Direct numerical simulations (DNS) are used to study the evolution of hairpin vortices to understand the late-stage turbulent breakdown of vortex rings. Several hairpin initial configurations with Reynolds number $\textit{Re} = 1500$ were considered, both isolated and multiple. The isolated hairpins evolve in a quiescent flow, demonstrating reconnection events in stages (bridging, cut and reconnect, rapid separation of two parts, residual threads), similar to prior observations in antiparallel vortices. Next, multiple configurations of six hairpin vortices in a circular array are simulated, with the background flow extracted from the DNS of the near wake of a vortex ring undergoing azimuthal instability. Here, the alignment of vorticity at the tips with that of the azimuthal component of background flow vorticity is found to be an important parameter. When the vorticity components are opposite, hairpin tips deflect inward so that neighbouring hairpins also participate in reconnection events, yielding a complex set of reconnections, further amplified for staggered hairpins. Otherwise, hairpin tips deflect outwards and evolve much as an isolated hairpin. While higher $\textit{Re}$ makes the onset and reconnections faster, the extent of vortex stretching in the specific background flow relative to the viscous dissipation decides the temporal evolution of total enstrophy. It rises sharply just before reconnection events, falling rapidly afterwards, while for the DNS-extracted ring wake flow, the maximum enstrophy is higher compared with the simpler shear flows. Reconnection events distribute the energy over a broader spectrum, especially to higher wavenumbers.

We give a new definition of a Frobenius structure on an algebra object in a monoidal category, generalising Frobenius algebras in the category of vector spaces. Our definition allows Frobenius forms valued in objects other than the unit object and can be seen as a categorical version of Frobenius extensions of the second kind. When the monoidal category is pivotal, we define a Nakayama morphism for the Frobenius structure and explain what it means for this morphism to have finite order. Our main example is a well-studied algebra object in the (additive and idempotent completion of the) Temperley–Lieb category at a root of unity. We show that this algebra has a Frobenius structure and that its Nakayama morphism has order 2. As a consequence, we obtain information about Nakayama morphisms of preprojective algebras of Dynkin type, considered as algebras over the semisimple algebras on their vertices.

National genebanks hold vast crop diversity that could support more resilient agri-food systems, yet their collections remain underutilized due to weak linkages with users. To address this, Kenya’s national genebank piloted the Germplasm User Group (GUG) model to facilitate structured engagement with farmers, researchers and other stakeholders. The objective of this study is to gain understanding on the feasibility and utility of this approach in supporting farmers in accessing and uncovering new and promising crop diversity. In this activity, 5 participatory variety selection (PVS) field days were held where farmers evaluated 2,041 sorghum accessions, out of which 393 accessions were selected as having farmer-preferred traits. Results demonstrate that farmer selection was non-random, as it resulted in accessions with significantly different trait profiles. Useful traits such as tolerance to striga and early maturity were identified. Seeds of 51 accessions were shared with 514 households belonging to 26 GUGs for on-farm evaluation. Out of these, farmers selected 46 accessions for seed saving and showed significantly greater preference for genebank accessions compared to the check variety. Partnerships were developed with sorghum breeding and research teams, farmer groups, extension service and marketers. This study has highlighted the value of agro-morphological characterization and passport data in assembling germplasm subsets with useful traits. The study has further shown that PVS and farmer-managed evaluation provide a powerful pathway through which farmers can discover and access the otherwise ‘hidden’ diversity conserved in genebank seed collections.

