Decades of research on bilingual grammars corroborate the integrated nature of these systems, leading to the conjecture that these representations are ‘shared’ (Marian & Spivey 2003, Kroll & Gollan 2014, Putnam et al. 2018). A specific population of bilinguals, namely heritage language speakers, shows a tendency for highly variable allomorphy (Polinsky 2018, Putnam et al. 2021); however, with this aspect of grammar that is often in a state of flux, there are instances of stability. Here we thoroughly investigate the stability of tense allomorphy of in North American Norwegian (NAmNo), a moribund heritage language spoken in the Upper Midwestern United States. Formally, we build upon initial observations provided by Lykke (2020), showing how a late-insertion approach to the syntax–phonological interface in combination with events, features, and precedence (EFP) phonology (Raimy 2000, Papillon 2020, Idsardi 2022) provides a straightforward account of the structural complexities that determine exponency in bilingual grammars.

Quackgrass (Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv.) was defoliated for 25 to 30 days with applications of 1.0 lb/A of l,l′-dimethyl-4–4′-bipyridinium salt (paraquat). Applications were more effective made prior to darkness than at midday. Phytotoxicity was increased by adding surfactants in the field, and experiments utilizing 14C-paraquat under controlled environmental conditions indicated that the surfactant X-77 increased foliar absorption by 20%. Quackgrass plants grown in nutrient solutions exhibited chronic paraquat toxicity which increased as the nitrogen levels increased. Paraquat also inhibited the growth of lateral buds on quackgrass rhizome segments cultured in the dark. Greater movement of 14C-paraquat in quackgrass leaves occurred under 6 hr of light as compared to 6 hr of darkness following application. However, a 6-hr dark period after application prior to the light period further enhanced the movement from the treated leaf.

The fungus Scopulariopis brumptii Salvanet-Duval (MSU 42018) was isolated from a soil sample collected from the rhizosphere of a potted asparagus plant. When cultured 7 days in A-9 broth medium, the organism produced compounds phytotoxic to seeding dicotyledonous weeds (via foliar application) and to Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Dangeard. Three herbicidal metabolites, 3-hydroxybenzyl alcohol, 2-methylhydroquinone, and (+)-epiepoformin, were isolated by column and thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and structures confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), nuclear magnetic reasonance spectroscopy (NMR), and mass spectrometry (MS). Of the three compounds, (+)-epiepoformin was the most active, providing complete control of redroot pigweed and 88% control of white mustard when applied at 4.4 kg/ha.

Metabolites from 906 microbial isolates were evaluated for herbicidal properties. These included 266 isolates of Streptomyces, 502 isolates of non-Streptomyces actinomycetes representing 18 genera, 28 unidentified aerobic actinomycetes, 70 fungi, and 40 isolates of eubacteria. Metabolites from 72 isolates significantly inhibited germination of cress seeds. In terms of generic specificity and frequency, about 18% of all the Streptomyces and Nocardiopsis isolates and 13% of Actinoplanes isolates were toxic to cress (Lepidium sativum L.) seeds. Among other inhibitors were three isolates of Actinomadura and one isolate each of Micromonospora, Micropolyspora, Strep to sporangium, Streptoverticillium, and Bacillus, and two isolates of unidentified actinomycetes. The toxigenic fungi included two isolates of Penicillium and one isolate each of Aspergillus, Scopulariopsis, and Paecilomyces species. About half the isolates toxic to cress were toxic to barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli L. Beauv. # ECHCG) seeds. of the isolates found effective in the secondary screening on the potted weeds, eight belonged to the genus Streptomyces and one was identified as Scopulariopsis brumptii. None of the examined isolates of Rhodococcus, Nocardia, Oerskovia, Thermoactinomyces, Thermomonospora, and six other genera of actinomycetes showed any appreciable toxicity to the seeds of either species.

Residues of methomyl in rape plants and seed were determined after its application for bertha armyworm control. In one experiment application of 3 oz of methomyl per acre left 17 p.p.m. residue on the rape plants immediately after application. This level rapidly declined to 1.5, 1.0, 0.4, and 0.2 p.p.m. 1, 2, 5, and 9 days later, respectively, and no residue was detected (less than 0.02 p.p.m.) in seed harvested 22 days after application of the toxicant. Rape plant samples collected from several farms immediately after the application of 3 to 4 oz of methomyl per acre had 2.5 to 16 p.p.m. residues, indicating inefficient application of the insecticide in some cases. Analysis of rape seed samples collected from 36 farms showed little residue in three samples (0.02 to 0.03 p.p.m.) and none in 33, indicating that the use of methomyl for bertha armyworm control is not likely to contaminate rape seed with undesirable levels of residues.

