Assessing children’s diets is currently challenging and burdensome. Abbreviated food frequency questionnaires (FFQ) have potential to assess dietary patterns in a rapid and standardised manner. Using nationally representative UK dietary intake and biomarker data, we developed abbreviated FFQs to calculate dietary quality scores for pre-school and primary school-aged children. UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey (2008-2016) weekly consumption frequencies of 129 food groups from four-day diaries were cross-sectionally analysed using principal component analysis. A 129-item score was derived, alongside a 12-item score based on foods with the six highest and six lowest coefficients. Participants included 1,069 pre-schoolers and 2,565 primary school children. The first principal component explained 3.4% and 3.0% of the variation in the original diet variables for pre-school and primary school groups, respectively, and described a prudent diet pattern. Prudent diet scores were characterised by greater consumption of fruit, vegetables and tap water, and lower consumption of crisps, manufactured coated chicken/turkey products, purchased chips and soft drinks for both age groups. Correlations between the 129-item and 12-item scores were 0.86 and 0.84 for pre-school and primary school-aged children, respectively. Bland-Altman mean differences between the scores were 0.00 SDs; 95% limits of agreement were -1.05 to 1.05 and -1.10 to 1.10 SDs for pre-school and primary school-aged children, respectively. Correlations between dietary scores and nutritional biomarkers showed only minor attenuation for the 12-item compared to the 129-item scores illustrating acceptable congruence between prudent diet scores. The two 12-item FFQs offer user-friendly tools to measure dietary quality among UK children.

Objectives/Goals: The objectives of the study were to evaluate end-user feedback regarding usefulness and compliance with the revised DoD PRA-CR. The PRA-CR utilizes symptom-guided management strategies to advance service members with acute concussion through 6 stages of gradually increased activity prior to their Return to Duty (RTD). Methods/Study Population: Clinical providers previously trained on the PRA-CR were invited via email to participate in an online survey-based study to examine their opinions and utilization of the revised PRA-CR. Participants who responded to the initial email invitation were provided an electronic Microsoft Forms based survey. Of the 83 total responders, 36 met inclusion criteria and advanced to the end-user survey. Six items were designed to assess inclusion–exclusion criteria (i.e., credentialed medical provider trained in the PRA-CR with experience treating concussion over the previous 2 years). Four items gauging utilization required yes/no responses; 20 opinion items on a 7-point Likert scale ranged from strongly disagree to strongly agree; 5 explanatory items were multi-select; and 1 item allowed free text responses. Results/Anticipated Results: Overall, 87% of respondents who had used the revised CR indicated that it helped them treat patients with acute concussion and 73% rated, “ease of use” favorably. Of the newly added elements to the CR, utilization of the Patient Leadership Guide (PLG) was the highest at 78%, with the majority of the providers rating the PLG as useful in communicating with patients and command. In contrast, only 35% of participants reported using the Physical RTD screening section and 22% indicated using the Cognitive RTD screening tool. Those not utilizing the Physical screening identified a lack of support staff (67%) or setting barriers (47%) as the primary reasons. Those not utilizing the Cognitive RTD screening tool identified multiple barriers to use including availability (72%), inexperience (39%), and baseline data access (33%). Discussion/Significance of Impact: This study sought end-user (provider) feedback regarding the revised PRA-CR’s usability and utility, in addition to their confidence in the tool itself. Overall results were generally positive, except for the updated Physical RTD and newly introduced Cognitive RTD screenings.

