China and Vietnam have outlined new steps to resolve their long-running territorial disputes in the South China Sea in an effort to avert further conflict and put their relations on a steadier footing for the future. Although both countries are ruled by Communist parties and share extensive land and sea borders, they have had a tense relationship. But they now face political challenges at home as their export-oriented economies and investment slow under the impact of global financial turmoil and deepening recession. They have evidently decided to give primacy to strengthening bilateral party, trade and investment ties to offset the wider economic downturn.

The Mekong, one of the world's major rivers, starting in Tibet and flowing through south China, Burma, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam, provides sustenance through irrigation and fishing to those living in its basin. But it also provides hydroelectric power through dams, three of which were built in China, with more planned. And it is precisely these dams that are now threatening the water supply, the livelihood of those living downstream, and the relations between China and its southern neighbors. A fourth Chinese dam, Xiaowan, that should generate 4,200 megawatts of power, could affect the level of fish stocks in Cambodia and water supply for Vietnam's rice fields. But China contends controlling the water flow will prevent the adverse effects of erosion caused by the Mekong's flooding cycle and will supply renewable energy. Winning the debate or coming to a workable compromise is further complicated by China's refusal to join the Mekong River Commission, an inter-government agency whose members include the four of the downstream countries. And though the global financial crisis has put on hold other dams being planned by the downstream countries, China is moving ahead with its plans.

The nature of the relationship between surrealism and anthropology has been a focus of recent anthropological debate. This relation has not been considered at the level of methodology and the aim of this article is to consider surrealism in specific methodological relation with anthropology, particularly about how the idea of travel has been conceptualized.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: As hospitals across the nation respond to the need to address community violence, there is a dearth of Hospital-based Violence Intervention Programs (HVIPs) in the South despite having disproportionate rates. This research aims to identify key factors and strategies for implementation of an HVIP among rural patient populations in a southern state. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Semi-structured interviews will be conducted with medical providers, social service organizations, and patients transferred from four high-risk rural areas in Arkansas. Data will be analyzed using Framework Analysis, a rapid analysis approach involving framework development, code application, impactful statement identification, and content analysis. Evidence- Based Quality Improvement (EBQI), a group consensus making process, will be conducted to identify key implementation strategies and factors to adapt based interview findings. Priority areas for adaptation will be identified via systematic rating. The EBQI team, including researchers and key rural stakeholders will engage in a series of discussion, vote on final strategies, and develop a guide for future HVIP implementation and pilot testing. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Findings from this study will result in a prioritized list of barriers and facilitators across sample groups. Factors will be rated by level of importance. Cluster maps will display the relationships among factors. Go and no-go zones will be identified based on importance and feasibility. Implementation strategies will be mapped to barriers and facilitators. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: The findings will result in a culturally and geographically relevant HVIP model and package of implementation strategies to test in future hybrid trials (feasibility pilot & multi-site RCT); and shape the future of violence prevention efforts in healthcare settings across the rural South.

The COVID-19 pandemic has shone a spotlight on how health outcomes are unequally distributed among different population groups, with disadvantaged communities and individuals being disproportionality affected in terms of infection, morbidity and mortality, as well as vaccine access. Recently, there has been considerable debate about how social disadvantage and inequality intersect with developmental processes to result in a heightened susceptibility to environmental stressors, economic shocks and large-scale health emergencies. We argue that DOHaD Society members can make important contributions to addressing issues of inequality and improving community resilience in response to COVID-19. In order to do so, it is beneficial to engage with and adopt a social justice framework. We detail how DOHaD can align its research and policy recommendations with a social justice perspective to ensure that we contribute to improving the health of present and future generations in an equitable and socially just way.

Field trials were conducted to compare on-site visual evaluations with color-infrared photography (CIR), and near-infrared (NIR) videography (video) and hand-held radiometry (HHR) for detecting and mapping dicamba injury in cotton. CIR, video, and HHR detected 48%, 42% and 36%, respectively, of the injured crop area as defined by visual evaluation (injury ratings >0 on a scale of 0 to 9). The remote techniques were unable to differentiate crop injury that did not involve the entire plant canopy. Reflectance measurements in the visible red (R) (630–690 nm) and NIR (760–900 nm) wavelengths were taken and used in herbicide dosage prediction equations. Predicted herbicide dosages were significantly, positively correlated (P≤0.01) with physical measures of herbicide present. These studies suggest that remote detection and mapping of moderate and severe herbicide injury is possible. Further, NIR videography, with near-real-time capability and low cost may be the system of choice for this type of application.

