Flumioxazin is a preemergence herbicide that is widely used pretransplant on conventional sweetpotato hectarage as part of weed management programs in North Carolina; despite this, some growers have concerns that flumioxazin may be injurious to sweetpotato, even at recommended rates if rain falls near application. Thus, field studies were conducted in 2021 and 2022 in Clinton, North Carolina, to evaluate the performance of flumioxazin under several simulated rain conditions. Studies evaluated a complete factorial arrangement of treatments with three flumioxazin rates and three simulated rain treatments. Herbicide treatments included no herbicide, and two rates of flumioxazin (107 g ai ha−1 and 214 g ai ha−1). Irrigation treatments included 1.9 cm of simulated rain applied before flumioxazin, 1.9 cm applied after flumioxazin, and no simulated rain. No visual injury from herbicide or rain treatments was observed. Yields of No. 1 and marketable sweetpotatoes were reduced by 25% and 14%, and total yield was reduced by 11% when the higher rate flumioxazin (214 g ha−1) was applied compared to the no-herbicide treatment. However, the lower (registered) rate of flumioxazin (107 g ha−1) did not lead to a reduction in yield compared with yield from the no-herbicide treatment. No interactions between irrigation timing and herbicide were observed, and irrigation timing alone did not affect sweetpotato yield. Average length-width ratio (LWR) was calculated for No. 1 sweetpotato storage roots as a metric of root shape. In 2021, herbicide did not affect LWR. In 2022, compared with the no-herbicide treatment, the LWR of No. 1 sweetpotato was smaller after the higher rate of flumioxazin (214 g ha−1) was applied compared with LHR of the no-herbicide treatment, resulting in rounder sweetpotato roots. Flumioxazin applied at 107 g ha−1 did not reduce LWR compared with the no-herbicide treatment. The results of this study highlight both the safety of flumioxazin when applied at registered rates and the importance of appropriate application procedures to prevent overapplication.

Lunar impact flashes provide a direct means of estimating the flux of centimetre-sized meteoroids impacting the lunar surface. However, 25–60 frames per second imaging typical of most monitoring programs limit the ability to resolve the rapid temporal evolution of the impact process, while the integration of Earthshine background restricts the detection of faint flashes. In this work, we present high-speed observations of lunar impact flashes captured at 200 and 250 FPS using the Zadko Telescope in Western Australia. We resolve the light curves of four confirmed events, revealing complex morphologies, some of which are not well modelled by simple exponential decays. One event was simultaneously detected by a second observer using a 50 FPS system, revealing a significantly faster brightness drop in the high-speed data that cannot be explained by spectral differences alone, indicating temporal integration of the vapour plume and subsequent ejecta. Our data also indicates that the initial flash intensity (representing the vapour plume) exhibits significantly less variance across events than the total luminous energy. Furthermore, we found no statistical correlation between the initial luminous energy and the total integrated energy of the flashes in this data, suggesting that the physical mechanism driving the initial vapour expansion may be physically decoupled from the longer-duration glow driven by the cooling ejecta. High temporal resolution combined with high sensitivity are therefore essential for accurately characterising the physical properties of the impactor and distinguishing the initial vapour plume from the subsequent incandescent cooling phase, although a significantly larger dataset is required to definitively constrain these mechanisms.

Drylands cover 41% of Earth’s land surface, support 36% of the global population and contribute 60% of global food production. Despite these ecosystems’ importance and high vulnerability to droughts and heatwaves, drylands remain some of the most understudied systems on Earth. Monitoring drylands is challenging due to their complex ecosystem structure of visible soil mixed with diverse plant species that respond rapidly to weather and climate. In 2023 and 2024, a NASA scoping study was conducted for a proposed dryland terrestrial ecology field campaign called Adaptation and Response in Drylands (ARID). Thereafter, the NASA ARID scoping team submitted their campaign proposal to NASA Headquarters, providing a study design for how field, aircraft and satellite measurements, as well as modeling, could address the most critical fundamental and applied science questions in drylands. The extensive strategic vision was created by and for the drylands research community, including remote sensors, modelers, experimentalists and ecologists from across the world, and the overall approach can be further utilized and altered for different uses and data information needs. Here, we summarize the final ARID research agenda, including its main objectives, field campaign strategy, data end-user support strategy, and U.S. and global community engagement.