Objectives/Goals: Early childhood obesity is a major concern for Latin American children in the U.S., with gut barrier dysfunction as a key risk factor. Diet plays a role in gut development, but few studies have focused on Latin American infants. Our objective is to identify culturally relevant introductory foods that promote in vitro gut barrier development and function. Methods/Study Population: Pooled human milk (2.5 mL) from 6-month postpartum Hispanic mothers was combined with fruit and vegetable baby food products (2.5 g) and subjected to a 3-phase in vitro digestion system that simulates oral, gastric, and intestinal digestion. Digesta products were then anaerobically fermented for 24-hours using human stool inoculum, centrifuged, and filter sterilized. Intestinal epithelial cells (Caco-2, ATCC) were grown to confluence on 0.4 μm polystyrene transwell inserts using a DMEM + 10% FBS medium and allowed to differentiate for 21-days. Highly differentiated monolayers were treated with a 1:4 dilution of fermenta with medium in triplicate. The cell experiment was conducted twice. Cell layer integrity was measured using transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) 24- and 48-hours after treatment. Results/Anticipated Results: Dietary intake data from the What We Eat in America database indicated that the top 3 fruit and vegetable exposures for infants with Mexican or Hispanic ethnicity were banana, apple, and carrot. Commercial baby food purees of these fruits and vegetables, in addition to baby foods with blueberry and spinach (Natural for Baby, Gerber Products Company) were acquired for digestion and fermentation experiments. Caco-2 cell experiments with these foods are ongoing. We expect Caco-2 monolayer incubated with fermenta from human milk and fruit or vegetables will have greater TEER values due to increased integrity of the cell layer as compared to those with breast milk alone. We also expect that exposure to fruit and vegetable fermenta will increase gene expression of tight junctions compared to exposure to media and human milk. Discussion/Significance of Impact: Using an in vitro digestion and fermentation system coupled with cell culture studies, we are identifying cellular mechanisms that link individual fruits and vegetables to gut barrier function. This will support translational work focused on mitigating obesity development in vulnerable populations.

Kochia [Bassia scoparia (L.) A.J. Scott] is an invasive tumbleweed in the North American Great Plains that is difficult to manage in croplands and ruderal areas due to widespread resistance to up to four herbicide sites of action, including auxin mimics (Herbicide Resistance Action Committee [HRAC] Group 4) and inhibitors of acetolactate synthase (HRAC Group 2), photosystem II (HRAC Group 5), and 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (HRAC Group 9). Poor B. scoparia control with protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO)-inhibiting (HRAC Group 14) herbicides was noted in a brown mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czern.] field near Kindersley, SK, Canada, in 2021. Similar observations were made in a sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) field near Mandan, ND, USA, and in research plots near Minot, ND, USA, in 2022. Whole-plant dose–response experiments were conducted to determine whether these B. scoparia accessions were resistant to the PPO-inhibiting herbicides saflufenacil and carfentrazone and the level of resistance observed. All three B. scoparia accessions were highly resistant to foliar-applied saflufenacil and carfentrazone compared with two locally relevant susceptible accessions. The Kindersley accession exhibited 57- to 87-fold resistance to saflufenacil and 97- to 121-fold resistance to carfentrazone based on biomass dry weight at 21 d after treatment (DAT). Similarly, the Mandan accession exhibited 204- to 321-fold resistance to saflufenacil and 111- to 330-fold resistance to carfentrazone, while the Minot accession exhibited 45- to 71-fold resistance to saflufenacil and 88- to 264-fold resistance to carfentrazone. Substantial differences in visible control at 7 and 21/28 DAT were also observed between the putative-resistant and susceptible accessions. This study represents the first confirmations of PPO inhibitor–resistant B. scoparia globally and the fifth herbicide site of action to which B. scoparia has evolved resistance. It also documents this issue present at three locations in the Northern Great Plains region that occur up to 790 km apart and on both sides of the Canada/U.S. border.