Virginia creeper and wild grape are troublesome perennial vines that often infest Christmas tree plantations. Field studies were conducted to evaluate Fraser fir injury and Virginia creeper and wild grape control with directed applications of triclopyr (1,680 g ai/ha) alone and in combination with 2,4-D (1,120 g ai/ha), clopyralid (280 g ai/ha), and halosulfuron (36 g ai/ha). Additional treatments included 2,4-D, clopyralid, glyphosate (1,120 g ai/ha), halosulfuron, hexazinone (560 g ai/ha), mesotrione (105 g ai/ha), and sulfometuron (71 g ai/ha) applied alone; and a mixture of hexazinone plus mesotrione. In the triclopyr-containing treatments, Fraser fir injury ranged from 6 to 13% at 1 mo after treatment (MAT) and was 4 to 8% at 11 MAT. Leader growth was not impacted by the herbicide treatments. At 11 MAT, all triclopyr-containing treatments controlled Virginia creeper 93 to 98% and wild grape 98 to 100%, which was greater than the control observed with glyphosate at 63 and 59%, respectively. Virginia creeper and wild grape control with 2,4-D was 88 to 90%. Clopyralid, halosulfuron, hexazinone, hexazinone plus mesotrione, mesotrione, and sulfometuron provided less than 66% control of both perennial vines. Directed applications of triclopyr-containing treatments or 2,4-D were effective management tools for selective removal of wild grape and Virginia creeper from Fraser fir Christmas tree plantations. Additional research is needed on the potential sensitivity of other commonly grown Christmas tree species to triclopyr-containing treatments.

Bushkiller was evaluated under inter- and intraspecific competition. In experiment 1, bushkiller, trumpetcreeper, and wild grape were greenhouse-grown alone and in two or three species mixtures in pots. Of the three species, bushkiller grew the tallest and had the greatest final biomass when grown alone. When all three species were grown together, bushkiller grew over twice the height of trumpetcreeper, over three times the height of wild grape, and over four times the biomass of either competing species. Plots of height over time showed that competition did not affect bushkiller or wild grape growth rate, but trumpetcreeper growth was reduced when grown with bushkiller. In experiment 2, bushkiller was grown in cultures of one, two, and three plants per pot to determine intraspecific competition effects on growth. Final height of bushkiller was not affected by intraspecific competition; however, bushkiller biomass decreased with increasing competition.

New arylpicolinate herbicide chemistry under development for rice, aquatic weed management, and other uses was evaluated using five aquatic plants. The herbicide 4-amino-3-chloro-6-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl)-5-fluoro-pyridine-2-benzyl ester—also identified as XDE-848 BE or SX-1552 (proposed International Organization for Standardization common name in review; active tradename RinskorTM)—and its acid form (XDE-848 acid or SX-1552A) were evaluated on three dicots: (1) Eurasian watermilfoil (EWM), (2) megalodonta, and (3) crested floating heart (CFH), and two monocots: (1) hydrilla and (2) elodea. A small-scale Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) protocol developed using EWM for registration studies was utilized. EWM and megalodonta were also evaluated in larger-scale mesocosms for comparison. In-water concentrations between 0.01 and 243 μg ai L−1 as SX-1552 or SX-1552A were applied under static conditions for 14 (growth chamber) or 28 d (mesocosm). EWM was susceptible to both SX-1552 and SX-1552A, with dry-weight 50% effective concentration (EC50) values of 0.11 and 0.23 μg ai L−1 under growth chamber conditions. Megalodonta had EC50 values of 11.3 and 14.5 μg ai L−1 for the SX-1552 and SX-1552A. CFH was more sensitive to SX-1552 (EC50 = 5.6 μg ai L−1) than to SX-1552A (EC50 = 23.9 μg ai L−1). Hydrilla had EC50 values of 1.4 and 2.5 μg ai L−1, whereas elodea was more tolerant, with EC50 values of 6.9 and 13.1 μg ai L−1 for SX-1552 and SX-1552A, respectively. For EWM mesocosm trials, EC50 values for SX-1552 and 1552A were 0.12 μg ai L−1 and 0.58 μg ai L−1, whereas the megalodonta EC50 was 6.1 μg ai L−1. Activity of SX-1552 on EWM, hydrilla, and CFH merits continued investigation for selective aquatic weed control properties. Results suggest that the OECD protocol can be used to screen activity of herbicides for multiple aquatic plant species.