Objectives/Goals: The goal of this study was to determine if there are the peripheral immune system changes in persons undergoing treatment with lecanemab, and whether those changes are associated with the incidence of amyloid-related imaging abnormalities (ARIA), in order to identify strategies for improving the safety profile of anti-amyloid antibodies. Methods/Study Population: Three pairs of age, sex, APOE genotype, and infusion-matched individuals were selected from a study population at Norton Neuroscience Institute Memory Center (NNI-MC), based on the development of ARIA. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from these case–control subjects were collected and cryopreserved. Thawed cells were run through a deep sequencing pipeline, including single-cell RNAseq, CITEseq TCR clonality (V(D)Jseq), metabolomics, and lipidomics. Multi-omic data was integrated and analyzed using R (scRNAseq, CITEseq, and V(D)Jseq) and MetaboAnalyst (Metabolomics and Lipidomics). Deidentified clinical data was obtained to correlate to sequencing findings, including cognitive exam scores, MRI scans, and relevant lab values. Results/Anticipated Results: We noted an increase in lymphocytes in ARIA-positive subjects, with expansion in CD8+ T-cells – particularly CD45-RA expressing T-effector memory (TEMRA) subsets. These TEMRA cells expressed large clonal expansions in cells programmed for antigen response, cytotoxicity, and metabolic shifts. We found that in ARIA+ subjects, there was a pro-inflammatory glycolytic shift, accompanied by CD8-driven lipidomic changes. To determine potential effects of TEMRAs on the CNS, we mapped our data onto previously published ARIA+ patient brain transcriptomes (van Olst et al., 2025). TEMRA CD8s from our dataset showed increases in in silico communication with the vascular endothelium, indicating priming of these cells for cerebrovascular engagement. Discussion/Significance of Impact: Together, this first-of-its-kind data in human subjects receiving lecanemab infusions may point to peripheral immunity as a driving factor – and potential biomarker and therapeutic target for – ARIA pathogenesis, allowing for increased safety of these drugs in the highest risk AD populations.

Objectives/Goals: By offering a summer program that provides foundational training in data science and health equity concepts, as well as their practical applications in clinical translational research (CTR), we seek to enhance awareness and self-efficacy of undergraduate students from diverse majors to career opportunities in clinical translational research. Methods/Study Population: Rapid is a 7-week summer training program for undergraduate students from diverse majors. The RAPID curriculum is comprised of 5 key components: 1) didactic training in data science skills and health equity principles, 2) application of skills in a research practicum, 3) exposure to examples of CTR, 4) clinical shadowing, and 5) professional development and career networking. To date, RAPID has had 2 student cohorts complete the program during the summers of 2024 and 2025 (N = 10). Each cohort was comprised of 5 students from various undergraduate majors (table 1). Admission to the program is based on GPA, letters of recommendation, and letter of interest. Results/Anticipated Results: For the summer 2025 cohort, we received 40 applications for 5 available positions in RAPID. We conducted pre- and post-program surveys to assess student confidence in 4 key research competencies. The scoring system for student confidence was as follows: 5 – extremely, 4 – very, 3 – moderately, 2 – slightly, and 1 – not confident. Student confidence in Data Science Research increased from 2.1 to 3.9, in Health Equity Research from 2.1 to 4.6, in Scientific Research from 3.1 to 3.9, and in Science Identity from 3.4 to 4.2. The curriculum components that ranked highest were the research practicum, mentoring, interaction with translational researchers, and networking opportunities, all of which received a rating of 4.4 out of 5 (4 – very and 5 – extremely satisfied). Overall, student satisfaction with RAPID was 4.6 out of 5. Discussion/Significance of Impact: Rapid seeks to inspire undergraduate students from diverse majors to pursue careers in CTR. We will track students longitudinally to gage career trajectories. Student feedback is promising, “The connections I gained through my peers, mentors, and guest speakers are priceless. I discovered a newfound sense of purpose within the field of data science.”