This article describes lessons learned from the incorporation of language justice as an antiracism praxis for an academic Center addressing cardiometabolic inequities. Drawing from a thematic analysis of notes and discussions from the Center’s community engagement core, we present lessons learned from three examples of language justice: inclusion of bilingual team members, community mini-grants, and centering community in community-academic meetings. Facilitating strategies included preparing and reviewing materials in advance for interpretation/translation, live simultaneous interpretation for bilingual spaces, and in-language documents. Barriers included: time commitment and expenses, slow organizational shifts to collectively practice language justice, and institutional-level administrative hurdles beyond the community engagement core’s influence. Strengthening language justice means integrating language justice institutionally and into all research processes; dedicating time and processes to learn about and practice language justice; equitably funding language justice within research budgets; equitably engaging bilingual, bicultural staff and language justice practitioners; and creating processes for language justice in written and oral research and collaborative activities. Language justice is not optional and necessitates buy-in, leadership, and support of community engagement cores, Center leadership, university administrators, and funders. We discuss implications for systems and policy change to advance language justice in research to promote health equity.

With wide-field phased array feed technology, the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder (ASKAP) is ideally suited to search for seemingly rare radio transient sources that are difficult to discover previous-generation narrow-field telescopes. The Commensal Real-time ASKAP Fast Transient (CRAFT) Survey Science Project has developed instrumentation to continuously search for fast radio transients (duration $\lesssim$ 1 s) with ASKAP, with a particular focus on finding and localising fast radio bursts (FRBs). Since 2018, the CRAFT survey has been searching for FRBs and other fast transients by incoherently adding the intensities received by individual ASKAP antennas, and then correcting for the impact of frequency dispersion on these short-duration signals in the resultant incoherent sum (ICS) in real time. This low-latency detection enables the triggering of voltage buffers, which facilitates the localisation of the transient source and the study of spectro-polarimetric properties at high time resolution. Here we report the sample of 43 FRBs discovered in this CRAFT/ICS survey to date. This includes 22 FRBs that had not previously been reported: 16 FRBs localised by ASKAP to $\lesssim 1$ arcsec and 6 FRBs localised to $\sim 10$ arcmin. Of the new arcsecond-localised FRBs, we have identified and characterised host galaxies (and measured redshifts) for 11. The median of all 30 measured host redshifts from the survey to date is $z=0.23$. We summarise results from the searches, in particular those contributing to our understanding of the burst progenitors and emission mechanisms, and on the use of bursts as probes of intervening media. We conclude by foreshadowing future FRB surveys with ASKAP using a coherent detection system that is currently being commissioned. This will increase the burst detection rate by a factor of approximately ten and also the distance to which ASKAP can localise FRBs.

We examine the energy distribution of the fast radio burst (FRB) population using a well-defined sample of 63 FRBs from the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder (ASKAP) radio telescope, 28 of which are localised to a host galaxy. We apply the luminosity-volume ($V/V_{\mathrm{max}}$) test to examine the distribution of these transient sources, accounting for cosmological and instrumental effects, and determine the energy distribution for the sampled population over the redshift range $0.01 \lesssim z \lesssim 1.02$. We find the distribution between $10^{23}$ and $10^{26}$ J Hz$^{-1}$ to be consistent with both a pure power-law with differential slope $\gamma=-1.96 \pm 0.15$, and a Schechter function with $\gamma = -1.82 \pm 0.12$ and downturn energy $E_\mathrm{max} \sim 6.3 \, \times 10^{25}$ J Hz$^{-1}$. We identify systematic effects which currently limit our ability to probe the luminosity function outside this range and give a prescription for their treatment. Finally, we find that with the current dataset, we are unable to distinguish between the evolutionary and spectral models considered in this work.

In van der Heijden and de Leeuw (1985) it was proposed to use loglinear analysis to detect interactions in a multiway contingency table, and to explore the form of these interactions with correspondence analysis. After performing the exploratory phase of the analysis, we will show here how the results found in this phase can be used for confirmation.