Melatonin is an easily accessible, widely used drug for sleep issues, disrupted sleep–wake cycles, and jet lag, available in a variety of forms and dosages. Melatonin is also used in hospital settings to promote sleep onset, particularly in elderly patients, as a circadian rhythm regulator. Despite the popularity of melatonin, it is not approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). This creates ambiguity surrounding its proper usage for optimum results, including dosage and time of administration. The objective of this article is to shed light on the best timing to administer melatonin. Melatonin is a hormone that our body naturally produces to regulate our biological clock. Even though our body has a built-in “sleep system,” many people still suffer from chronic sleep disorders such as insomnia. Melatonin has also proved to help prevent delirium in hospitalized patients due to its circadian rhythm regulatory effects. The elderly are at risk of developing insomnia because as one ages, melatonin production decreases. The most convenient solution for insomnia is to take melatonin supplements. To optimize the effects of melatonin supplements, proper dosage and timing must be considered. Additionally, patients who are oppositional to bedtime, which is known as bedtime resistance, are typically more willing to go to bed following melatonin administration. Melatonin administration at around 6 PM (1–2 hours before bedtime) is optimal to regulate sleep cycles of patients, and it can help with bedtime resistance. This should be the standard of care in all hospitals, nursing homes, and at home.

Background: Patients with multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) often require prolonged contact isolation, negatively impacting patient care and resource utilization. De-isolation criteria for MDROs vary across pediatric hospitals, typically based on organism type and achieving negative cultures. This study assessed the impact of revised MDRO de-isolation criteria allowing shorter contact isolation (Table 1) on healthcare-associated (HA) MDRO incidence rates in a freestanding academic pediatric medical center. Methods: We measured HA-MDRO incidence (MDROs listed in table 1, identified on or after hospital day 3) per 1000 patient days during two periods: (1) Pre-intervention (January 2019 – February 2022), prior to revised de-isolation criteria, and (2) Post-intervention (March 2022 – July 2024). Negative binomial regression was used to compare the level and trend of HA-MDRO incidence rates between the periods. Results: The incidence rates of all HA-MDROs, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing organisms and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are shown in Figure 1. No significant difference was observed in the level (p=0.38, 0.37, 0.9) or trend (p=0.67, 0.82, 0.76) of HA-MDRO, ESBL, or MRSA incidence rates between the periods. Estimating a daily cost of about $43 for personal protective equipment only, a minimum reduction of two weeks of contact isolation translates to approximately $602 cost reduction per patient. Conclusion: Shortening the duration of contact isolation for MDROs did not increase HA-MDRO incidence rates in our children’s hospital and may offer cost savings. Carefully designed MDRO policies can enhance patient care without compromising infection prevention goals.

Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is a widely cultivated vegetable in India with enormous variability. Recent molecular techniques revealed three closely related but distinct Solanum species (S. melongena, S. incanum and S. insanum), with the Indian subcontinent being a domesticated centre. Spontaneous hybridization between S. insanum and S. melongena has led to the formation of naturally introgressed lines and limited studies are available to differentiate these genotypes using morphological key traits. Current study aimed to delineate naturally introgressed genotypes of Indian eggplant collections using morphological key traits for plant genetic resources (PGR) management and assess available genetic diversity. The study characterized a collection of 157 eggplant germplasm at ICAR-NBPGR, Regional Station, Kerala, and identified 30 naturally introgressed, 10 wild progenitors and 117 cultivated eggplants. The key morphological traits are prickliness (stem, petiole, calyx and pedicle), leaf base shape, fruit shape and size. Other fruit traits such as length, breadth and mesocarp texture could also provide some clues for delineating introgressed genotypes from S. insanum and S. melongena. Basic statistical analysis of six quantitative traits of 157 eggplant genotypes revealed the presence of considerable amount of variation (CV%) in which fruit length/breadth ratio showed higher variation (73.87) followed by fruit length (54.73) and average fruit weight (53.5). The frequency distribution of 14 qualitative traits revealed the presence of all character states among them. Key traits identified under study could provide clues to identify individual plants at field level to plant taxonomist/explorers and also to aid gene bank curators for PGR management.