This is a report on the research design and findings of a 23-year longitudinal study of the impact of intrafamilial sexual abuse on female development. The conceptual framework integrated concepts of psychological adjustment with theory regarding how psychobiological factors might impact development. Participants included 6- to 16-year-old females with substantiated sexual abuse and a demographically similar comparison group. A cross-sequential design was used and six assessments have taken place, with participants at median age 11 at the first assessment and median age 25 at the sixth assessment. Mothers of participants took part in the early assessments and offspring took part at the sixth assessment. Results of many analyses, both within circumscribed developmental stages and across development, indicated that sexually abused females (on average) showed deleterious sequelae across a host of biopsychosocial domains including: earlier onsets of puberty, cognitive deficits, depression, dissociative symptoms, maladaptive sexual development, hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal attenuation, asymmetrical stress responses, high rates of obesity, more major illnesses and healthcare utilization, dropping out of high school, persistent posttraumatic stress disorder, self-mutilation, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders diagnoses, physical and sexual revictimization, premature deliveries, teen motherhood, drug and alcohol abuse, and domestic violence. Offspring born to abused mothers were at increased risk for child maltreatment and overall maldevelopment. There was also a pattern of considerable within group variability. Based on this complex network of findings, implications for optimal treatments are elucidated. Translational aspects of extending observational research into clinical practice are discussed in terms that will likely have a sustained impact on several major public health initiatives.

Inconsistencies exist in literature examining hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis activity in children and adults who have experienced childhood abuse. Hence, the extent and manner to which childhood abuse may disrupt HPA axis development is largely unknown. To address these inconsistencies, the developmental course of nonstress cortisol in a long-term longitudinal study was assessed at six time points from childhood through adolescence and into young adulthood to determine whether childhood abuse results in disrupted cortisol activity. Nonstress, morning cortisol was measured in 84 females with confirmed familial sexual abuse and 89 nonabused, comparison females. Although dynamically controlling for co-occurring depression and anxiety, hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) showed that relative to comparison females, the linear trend for abused females was significantly less steep when cortisol was examined across development from age 6 to age 30, t (1, 180) = −2.55, p < .01, indicating attenuation in cortisol activity starting in adolescence with significantly lower levels of cortisol by early adulthood, F (1, 162) = 4.78, p < .01. As a more direct test of the attenuation hypothesis, supplemental HLM analyses of data arrayed by time since the disclosure of abuse indicated that cortisol activity was initially significantly higher, t (1, 425) = 2.18, p < .05, and slopes were significantly less steep t (1, 205) = −2.66, p < .01, for abused females. These findings demonstrate how the experience of childhood abuse might disrupt the neurobiology of stress, providing some support for the attenuation hypothesis that victims of abuse may experience cortisol hyposecretion subsequent to a period of heightened secretion.

This study examines the relationship of child sexual abuse to classroom academic performance and behavior in a sample of 6–16-year-old girls. Half of the sample was sexually abused by a family member. The other half is a demographically similar nonabused comparison group. Measures of academic performance include school records, teacher's ratings of classroom behavior and performance, and parental reports of school performance. Possible mediators of the impact of sexual abuse on classroom performance and behavior – cognitive capability, perceived competence, and behavior problems–are also measured. Results can be summarized as follows, (a) A history of sexual abuse does predict academic performance: Abuse is directly negatively related to ratings of classroom social competence, competent learner, and overall academic performance and positively related to school avoidant behavior, but is not related to grades, (b) Sexual abuse is negatively related to cognitive ability and positively related to measures of behavior problems indicating depression, destructiveness, and dissociation, (c) Cognitive ability and perceived competence predict the more “academic” aspects of academic performance—grades, ratings as a competent learner, and overall academic performance. Behavior problems predict ratings as a competent learner, classroom social competence, school avoidant behavior, and overall academmic performance.

Understanding the epidemiology of current health threats to deployed U.S. troops is important for medical assessment and planning. As part of a 2004 study among U.S. military personnel deployed to Al Asad Air Base, in the western Anbar Province of Iraq, over 500 subjects were enrolled, provided a blood specimen, and completed a questionnaire regarding history of febrile illness during this deployment (average ∼4 months in country). This mid-deployment serum was compared to pre-deployment samples (collected ∼3 months prior to deployment) and evaluated for seroconversion to a select panel of regional arboviral pathogens. At least one episode of febrile illness was reported in 84/504 (17%) of the troops surveyed. Seroconversion was documented in nine (2%) of deployed forces tested, with no association to febrile illness. Self-reported febrile illness was uncommon although often debilitating, and the risk of illness due to arbovirus infections was relatively low.

This study examines short- and long-term maladaptive outcomes in a sample of sexually abused females and a comparison group. The sample consists of intrafamilial sexual abuse victims ages 6–16 years at entry into the study and a demographically similar comparison group. The outcomes examined included measures of behavior and psychological problems such as aggressive behavior, depression, dissociation, and low self-esteem; and measures at two time points, first at entry into the study (median age 11 years) and approximately 7 years later (median age 18 years). The specific questions being addressed were (a) whether subgroups or profiles, based on the specific characteristics of the sexual abuse experienced, can be identified in this sample of abused females; and (b) whether these profile groups predict different patterns of adverse short- or long-term outcomes.