Table 1

This article exemplifies language-internal explanation. It seeks to document and to explain the inability of Russian impersonal clauses to be infinitival. We argue that this gap is the consequence of two independent facts of Russian grammar: a case restriction on a silent expletive pronoun and the requirement that subjects of infinitival clauses be dative. These clash in infinitival contexts, which explains the gap. The explanation is language-internal in that it relies on no putatively universal principles. At the same time, each type of device posited is needed independently in the grammars of other languages. Our result bears on the issue of what language-particular properties expletives may have, on the issue of whether silent expletives exist, and on the more general theoretical issue of whether clauses are required to have subjects universally.

Schools play a crucial role in supporting adolescent mental health, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where young people face structural and societal challenges. This study explores the feasibility and acceptability of the Health Action in Schools for a Thriving Adolescent Generation (HASHTAG), a multilevel intervention for at-risk adolescents aged 13–14 in South Africa. HASHTAG includes two components: thriving environment in schools (TES), a whole-school approach, and thriving together (TT), a classroom-based programme. Using a mixed-methods design, we assessed feasibility in two Khayelitsha schools through implementation measures (attendance, fidelity and acceptability), focus groups (n = 46), and pre-post surveys (n = 231). Despite COVID-19 disruptions, the intervention was implemented with high fidelity and met all progression criteria. Students and staff found HASHTAG relevant and engaging, particularly appreciating the TT sessions delivered by external facilitators. The TES teacher module also created space for reflection and self-care. Some teachers suggested improved sensitisation could strengthen the programme’s impact. Although no significant changes were observed in quantitative outcomes, no harms were reported. These findings support the feasibility and acceptability of HASHTAG and highlight the need for a full-scale trial to evaluate its potential impact on adolescent mental health in LMIC settings.

Here, we present a first assessment of the US Department of Agriculture’s (USDA) “Grass-Cast Southwest,” which is a forecasting tool for rangeland aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) for the southwest region of the United States. Our results show that ANPP forecasts in early April were relatively close to the observation-based ANPP estimates in late May for all years evaluated (R = 0.6–0.9). The relatively high predictability of spring rangeland productivity in this region is likely because it is strongly driven by antecedent winter/early spring precipitation. Conversely, the first summer forecasts produced in June did not consistently predict the final observation-based ANPP estimates in late August (R = −0.5–0.7), likely because summer rangeland productivity in this region is highly dependent on variable, less predictable precipitation from the North American Monsoon (NAM). Antecedent El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) indices could be used to improve Grass-Cast Southwest performance in both the spring and summer. The ENSOJFM (January–March) index was significantly positively correlated with rangeland productivity during the spring season, whereas ENSOMAM (March–May) was significantly negatively correlated with rangeland productivity during the summer season.

Greenhouse studies were conducted to determine the response of stevia to several herbicide modes of action applied 2 wk after transplanting. At 1 wk after treatment (WAT), stevia was injured 34% to 39% by aciflourfen, metribuzin, and carfentrazone. In contrast, at 1 WAT, injury to stevia was <20% from S-metolachlor, linuron, halosulfuron, ethalfluralin, pyroxasulfone, pendimethalin, and trifloxysulfuron. By 4 WAT, stevia injury was ≤19% regardless of treatment, except metribuzin and trifloxysulfuron, with 84% and 69% injury, respectively. S-metolachlor, linuron, ethalfluralin, pendimethalin, and pyroxasulfone did not reduce aboveground biomass compared to the nontreated check at 4 WAT. Belowground biomass was not reduced by ethalfluralin, linuron, pendimethalin, and pyroxasulfone. Linuron, ethalfluralin, and pendimethalin may provide new modes of action for post-transplant weed management in stevia. However, further research is needed to evaluate the effect of these herbicides on stevia growth and quality in the field.