Adequate nutrition is necessary during childhood and early adolescence for adequate growth and development. Hence, the objective of the study was to assess the association between dietary intake and blood levels of minerals (calcium, iron, zinc, and selenium) and vitamins (folate, vitamin B12, vitamin A, and vitamin D) in urban school going children aged 6–16 years in India, in a multicentric cross-sectional study. Participants were enrolled from randomly selected schools in ten cities. Three-day food intake data was collected using a 24-h dietary recall method. The intake was dichotomised into adequate and inadequate. Blood samples were collected to assess levels of micronutrients. From April 2019 to February 2020, 2428 participants (50⋅2 % females) were recruited from 60 schools. Inadequate intake for calcium was in 93⋅4 % (246⋅5 ± 149⋅4 mg), iron 86⋅5 % (7⋅6 ± 3⋅0 mg), zinc 84⋅0 % (3⋅9 ± 2⋅4 mg), selenium 30⋅2 % (11⋅3 ± 9⋅7 mcg), folate 73⋅8 % (93⋅6 ± 55⋅4 mcg), vitamin B12 94⋅4 % (0⋅2 ± 0⋅4 mcg), vitamin A 96⋅0 % (101⋅7 ± 94⋅1 mcg), and vitamin D 100⋅0 % (0⋅4 ± 0⋅6 mcg). Controlling for sex and socioeconomic status, the odds of biochemical deficiency with inadequate intake for iron [AOR = 1⋅37 (95 % CI 1⋅07–1⋅76)], zinc [AOR = 5⋅14 (95 % CI 2⋅24–11⋅78)], selenium [AOR = 3⋅63 (95 % CI 2⋅70–4⋅89)], folate [AOR = 1⋅59 (95 % CI 1⋅25–2⋅03)], and vitamin B12 [AOR = 1⋅62 (95 %CI 1⋅07–2⋅45)]. Since there is a significant association between the inadequate intake and biochemical deficiencies of iron, zinc, selenium, folate, and vitamin B12, regular surveillance for adequacy of micronutrient intake must be undertaken to identify children at risk of deficiency, for timely intervention.

Direct numerical simulation of a compressible round jet is carried out at Mach number of 0.9 and Reynolds number of 3600 and the data are used to perform velocity gradient tensor (VGT) analysis for different regions of the spatially developing jet. For the developed portion of the jet, the classical teardrop shape is observed for the joint probability density function (p.d.f.) of Q and R (second and third invariants of the VGT). In the region just after the potential core, between $X = 10$ and 15 $r_0$ ($r_0$ is the jet inlet radius), an inclination towards the third quadrant is observed in the Q–R joint p.d.f. which represents the presence of tube-like structures. It is also shown that this inclination in the turbulent/non-turbulent (T/NT) boundary and interface towards the third quadrant is mainly a contribution of points that lie in regions with negative dilatation. Regions with weak expansion also show this third quadrant inclination to some extent. Points that lie in regions with relatively higher positive dilatation show no such inclination towards the third quadrant but are inclined towards the fourth quadrant which indicates the presence of sheet-like structures. Similarly for the domain segment $X = 15$ to 20 $r_0$, it is observed that points that lie in the regions with positive dilatation have a joint p.d.f. with an inclination towards fourth quadrant, which suggests the presence of sheet-like structures at the T/NT boundary and interface. Points that lie in regions with negative dilatation show the appearance of a third quadrant lobe.

Psychological and cultural evolutionary accounts of human sociality propose that beliefs in punitive and monitoring gods that care about moral norms facilitate cooperation. While there is some evidence to suggest that belief in supernatural punishment and monitoring generally induce cooperative behaviour, the effect of a deity's explicitly postulated moral concerns on cooperation remains unclear. Here, we report a pre-registered set of analyses to assess whether perceiving a locally relevant deity as moralistic predicts cooperative play in two permutations of two economic games using data from up to 15 diverse field sites. Across games, results suggest that gods’ moral concerns do not play a direct, cross-culturally reliable role in motivating cooperative behaviour. The study contributes substantially to the current literature by testing a central hypothesis in the evolutionary and cognitive science of religion with a large and culturally diverse dataset using behavioural and ethnographically rich methods.

