$$ \begin{align*} {\mathcal{U}(\hat{\nu})}= &\ \{x\in[0,1)\colon \text{for all }N\gg1,\text{ there exists }n\in[1,N],\\&\ \ \text{ such that }|T^{n}(x)-y| < |I_{N}(y)|^{\hat{\nu}}\} \end{align*} $$

$y\in [0,1)$

We report the unified constitutive law of vibroconvective turbulence in microgravity, i.e. $Nu \sim a^{-1} Re_{os}^\beta$ where the Nusselt number $Nu$ measures the global heat transport, $a$ is the dimensionless vibration amplitude, $Re_{os}$ is the oscillational Reynolds number and $\beta$ is the universal exponent. We find that the dynamics of boundary layers plays an essential role in vibroconvective heat transport and the $Nu$-scaling exponent $\beta$ is determined by the competition between the thermal boundary layer (TBL) and vibration-induced oscillating boundary layer (OBL). Then a physical model is proposed to explain the change of scaling exponent from $\beta =2$ in the TBL-dominant regime to $\beta = 4/3$ in the OBL-dominant regime. Our finding elucidates the emergence of universal constitutive laws in vibroconvective turbulence, and opens up a new avenue for generating a controllable effective heat transport under microgravity or even microfluidic environment in which the gravity effect is nearly absent.

This paper retrospectively analysed the prevalence of macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MRMP) in some parts of China. Between January 2013 and December 2019, we collected 4,145 respiratory samples, including pharyngeal swabs and alveolar lavage fluid. The highest PCR-positive rate of M. pneumoniae was 74.5% in Beijing, the highest resistance rate was 100% in Shanghai, and Gansu was the lowest with 20%. The highest PCR-positive rate of M. pneumoniae was 74.5% in 2013, and the highest MRMP was 97.4% in 2019; the PCR-positive rate of M. pneumoniae for adults in Beijing was 17.9% and the MRMP was 10.48%. Among the children diagnosed with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), the PCR-positive and macrolide-resistant rates of M. pneumoniae were both higher in the severe ones. A2063G in domain V of 23S rRNA was the major macrolide-resistant mutation, accounting for more than 90%. The MIC values of all MRMP to erythromycin and azithromycin were ≥ 64 μg/ml, and the MICs of tetracycline and levofloxacin were ≤ 0.5 μg/ml and ≤ 1 μg/ml, respectively. The macrolide resistance varied in different regions and years. Among inpatients, the macrolide-resistant rate was higher in severe pneumonia. A2063G was the common mutation, and we found no resistance to tetracycline and levofloxacin.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Burst suppression is a neurophysiological marker associated with severe hypoxic-ischemic injury following cardiac arrest. The goal of this study is to identify the anatomical regions of the brain associated with burst suppression post-cardiac arrest. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: 86 comatose patients post-cardiac arrest admitted to the neurological-ICU from Massachusetts General Hospital and Brigham and Women’s Hospital were included in this study. EEG data after return of spontaneous circulation were preprocessed and artifact was rejected. Burst segments were extracted for source localization analysis from epochs with burst suppression. Four bursts for each patients were manually selected. The source of the bursts were obtained using the Champagne algorithm and mapped on the Desikan-Killiany atlas. The source for each burst was defined as any region of interest (ROI) with power > = 75th percentile relative to all ROIs. The power of the bursts at each source was correlated with the burden of brain injury measured using apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) per ROI. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: 48 (56%) patients had burst suppression. 5 (10.4%) of patients with burst suppression were independent at the time of hospital discharge. Preliminary analyses was performed on 6 patients (24 bursts in total). ROI’s determined to be sources in a majority of the burst (>=13) were bilateral superior frontal, rostral middle frontal, parstriangularis precentral, superior parietal, inferior parietal, right post central, superior temporal, lateral occipital, and left middle temporal ROI. A lower mean ADC intensity was associated with a higher EEG power in the bilateral superior frontal (r = -0.80, p < 0.0001; r = -0.677, p < 0.001, respectively), left superior parietal (r = -0.53, p = 0.009), left middle temporal (r = -0.43, p = 0.042) ROI. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: The source of bursts in patients post-cardiac arrest experiencing burst suppression is not well defined. This study will improve our understanding of how burst suppression is a measure of cortical injury, how it may relate to the burden of injury found on ADC imaging, and patient outcomes.

