A doubly stochastic measure on the unit square is a Borel probability measure whose horizontal and vertical marginals both coincide with the Lebesgue measure. The set of doubly stochasticmeasures is convex and compact so its extremal points are of particular interest. The problem number 111 of Birkhoò is to provide a necessary and suõcient condition on the support of a doubly stochastic measure to guarantee extremality. It was proved by Beneš and Štepán that an extremal doubly stochastic measure is concentrated on a set which admits an aperiodic decomposition. Hestir and Williams later found a necessary condition which is nearly sufficient by further refining the aperiodic structure of the support of extremal doubly stochastic measures. Our objective in this work is to provide a more practical necessary and nearly sufficient condition for a set to support an extremal doubly stochastic measure.

We prove that for the linear scalar delay differential equation

$$\dot{x}\left( t \right)=-a\left( t \right)x\left( t \right)+b\left( t \right)x\left( t-1 \right)$$

with non-negative periodic coefficients of period $p\,>\,0$, the stability threshold for the trivial solution is $r\,:=\int_{0}^{p}{\left( b\left( t \right)-a\left( t \right) \right)}dt\,=\,0$, assuming that $b\left( t+1 \right)-a\left( t \right)$ does not change its sign. By constructing a class of explicit examples, we show the counter-intuitive result that, in general, $r\,=\,0$ is not a stability threshold.

The eigenvalue problem $-{{\Delta }_{p}}u-{{\Delta }_{q}}u=\lambda {{\left| u \right|}^{q-2}}u$ with $p\,\in \,\left( 1,\,\infty \right),\,q\,\in \,\left( 2,\,\infty \right),\,p\ne \,q$ subject to the corresponding homogeneous Neumann boundary condition is investigated on a bounded open set with smooth boundary from ${{\mathbb{R}}^{N}}$ with $N\,\ge \,2$. A careful analysis of this problem leads us to a complete description of the set of eigenvalues as being a precise interval $\left( {{\lambda }_{1,}}+\infty \right)$ plus an isolated point $\lambda \,=\,0$. This comprehensive result is strongly related to our framework, which is complementary to the well-known case $p\,=\,q\,\ne \,2$ for which a full description of the set of eigenvalues is still unavailable.

In the framework of homological characterizations of relative hyperbolicity, Groves and Manning posed the question of whether a simply connected 2-complex $X$ with a linear homological isoperimetric inequality, a bound on the length of attachingmaps of 2-cells, and finitely many 2-cells adjacent to any edge must have a fine 1-skeleton. We provide a positive answer to this question. We revisit a homological characterization of relative hyperbolicity and show that a group $G$ is hyperbolic relative to a collection of subgroups $P$ if and only if $G$ acts cocompactly with finite edge stabilizers on a connected 2-dimensional cell complex with a linear homological isoperimetric inequality and $P$ is a collection of representatives of conjugacy classes of vertex stabilizers.

We investigate whether the total character of a finite group $G$ is a polynomial in a suitable irreducible character of $G$ . When $\left( G,\,Z\left( G \right) \right)$ is a generalized Camina pair, we show that the total character is a polynomial in a faithful irreducible character of $G$ if and only if $Z\left( G \right)$ is cyclic.

In a group, a nonidentity element is called a generalized torsion element if some product of its conjugates equals the identity. We show that for many classical knots one can ûnd generalized torsion in the fundamental group of its complement, commonly called the knot group. It follows that such a group is not bi-orderable. Examples include all torus knots, the (hyperbolic) knot ${{5}_{2}}$ , and algebraic knots in the sense of Milnor.

It is known that there exists a canonical system for every finite real reflection group. In a previous paper, the first and the third authors obtained an explicit formula for a canonical system. In this article, we first define canonical systems for the finite unitary reflection groups, and then prove their existence. Our proof does not depend on the classification of unitary reflection groups. Furthermore, we give an explicit formula for a canonical system for every unitary reflection group.

We introduce a weaker notion of (semi)stability for vector bundles on reducible curves that does not depend on a choice of polarization and suffices for many applications of degeneration techniques. We explore the basic properties of this alternate notion of (semi)stability. In a complementary direction, we record a proof of the existence of semistable extensions of vector bundles in suitable degenerations.

Let $\mathfrak{a}$ be an ideal of a Noetherian local ring $R$ and let $C$ be a semidualizing $R$-module. For an $R$-module $X$, we denote any of the quantities $\text{f}{{\text{d}}_{R}}X,\,\text{Gf}{{\text{d}}_{R}}X$ and ${{\text{G}}_{\text{C}}}-\text{f}{{\text{d}}_{R}}\,X\,\text{by}\,\text{T}\left( X \right)$. Let $M$ be an $R$-module such that $\text{H}_{\mathfrak{a}}^{i}\left( M \right)\,=\,0$ for all $i\,\ne \,n$. It is proved that if $T\left( M \right)\,<\,\infty$, then $\text{T}\left( \text{H}_{\mathfrak{a}}^{n}\left( M \right) \right)\,\le \,\text{T}\left( M \right)\,+\,n$, and the equality holds whenever $M$ is finitely generated. With the aid of these results, among other things, we characterize Cohen–Macaulay modules, dualizing modules, and Gorenstein rings.