The design process in most organizations is often collaborative and interdisciplinary in nature. Yet most institutions of higher learning do not offer students the opportunity to work in multidisciplinary teams. This study follows an experiential service-learning project over 3 years to explore the role of multidisciplinary project teams on design education outcomes. Findings suggest that the quality of designs improved over time and students consider experiential learning in multidisciplinary teams to be a valuable component in their education, increasing their job readiness upon graduation.

The velocity field of stationary, turbulent, twin round jets has been found to scale with an intrinsic velocity $U_0$ and length $L_0$, both depending linearly on inflow plane parameters – jet velocity $U_j$, diameter $d$ and distance between jets $S$. Flow fields were obtained from large-eddy simulations at these conditions in two experiments: (1) at Reynolds number ${Re}=230\,000$ based on $U_j$ and $d$, and $S/d=5$; and (2) at ${Re} = 25\,000$, $S/d = 2, 4, 8$. Each jet develops independently and then merges into a single jet with an elliptic cross-section. Downstream, the jet becomes circular after a mild overshoot. Close quantitative agreement with experiment was obtained in all cases. As the merged jets develop, fluctuation levels over a central half-width are nearly uniform and scale with the local maximum mean velocity. In all cases, the mean streamwise velocity along the centreline of the configuration, $U_c$, rises to a peak $U_0$ at a distance $L_0$ from the inflow plane. The velocity $U_0$ decreases and $L_0$ increases with $S$. For all nozzle spacings, a similar development was observed: $U_c/U_0$ is a function of distance $x/L_0$ only, and is essentially independent of $S/d$ and ${Re}$. Further, these intrinsic and input quantities are connected by simple relations: $U_0 = U_j/(1.02S/d + 0.44)$ and $L_0/d = 5.58S/d - 1.16$. The far field development of the merged jet can also be scaled with $U_0$ and $S$, analogous to round jet scaling with $U_j$ and $d$. Thus all twin round jets may be described by these new intrinsic scales.

Although exposure therapy (ET) is an effective treatment for anxiety disorders and obsessive-compulsive disorder, many clinicians report not utilizing it. The present study targeted common utilization barriers by evaluating an intensive ET training experience in a relatively inexperienced sample of pre-professionals. Thirty-two individuals at the undergraduate or college graduate level without formal clinical experience participated as camp counsellors in a 5day exposure-based therapeutic summer camp for youth with anxiety disorders and/or obsessive-compulsive disorder. Participants were trained in ET through a progressive cascading model and answered questionnaires before and after camp. Repeated measure MANOVA revealed significantly increased feelings of self-efficacy conducting exposures, and significantly decreased feelings of disgust sensitivity and contamination-related disgust from pre-camp to post-camp. A subset of individuals providing data 1 month after the camp maintained a significant gain in ET self-efficacy. Regression analyses revealed that contamination-related disgust, but not disgust sensitivity, significantly predicted post-camp ET self-efficacy. These findings suggest that individuals early into their post-secondary education can learn ET, and the progressive cascading model holds promise in its utility across experience levels and warrants further investigation. Disgust may also play a role in feelings of competency conducting ET. Implications on dissemination and implementation efforts are also discussed.

Vortex breakdown (VB) in unconfined swirling jets occurs as either a bubble form of vortex breakdown (BVB) or a conical form of vortex breakdown (CVB). This computational study examines flow features of these forms for a Reynolds number at which VB is accompanied by a transition to turbulence ($Re = 1000$, based on inflow jet radius and centreline velocity). Large eddy simulations were performed with the inflow condition as the Maxworthy profile which models a laminar, axisymmetric swirling jet, and the effect of varying inflow swirl strength was investigated. BVB was observed at lower swirl strengths than those at which CVB occurs. With increasing swirl, the regular and wide-open types of CVB occur. Spiral coherent structures that develop in the flow were examined using spectral proper orthogonal decomposition. Further, by means of hysteresis studies, it is established that the turbulent BVB and regular CVB are bistable forms. Similarly, it is shown that the two types of CVB are also bistable. The difference in recirculation zone (RZ) sizes between the turbulent BVB and regular CVB is greatly reduced when compared to the laminar counterparts. This is postulated as a reason for misidentification of CVB (RZ approximately conical in shape) as BVB (spheroidal RZ) in some previous studies. The present study highlights the distinct features of turbulent BVB and CVB, which can potentially be used towards improving designs of swirl-stabilized combustors.