In healthcare and medical research, advisory boards are now commonplace, but most boards consist of a relatively homogenous, geographically collocated group, often demonstrating demographic imbalance. It is crucial to include individuals from diverse backgrounds on community advisory boards for healthcare and medical research to address ongoing health disparities and ensure studies are more culturally competent so that we can achieve more inclusive representation. We conducted purposeful recruitment to attract a demographically diverse group of community members across the United States (U.S.) to partner with the All of Us Research Program to inform our strategies including program recruitment, engagement, retention, and incentives. Recruitment of a diverse group of advisors and purposeful community building has created a psychologically safe environment where members openly share their opinions, thoughts, and perspectives to shape various aspects of this ambitious, nationwide research program.

Flumioxazin and S-metolachlor are widely used in conventional sweetpotato production in North Carolina and other states; however, some growers have recently expressed concerns about potential effects of these herbicides on sweetpotato yield and quality. Previous research indicates that activated charcoal has the potential to reduce herbicide injury. Field studies were conducted in 2021 and 2022 to determine whether flumioxazin applied preplant and S-metolachlor applied before and after transplanting negatively affect sweetpotato yield and quality when activated charcoal is applied with transplant water. The studies evaluated five herbicide treatments and two activated charcoal treatments. Herbicide treatments included two flumioxazin rates, one S-metolachlor rate applied immediately before and immediately after transplanting, and no herbicide. Charcoal treatments consisted of activated charcoal applied at 9 kg ha−1, and no charcoal. No visual injury from herbicides or charcoal was observed. Likewise, no effect of herbicide or charcoal treatment on no. 1, marketable (sum of no. 1 and jumbo grades), or total yield (sum of canner, no. 1, and jumbo grades) was observed. Additionally, shape analysis conducted on calculated length-to-width ratio (LWR) for no. 1 sweetpotato roots found no effect from flumioxazin at either rate on sweetpotato root shape. However, both S-metolachlor treatments resulted in lower LWR of no. 1 sweetpotato roots in 2021. Results are consistent with prior research and indicate that flumioxazin and S-metolachlor are safe for continued use on sweetpotato at registered rates.

Elizabeth Spelke's What Babies Know is a scholarly presentation of core knowledge theory and a masterful compendium of empirical evidence that supports it. Unfortunately, Spelke's principal theoretical assumption is that core knowledge is simply the innate product of cognitive evolution. As such, her theory fails to explicate the developmental mechanisms underlying the emergence of the cognitive systems on which that knowledge depends.

Greenhouse trials were conducted to determine the response of stevia to reduced-risk synthetic and nonsynthetic herbicides applied over-the-top post-transplant. In addition, field trials were conducted with stevia grown in a polyethylene mulch production system to determine crop response and weed control in planting holes to reduced-risk synthetic and nonsynthetic herbicides applied post-transplant directed. Treatments included caprylic acid plus capric acid, clove oil plus cinnamon oil, d-limonene, acetic acid (200 grain), citric acid, pelargonic acid, eugenol, ammonium nonanoate, and ammoniated soap of fatty acids. Stevia yield (dry aboveground biomass) in the greenhouse was reduced by all herbicide treatments. Citric acid and clove oil plus cinnamon oil were the least injurious, reducing yield by 16% to 20%, respectively. In field studies, d-limonene, pelargonic acid, ammonium nonanoate, and ammoniated soap of fatty acids controlled Palmer amaranth (>90% 1 wk after treatment (WAT). In field studies caprylic acid plus capric acid, pelargonic acid, and ammonium nonanoate caused >30% injury to stevia plants at 2 WAT, and d-limonene, citric acid, acetic acid, and ammoniated soap of fatty acids caused 18% to 25% injury 2 WAT. Clove oil plus cinnamon oil and eugenol caused <10% injury. Despite being injurious, herbicides applied in the field did not reduce yield compared to the nontreated check. Based upon yield data, these herbicides have potential for use in stevia; however, these products could delay harvest if applied to established stevia. In particular, clove oil plus cinnamon oil has potential for use for early-season weed management for organic production systems. The application of clove oil plus cinnamon oil over-the-top resulted in <10% injury 28 d after treatment (DAT) in the greenhouse and 3% injury 6 WAT postemergence-directed in the field. In addition, this treatment provided 95% control of Palmer amaranth 4 WAT.