The increase in iceberg discharge into the polar oceans highlights the importance of understanding how quickly icebergs are deteriorating and where the resulting freshwater injection is occurring. Recent advances in quantifying iceberg deterioration through combinations of modeling, remote sensing and direct in situ measurements have successfully calculated overall ablation rates, and surface and sidewall ablation; however, in situ measurements of basal melt rates have been difficult to obtain. Radar has successfully measured iceberg thickness, but repeat measurements, which would capture a change in iceberg thickness with time, have not yet been collected. Here we test the applicability of using an on-iceberg autonomous phase-sensitive radar (ApRES) to quantify basal ablation rates of a large (~800 m long) non-tabular Arctic iceberg during an intensive 2019 summer field campaign in Sermilik Fjord, southeast Greenland. We find that ApRES can be used to measure basal ablation even over a short deployment period (10 d), and also provide a lower bound on sidewall melt. This study fills a critical gap in iceberg research and pushes the limits of field instrumentation.

Background: Feedback reports summarizing clinician performance are effective tools to improve antibiotic stewardship in the ambulatory setting, but few studies have evaluated their effectiveness for pediatric inpatients. We developed and implemented feedback reports reflecting electronically-derived measures of appropriate antibiotic choice and duration for community acquired pneumonia (CAP) and measured their impact on appropriate antibiotic use in children hospitalized for CAP. Methods: We performed a single center quasi-experimental study including children 6 months to 17 years hospitalized for CAP between 12/1/2021-11/30/2023. Children with chronic medical conditions, ICU stays >48 hours, and outside transfers were excluded. The intervention occurred in 11/2022 and included clinician education, a monthly group-level feedback report disseminated by email (Figure 1), and a monthly review of clinician performance during a virtual quality improvement meeting. Patient characteristics were compared using chi-square or Wilcoxon rank sum tests. Interrupted time series analysis (ITSA) was used to measure the immediate change in the proportion of CAP encounters receiving both the appropriate antibiotic choice and duration, as well as the change in slope from the preintervention to the postintervention periods. Choice and duration were analyzed separately using ITSA as a secondary analysis. Results: There were 817 CAP encounters, including 420 preintervention and 397 postintervention. Patients admitted in the postintervention period were older (median age 2 years vs 3 years, P=0.03), but otherwise there were no differences in race, ethnicity, sex, ICU admission, or complicated pneumonia. Preintervention, 52% of encounters received both the appropriate antibiotic choice and duration; 96% of encounters received the appropriate antibiotic choice and 54% received the appropriate duration. The ITSA demonstrated an immediate 16% increase in the proportion of patients receiving both appropriate antibiotic choice and duration (95% confidence interval, 1-31%; P = 0.047) and no significant further increase over time following the intervention (P = 0.84) (Figure 2). When antibiotic choice was analyzed separately by ITSA, there was no immediate change or change over time in the proportion of patients receiving the appropriate antibiotic choice. In the ITSA of duration alone, there was an immediate 17% increase in the proportion receiving the appropriate duration (95% confidence interval, 2-33%; P = 0.03) and no change over time. Conclusion: Feedback reports generated from electronically-derived metrics of antibiotic choice and duration, combined with ongoing clinician education, increased the proportion of children with CAP treated with the appropriate antibiotic duration. Electronic feedback reports are a scalable and impactful intervention to improve antibiotic use in children hospitalized with CAP.

Prenatal stress has a significant, but small, negative effect on children’s executive function (EF) in middle and high socioeconomic status (SES) households. Importantly, rates and severity of prenatal stress are higher and protective factors are reduced in lower SES households, suggesting prenatal stress may be particularly detrimental for children’s EF in this population. This study examined whether prenatal stress was linked to 5-year-old’s EF in a predominantly low SES sample and child sex moderated this association, as males may be more vulnerable to adverse prenatal experiences. Participants were 132 mother-child dyads drawn from a prospective prenatal cohort. Mothers reported on their depression symptoms, trait anxiety, perceived stress, everyday discrimination, and sleep quality at enrollment and once each trimester, to form a composite prenatal stress measure. Children’s EF was assessed at age 5 years using the parent-report Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function - Preschool (BRIEF-P) Global Executive Composite subscale and neuropsychological tasks completed by the children. Mixed models revealed higher prenatal stress was associated with lower BRIEF-P scores, indicating better EF, for females only. Higher prenatal stress was associated with lower performance on neuropsychological EF measures for both males and females. Results add to the limited evidence about prenatal stress effects on children’s EF in low SES households.