We perform inviscid and viscous, global, linear stability analyses of vortex rings which are compared with asymptotic theories and numerical simulations. We find growth rates of rings to be very sensitive to the details of vorticity distribution, in a way not accounted for in asymptotic theories, clearly demonstrated in our analyses of equilibrated rings–ring base flows initially obtained from Gaussian rings evolved to a quasi-steady state before any instabilities set in. Such equilibrated rings with the same $\epsilon = a/R$, the ratio of core radius $a$ to ring radius $R$, but evolved with different viscosities, have inviscid growth rates differing by up to 9 %, though the differences in vorticity at any point are small. In contrast, the growth rates of rings with a Gaussian vorticity distribution are found to be up to 33 % smaller than the inviscid asymptotic theories over $0.4 > \epsilon > 0.05$. We attribute these differences to the nature of velocity fields at $O(\epsilon ^2)$, between equilibrated and Gaussian rings, where the former shows a good quantitative match with the asymptotic theories. Additionally, there are some differences with previous direct numerical simulations (DNS), but in very close quantitative agreement with our DNS results. Our calculations provide a new relation capturing the near-linear dependence of growth rates on the reciprocal of a strain rate-based Reynolds number $\widehat Re$. Importantly, our equilibrated ring calculations do tend to the inviscid limit of asymptotic theories, once corrections for ring radius evolution and equilibrated distribution are imposed, unlike for Gaussian rings.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is a serious and impairing disorder. The peripartum is associated with changes in pre-existing OCD, including exacerbation and improvement of the disorder. This meta-analysis seeks to understand the proportion of women reporting a change in OCD during this time. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Nine studies with independent samples examining change in obsessive-compulsive symptomology (OCS) in the peripartum were included in the meta-analysis. Studies were included if the sample examined with women with a clinical diagnosis of OCD that pre-existed pregnancy onset. The meta-analysis was conducted using R Studio with Meta, Metafor and Weightr packages. A moderation analysis was conducted to examine the impact of gestational period on OCD symptoms. Gestational periods were defined as pregnancy, postpartum, or the peripartum. Peripartum refers to a collapsed postpartum/pregnant period such that the period was not identified or specified during data collection. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: The summary proportion of women who experienced no change in symptoms was 46.7% (CI: 42.0-51.4%). No change by period was: pregnancy 49.6% (CI: 36.3-62.9%); postpartum 45.6% (CI: 41.4-49.9%); peripartum 52.4% (CI: 42.4-50.3%). The summary proportion of women who experienced exacerbation was 39.2% (CI: 33.5-45.5%). Exacerbation by period: pregnancy 35.5% (CI: 24.8-47.9%); postpartum 42.9% (CI: 34.8-51.4%); peripartum 34.6% (CI: 23.7-47.4%). The summary proportion of women who experienced improvement was 11.5% (CI: 9.3-14.4%). Improvement by period: pregnancy 42.9% (CI: 14.7-77.0%); postpartum 7.8% (CI: 5.7-10.4%); peripartum 19.6% (CI: 13.7-27.3%). Gestational period had a moderating effect. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: During the peripartum 46% report no change, 40% a worsening and 12% an improvement. Improvement typically occurs during pregnancy and may be followed by a postpartum worsening. This may reflect a hormonally-sensitive subsection of women impacted by the acute changes that occur during this time.