In this paper, we study generalized versions of Poisson-type processes obtained by time-changing them with the geometric counting process (GCP). Our work generalizes the results of Meoli (2023). We introduce the geometric time-changed Poisson processes of Type I (GTCPP-I) and Type II (GTCPP-II), the geometric generalized compound, and multiplicative Poisson processes for both types. We derive several distributional properties for the above-mentioned processes and study special cases, including the geometric space-fractional Poisson process, the geometric tempered space-fractional Poisson process, and the geometric time-fractional Poisson process. We also analyze the asymptotic behavior of the correlation structure. Finally, we discuss applications in shock models in reliability theory, deriving explicit reliability functions and failure rates under both the extreme shock model and the cumulative shock model.

The proliferation of information and communication technologies in US archaeology has created myriad expectations for professional labor throughout the life cycle of data. Technological adoption has outpaced the development of professional and ethical frameworks, leaving archaeological data labor unsustainable in our under-resourced discipline. This article reviews traditional Western paradigms underpinning legal and intellectual property models that have shaped archaeological data standards and contribute to problematic outcomes for archaeological data labor, alienate publics from primary data of publicly mandated heritage preservation, disregard Indigenous Data Sovereignty, and enable the extractive commodification of heritage for AI enterprises. To address these tensions, archaeologists must reshape data labor and its products by centering public goods and Indigenous rights in all aspects of their work. As scientific and cultural professionals, archaeologists should embrace best practices in data ecosystems to create, guide, and enforce governance principles that inform and promote labor sustainability and accountability. This article illuminates the current state of archaeological data labor across the discipline through a critical review of policies, legislation, and ethics surrounding data governance (e.g., CARE, FAIR, and the US OPEN Government Data Act) and describes how archaeologists can integrate these efforts into technological initiatives across the full spectrum of archaeological practice.

Residual blood specimens collected at health facilities may be a source of samples for serosurveys of adults, a population often neglected in community-based serosurveys. Anonymized residual blood specimens were collected from individuals 15 – 49 years of age attending two sub-district hospitals in Palghar District, Maharashtra, from November 2018 to March 2019. Specimens also were collected from women 15 – 49 years of age enrolled in a cross-sectional, community-based serosurvey representative at the district level that was conducted 2 – 7 months after the residual specimen collection. Specimens were tested for IgG antibodies to measles and rubella viruses. Measles and rubella seroprevalence estimates using facility-based specimens were 99% and 92%, respectively, with men having significantly lower rubella seropositivity than women. Age-specific measles and rubella seroprevalence estimates were similar between the two specimen sources. Although measles seropositivity was slightly higher among adults attending the facilities, both facility and community measles seroprevalence estimates were 95% or higher. The similarity in measles and rubella seroprevalence estimates between the community-based and facility serosurveys highlights the potential value of residual specimens to approximate community seroprevalence.

Residual blood specimens provide a sample repository that could be analyzed to estimate and track changes in seroprevalence with fewer resources than household-based surveys. We conducted parallel facility and community-based cross-sectional serological surveys in two districts in India, Kanpur Nagar District, Uttar Pradesh, and Palghar District, Maharashtra, before and after a measles-rubella supplemental immunization activity (MR-SIA) from 2018 to 2019. Anonymized residual specimens from children 9 months to younger than 15 years of age were collected from public and private diagnostic laboratories and public hospitals and tested for IgG antibodies to measles and rubella viruses. Significant increases in seroprevalence were observed following the MR SIA using the facility-based specimens. Younger children whose specimens were tested at a public facility in Kanpur Nagar District had significantly lower rubella seroprevalence prior to the SIA compared to those attending a private hospital, but this difference was not observed following the SIA. Similar increases in rubella seroprevalence were observed in facility-based and community-based serosurveys following the MR SIA, but trends in measles seroprevalence were inconsistent between the two specimen sources. Despite challenges with representativeness and limited metadata, residual specimens can be useful in estimating seroprevalence and assessing trends through facility-based sentinel surveillance.

We give an explicit formula for the Frobenius number of triples associated with the Diophantine equation $x^2+y^2=z^3$, that is, the largest positive integer that can only be represented in p ways by combining the three integers of the solutions of $x^2+y^2=z^3$. For the equation $x^2+y^2=z^2$, the Frobenius number has already been given. Our approach can be extended to the general equation $x^2+y^2=z^r$ for $r>3$.

This study investigates the inheritance pattern of petalous and apetalous traits in yellow sarson (Brassica rapa var yellow sarson) and its significance for breeding efforts. Utilizing three crucial crosses between petalous (Pant Sweta, Pant Girija, YSH0401) and ‘apetalous’ parents, we observed the absence of apetalous plants in the F1 generation, indicating dominant inheritance of petalous plants. The F2 generation consistently displayed a 3:1 ratio of petalous to apetalous plants, confirming the dominance of the petalous trait. Chi-squared tests on each generation supported this conclusion. Backcrosses with petalous parents yielded no fruit, reinforcing the dominance of the petalous trait. Chi-squared tests on these backcrosses further confirmed the dominance inheritance pattern. Conversely, backcrosses with apetalous parents consistently exhibited a 1:1 ratio, highlighting the recessive nature of the apetalous trait. The study underscores the importance of understanding the inheritance pattern of petalous and apetalous traits in B. rapa var yellow sarson crop, as it has implications for breeding goals. Knowledge on trait inheritance can guide future breeding strategies, facilitating the transfer of the apetalous trait as needed. This study provides valuable insights for genetic investigations and breeding initiatives in B. rapa var yellow sarson.