The numerical investigation focuses on the flow patterns around a rectangular cylinder with three aspect ratios ($L/D=5$, $10$, $15$) at a Reynolds number of $1000$. The study delves into the dynamics of vortices, their associated frequencies, the evolution of the boundary layer and the decay of the wake. Kelvin–Helmholtz (KH) vortices originate from the leading edge (LE) shear layer and transform into hairpin vortices. Specifically, at $L/D=5$, three KH vortices merge into a single LE vortex. However, at $L/D=10$ and $15$, two KH vortices combine to form a LE vortex, with the rapid formation of hairpin vortex packets. A fractional harmonic arises due to feedback from the split LE shear layer moving upstream, triggering interaction with the reverse flow. Trailing edge (TE) vortices shed, creating a Kármán-like street in the wake. The intensity of wake oscillation at $L/D=5$ surpasses that in the other two cases. Boundary layer transition occurs after the saturation of disturbance energy for $L/D=10$ and $15$, but not for $L/D=5$. The low-frequency disturbances are selected to generate streaks inside the boundary layer. The TE vortex shedding induces the formation of a favourable pressure gradient, accelerating the flow and fostering boundary layer relaminarization. The self-similarity of the velocity defect is observed in all three wakes, accompanied by the decay of disturbance energy. Importantly, the decrease in the shedding frequency of LE (TE) vortices significantly contributes to the overall decay of disturbance energy. This comprehensive exploration provides insights into complex flow phenomena and their underlying dynamics.

The laboratory generation and diagnosis of uniform near-critical-density (NCD) plasmas play critical roles in various studies and applications, such as fusion science, high energy density physics, astrophysics as well as relativistic electron beam generation. Here we successfully generated the quasistatic NCD plasma sample by heating a low-density tri-cellulose acetate (TCA) foam with the high-power-laser-driven hohlraum radiation. The temperature of the hohlraum is determined to be 20 eV by analyzing the spectra obtained with the transmission grating spectrometer. The single-order diffraction grating was employed to eliminate the high-order disturbance. The temperature of the heated foam is determined to be T = 16.8 ± 1.1 eV by analyzing the high-resolution spectra obtained with a flat-field grating spectrometer. The electron density of the heated foam is about $N_e=4.0\pm 0.3\times {10}^{20}{\text{cm}}^{-3}$ under the reasonable assumption of constant mass density.

Fast neutron absorption spectroscopy is widely used in the study of nuclear structure and element analysis. However, due to the traditional neutron source pulse duration being of the order of nanoseconds, it is difficult to obtain a high-resolution absorption spectrum. Thus, we present a method of ultrahigh energy-resolution absorption spectroscopy via a high repetition rate, picosecond duration pulsed neutron source driven by a terawatt laser. The technology of single neutron count is used, which results in easily distinguishing the width of approximately 20 keV at 2 MeV and an asymmetric shape of the neutron absorption peak. The absorption spectroscopy based on a laser neutron source has one order of magnitude higher energy-resolution power than the state-of-the-art traditional neutron sources, which could be of benefit for precisely measuring nuclear structure data.

Reward processing dysfunctions are considered a candidate mechanism underlying anhedonia and apathy in depression. Neuroimaging studies have documented that neurofunctional alterations in mesocorticolimbic circuits may neurally mediate these dysfunctions. However, common and distinct neurofunctional alterations during motivational and hedonic evaluation of monetary and natural rewards in depression have not been systematically examined. Here, we capitalized on pre-registered neuroimaging meta-analyses to (1) establish general reward-related neural alterations in depression, (2) determine common and distinct alterations during the receipt and anticipation of monetary v. natural rewards, and, (3) characterize the differences on the behavioral, network, and molecular level. The pre-registered meta-analysis (https://osf.io/ay3r9) included 633 depressed patients and 644 healthy controls and revealed generally decreased subgenual anterior cingulate cortex and striatal reactivity toward rewards in depression. Subsequent comparative analyses indicated that monetary rewards led to decreased hedonic reactivity in the right ventral caudate while natural rewards led to decreased reactivity in the bilateral putamen in depressed individuals. These regions exhibited distinguishable profiles on the behavioral, network, and molecular level. Further analyses demonstrated that the right thalamus and left putamen showed decreased activation during the anticipation of monetary reward. The present results indicate that distinguishable neurofunctional alterations may neurally mediate reward-processing alterations in depression, in particular, with respect to monetary and natural rewards. Given that natural rewards prevail in everyday life, our findings suggest that reward-type specific interventions are warranted and challenge the generalizability of experimental tasks employing monetary incentives to capture reward dysregulations in everyday life.

This study investigates the effect of vibration on the flow structure transitions in thermal vibrational convection (TVC) systems, which occur when a fluid layer with a temperature gradient is excited by vibration. Direct numerical simulation (DNS) of TVC in a two-dimensional enclosed square box is performed over a range of dimensionless vibration amplitudes $0.001 \le a \le 0.3$ and angular frequencies $10^{2} \le \omega \le 10^{7}$, with a fixed Prandtl number of 4.38. The flow visualisation shows the transition behaviour of flow structure upon the varying frequency, characterising three distinct regimes, which are the periodic-circulation regime, columnar regime and columnar-broken regime. Different statistical properties are distinguished from the temperature and velocity fluctuations at the boundary layer and mid-height. Upon transition into the columnar regime, columnar thermal coherent structures are formed, in contrast to the periodic oscillating circulation. These columns are contributed by the merging of thermal plumes near the boundary layer, and the resultant thermal updrafts remain at almost fixed lateral position, leading to a decrease in fluctuations. We further find that the critical point of this transition can be described nicely by the vibrational Rayleigh number ${{Ra}}_{vib}$. As the frequency continues to increase, entering the so-called columnar-broken regime, the columnar structures are broken, and eventually the flow state becomes a large-scale circulation (LSC), characterised by a sudden increase in fluctuations. Finally, a phase diagram is constructed to summarise the flow structure transition over a wide range of vibration amplitude and frequency parameters.