NASA’s all-sky survey mission, the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS), is specifically engineered to detect exoplanets that transit bright stars. Thus far, TESS has successfully identified approximately 400 transiting exoplanets, in addition to roughly 6 000 candidate exoplanets pending confirmation. In this study, we present the results of our ongoing project, the Validation of Transiting Exoplanets using Statistical Tools (VaTEST). Our dedicated effort is focused on the confirmation and characterisation of new exoplanets through the application of statistical validation tools. Through a combination of ground-based telescope data, high-resolution imaging, and the utilisation of the statistical validation tool known as TRICERATOPS, we have successfully discovered eight potential super-Earths. These planets bear the designations: TOI-238b (1.61$^{+0.09} _{-0.10}$ R$_\oplus$), TOI-771b (1.42$^{+0.11} _{-0.09}$ R$_\oplus$), TOI-871b (1.66$^{+0.11} _{-0.11}$ R$_\oplus$), TOI-1467b (1.83$^{+0.16} _{-0.15}$ R$_\oplus$), TOI-1739b (1.69$^{+0.10} _{-0.08}$ R$_\oplus$), TOI-2068b (1.82$^{+0.16} _{-0.15}$ R$_\oplus$), TOI-4559b (1.42$^{+0.13} _{-0.11}$ R$_\oplus$), and TOI-5799b (1.62$^{+0.19} _{-0.13}$ R$_\oplus$). Among all these planets, six of them fall within the region known as ‘keystone planets’, which makes them particularly interesting for study. Based on the location of TOI-771b and TOI-4559b below the radius valley we characterised them as likely super-Earths, though radial velocity mass measurements for these planets will provide more details about their characterisation. It is noteworthy that planets within the size range investigated herein are absent from our own solar system, making their study crucial for gaining insights into the evolutionary stages between Earth and Neptune.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: To examine the individual and combined association between preoperative sleep disturbance (SD) and depression and 12-month disability, back pain, and leg pain after lumbar spine surgery (LSS). METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We analyzed prospectively collected multi-center registry data from 700 patients undergoing LSS (mean age=60.9 years, 37% female, 89% white). Preoperative SD and depression were assessed with PROMIS measures. Established thresholds defined patients with moderate/severe symptoms. Disability (Oswestry Disability Index) and back and leg pain (Numeric Rating Scales) were assessed preoperatively and at 12 months. We conducted separate regressions to examine the influence of SD and depression on each outcome. Regressions examined each factor with and without accounting for the other and in combination as a 4-level variable. Covariates included age, sex, race, education, insurance, body mass index, smoking status, preoperative opioid use, fusion status, revision status, and preoperative outcome score. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: One hundred thirteen (17%) patients reported moderate/severe SD alone, 70 (10%) reported moderate/severe depression alone, and 57 (8%) reported both moderate/severe SD and depression. In independent models, preoperative SD and depression were significantly associated with 12-month outcomes (all p’s<0.05). After accounting for depression, preoperative SD was only associated with disability, while preoperative depression adjusting for SD remained associated with all outcomes (all p’s<0.05). Patients reporting both moderate/severe SD and moderate/severe depression had 12.6 points higher disability (95%CI=7.4 to 17.8) and 1.5 points higher back (95%CI=0.8 to 2.3) and leg pain (95%CI=0.7 to 2.3) compared to patients with no/mild SD and no/mild depression. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Preoperative SD and depression are independent predictors of 12-month disability and pain when considered in isolation. The combination of SD and depression impacts postoperative outcomes considerably. The high-risk group of patients with moderate/severe SD and depression could benefit from targeted treatment strategies.