Archaeology in the United States is caught in a “curation crisis” (Childs 1995; Childs and Warner 2019; Marquardt et al. 1982; SAA Advisory Committee on Curation 2003; Trimble and Marino 2003) and a “digital data crisis” (or “deluge”) more specifically (Bevan 2015; Clarke 2015; Kansa and Kansa 2021; Katsianis et al. 2022; Kersel 2015; McManamon et al. 2017:239–240; Rivers Cofield et al. 2024). Recent estimates suggest that, collectively, over 1.4 billion dollars are spent annually to support archaeological work that is mandated by federal law (SRI Foundation 2020). Although substantial efforts are underway to generate and provide mechanisms for managing, curating, and sharing the resultant digital data, we suggest that a critical step that has yet to be taken is to describe and visualize the components, connections, and causal dynamics of the US digital data system as it currently functions. Here, we specifically apply a “systems thinking” approach to produce such a high-level model of this system. We argue that understanding and visualizing this system will help us all “think bigger” (Heilen and Manney 2023); identify sources of knowledge, opportunities for critical analysis, collaboration, and capacity building; and increase much-needed archaeological digital literacy (Kansa and Kansa 2022). We conceptualize this as bringing “equilibrium” to the system, and in this article, we make several suggestions on how to bring this about. These insights can enable practitioners to better understand their roles in and contributions to the overall system and to evaluate efforts to improve data sharing, management, and curation practices not only within their organizations and departments but beyond.

Reuse and sharing of archaeological data are tied to ethics in data practice, research design, and the rights of Indigenous peoples in decision-making about their heritage. In this article, the authors discuss how the CARE (Collective benefit, Authority to control, Responsibility, and Ethics) principles and Indigenous data governance create intellectual space for archaeological research. We show how archaeologists can use this framework to highlight hidden costs and labor associated with the “data ecosystem,” which are often borne by Indigenous nations and communities. The CARE framework gives voice to Indigenous peoples’ concerns around data sharing, curation, and reuse; ways we can redress these issues; and strategies that facilitate Indigenous nations and communities in deriving collective benefit from research. In archaeology, these efforts include greater work on heritage legislation and policy, repositioning Indigenous peoples as active stewards of their data, and building capacity in digital methods and ethical data practice. Each Indigenous nation and community has its own interests, values, and protocols, and we suggest paths to bring data practice into alignment with the CARE framework.

A fundamental task of archaeology is to address challenging scientific questions related to the complexity of human societies. If we are to systematically understand the processes that affect human societies on multiple spatial and temporal scales, research leveraging existing archaeological data is essential. However, only a fraction of the data from archaeological projects are publicly findable or accessible, let alone interoperable or reusable. This is the case despite statements of disciplinary ethics, availability of capable technologies for data stewardship, publications providing guidance, and legal mandates. This article introduces the FAIR principles for data stewardship in North American archaeology, which state that data should be Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable. We call for efforts to promote widespread adoption of the FAIR and CARE (Collective benefit, Authority to control, Responsibility, and Ethics) principles among professional organizations, publishers, data repositories, and researchers. We also call for adoption and implementation of requirements to adhere to these principles by governmental agencies, funding bodies, and other regulators of archaeological research. Ultimately, adoption of the FAIR principles in an ethical framework contributes to our understanding of our human experience and can lead to greater integration and reuse of research results, fostering increased partnerships between academia and industry.

Motivated by the results of Scott and Patel about “untangling” closed geodesics in finite covers of hyperbolic surfaces, we introduce and study primitivity, simplicity and non-filling index functions for finitely generated free groups. We obtain lower bounds for these functions and relate these free group results back to the setting of hyperbolic surfaces. An appendix by Khalid Bou–Rabee connects the primitivity index function fprim(n, FN) to the residual finiteness growth function for FN.

Zinc oxide (ZnO) thin film deposited onto indium tin oxide (ITO) coated Corning glass substrates using pulsed laser deposition (PLD) technique has been used as a matrix for realization of an efficient urea biosensor after immobilization of urease (Urs) enzyme onto the surface of ZnO. The bioelectrode (Urs/ZnO/ITO/glass) is found to be exhibiting an enhanced sensitivity of 22μΑmΜ−1cm−2 towards urea over a wide detection range of 5-200 mg/dl. The relatively low value of Michaelis menten constant (Km= 0.94mM) indicates high affinity of the immobilized urease towards the analyte (urea). The prepared biosensor retains 90% of its activity for more than 10 weeks. The observed enhanced response characteristics of bioelectrode are attributed to the growth of the matrix (highly c-axis oriented ZnO thin film) with desired surface morphology and high electron communication feature. The results confirm the promising application of PLD grown ZnO thin film as an efficient matrix for urea detection.

SnO2 based sensor structures prepared by rf magnetron sputtering technique have been studied for detecting H2 gas. Pd catalyst was integrated onto the SnO2 thin film in the form of clusters and nano-particles to obtain enhanced sensing response characteristics. The prepared sensor structures have been studied over a temperature range of 50-250°C for sensing response towards 500 ppm H2 gas. The sensor with Pd catalyst dispersed in the form of nanoparticles was found to exhibit an enhanced sensing response of 1.9×103 at a relatively low operating temperature of 150°C with a fast response time of 2 s and recovery time of 65 s towards 500 ppm H2 gas. The origin of enhanced sensing response is identified in the light of the enhanced spill over of H2 gas molecules on the uncovered surface of SnO2 thin film.