To alleviate the growth inhibition, and intestinal damage of Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) induced by low fishmeal diets (LF), an 8-week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the addition of dietary soybean-derived bioactive peptides (SBP) in LF diets on the regulation of growth, digestion and intestinal health. The crabs were fed isonitrogenous and isoenergetic conventional diet and LF diets (10 % fishmeal replaced by soybean meal, LF) supplemented with 0, 1 %, 2 %, 4 % and 6 % SBP, respectively. The results showed that LF diet inhibited growth while inclusion of SBP quadratically remitted the growth inhibition induced by LF. For digestive function, increasing addition level of SBP quadratically improved the α-amylase and trypsin activities. For antioxidant function, LF group significantly increased the malondialdehyde content, while SBP linearly decreased the malondialdehyde level and cubically increased the anti-superoxide anion activity and total antioxidant capacity level. For intestinal health, the peritrophic membrane (PM) almost completely separated from the inner wall of the intestinal lumen, the epithelial cells reduced, the muscularis became thinner and the apoptotic signals increased in LF group; with SBP addition, the intestinal morphology was improved, with the PM adhering to the inner wall of the intestinal lumen, an increase in the number of epithelial cells and an increase in the thickness of the muscularis. Additionally, there was a decrease in apoptotic signals. Dietary SBP also increased the expression of PT and Crustin1 quadratically and decreased the expression of ALF1 linearly, ALF3 and ILF2 quadratically.

A high-power all polarization-maintaining (PM) chirped pulse amplification (CPA) system operating in the 2.0 μm range is experimentally demonstrated. Large mode area (LMA) thulium-doped fiber (TDF) with a core/cladding diameter of 25/400 μm is employed to construct the main amplifier. Through dedicated coiling and cooling of the LMA-TDF to manage the loss of the higher order mode and thermal effect, a maximum average power of 314 W with a slope efficiency of 52% and polarization extinction ratio of 20 dB is realized. The pulse duration is compressed to 283 fs with a grating pair, corresponding to a calculated peak power of 10.8 MW, considering the compression efficiency of 88% and the estimated Strehl ratio of 89%. Moreover, through characterizing the noise properties of the laser, an integrated relative intensity noise of 0.11% at 100 Hz−1 MHz is obtained at the maximum output power, whereas the laser timing jitter is degraded by the final amplifier from 318 to 410 fs at an integration frequency of 5 kHz to 1 MHz, owing to the self-phase modulation effect-induced spectrum broadening. The root-mean-square of long-term power fluctuation is tested to be 0.6%, verifying the good stability of the laser operation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the highest average power of an ultrafast laser realized from an all-PM-fiber TDF-CPA system ever reported.

The physics of leading-edge vortex (LEV) stability on flapping wings and autorotating seeds is still underexplored due to its complex dependency on Reynolds number ($\textit {Re}$), aspect ratio (AR) and Rossby number (Ro). Our previous study observed an interesting dual-stage vortex tilting between radial and tangential components in a stable LEV. Here, the establishment of this novel mechanism, i.e. dual-stage radial–tangential vortex tilting (DS-VT$_{r-t}$), is investigated and explained in detail using numerical methods. The contributions of other tangential vorticity transport terms are also considered. It is shown that the stable LEV region coincides mostly with a constant ratio of tangential and radial vorticity components. The DS-VT$_{r-t}$ mechanism functions as a negative feedback loop for radial vorticity, thereby contributing to the LEV stability at $\textit {Re} > 500$. Specifically, this mechanism involves a dual-stage vortex tilting starting from negative radial component to positive tangential component, and then back to positive radial component, thereby leading to a $180^{\circ }$ reversal of radial vorticity. The radial Coriolis acceleration can also assist the DS-VT$_{r-t}$ by enhancing the tangential vorticity component and the reduction of radial vorticity inside the LEV via the second stage of DS-VT$_{r-t}$. The effects of $\textit {Re}$, AR and Ro on the constant radial–tangential vorticity ratio and DS-VT$_{r-t}$ are then analysed. The coupled effects of AR and Ro are separated into rotational effects and those of tip and root vortices. Our results establish an evident relationship among the LEV stability, the constant radial–tangential vorticity ratio, and the DS-VT$_{r-t}$, thereby deepening the understanding in the vorticity transport of LEV formation and stability.