Let ${{G}_{1}},\,{{G}_{2}},\,.\,.\,.\,,\,{{G}_{t}}$ be arbitrary graphs. The Ramsey number $R\left( {{G}_{1}},\,{{G}_{2}},\,.\,.\,.,{{G}_{t}} \right)$ is the smallest positive integer $n$ such that if the edges of the complete graph ${{K}_{n}}$ are partitioned into $t$ disjoint color classes giving $t$ graphs ${{H}_{1}},\,{{H}_{2}},\,.\,.\,.\,,\,{{H}_{t}}$ , then at least one ${{H}_{i}}$ has a subgraph isomorphic to ${{G}_{i}}$ . In this paper, we provide the exact value of the $R({{T}_{n}},\,{{W}_{m}})$ for odd $m,\,n\,\ge \,m-1$ , where ${{T}_{n}}$ is either a caterpillar, a tree with diameter at most four, or a tree with a vertex adjacent to at least $\left\lceil \frac{n}{2} \right\rceil \,-\,2$ leaves, and ${{W}_{n}}$ is the wheel on $n\,+\,1$ vertices. Also, we determine $R\left( {{C}_{n}},\,{{W}_{m}} \right)$ for even integers $n$ and $m,\,n\,\ge \,m\,+\,500$ , which improves a result of Shi and confirms a conjecture of Surahmat et al. In addition, the multicolor Ramsey number of trees versus an odd wheel is discussed in this paper.

Let $X$ be a smooth projective curve of arbitrary genus $g\,>\,3$ over the complex numbers. In this short note we will show that the moduli space of rank $2$ stable vector bundles with determinant isomorphic to ${{L}_{x}}$ , where ${{L}_{x}}$ denotes the line bundle corresponding to a point $x\,\in \,X$, is isomorphic to a certain variety of lines in the moduli space of $S$-equivalence classes of semistable bundles of rank $2$ with trivial determinant.

We give a precise description of the homology group of the Fermat curve as a cyclic module over a group ring. As an application, we prove the freeness of the profinite homology of the Fermat tower. This allows us to define measures, an equivalent of Anderson's adelic beta functions, in a manner similar to Ihara's definition of $\ell$-adic universal power series for Jacobi sums. We give a simple proof of the interpolation property using a motivic decomposition of the Fermat curve.

All rings are commutative with identity, and all modules are unital. In this paper we introduce the concept of a quasi-copure submodule of a multiplication $R$-module $M$ and will give some results about it. We give some properties of the tensor product of finitely generated faithful multiplication modules.

The annihilating-ideal graph of a commutative ring $R$, denoted by $\mathbb{A}\mathbb{G}\left( R \right)$, is a graph whose vertex set consists of all non-zero annihilating ideals and two distinct vertices $I$ and $J$ are adjacent if and only if $IJ\,=\,\left( 0 \right)$. Here we show that if $R$ is a reduced ring and the independence number of $\mathbb{A}\mathbb{G}\left( R \right)$ is finite, then the edge chromatic number of $\mathbb{A}\mathbb{G}\left( R \right)$ equals its maximum degree and this number equals ${{2}^{\left| \min \left( R \right) \right|-1}}-\,1$; also, it is proved that the independence number of $\mathbb{A}\mathbb{G}\left( R \right)$ equals ${{2}^{\left| \min \left( R \right) \right|-1}}$, where $\min \left( R \right)$ denotes the set of minimal prime ideals of $R$. Then we give some criteria for a graph to be isomorphic with an annihilating-ideal graph of a ring. For example, it is shown that every bipartite annihilating-ideal graph is a complete bipartite graph with at most two horns. Among other results, it is shown that a finite graph $\mathbb{A}\mathbb{G}\left( R \right)$ is not Eulerian, and that it is Hamiltonian if and only if $R$ contains no Gorenstain ring as its direct summand.

In this paper, we consider the quasi-linear elliptic problem

$$-M\left( {{\int }_{{{\mathbb{R}}^{N}}}}{{\left| x \right|}^{-ap}}{{\left| {{\nabla }_{u}} \right|}^{p}}dx \right)\,\text{div}\left( {{\left| x \right|}^{-ap}}{{\left| \nabla u \right|}^{p-2}}\nabla u \right)=\frac{\alpha }{\alpha +\beta }H\left( x \right){{\left| u \right|}^{\alpha -2}}u{{\left| v \right|}^{\beta }}+\text{ }\lambda \text{ }{{\text{h}}_{1}}\left( x \right){{\left| u \right|}^{q-2}}u,$$

$$-M\left( {{\int }_{{{\mathbb{R}}^{N}}}}{{\left| x \right|}^{-ap}}{{\left| \nabla v \right|}^{p}}dx \right)\,\text{div}\left( {{\left| x \right|}^{-ap}}{{\left| \nabla v \right|}^{p-2}}\nabla v \right)=\frac{\beta }{\alpha +\beta }H\left( x \right){{\left| v \right|}^{\beta -2}}v{{\left| u \right|}^{\alpha }}+\mu {{h}_{2}}\left( x \right){{\left| v \right|}^{q-2}}v,$$

$$u\left( x \right)>0,v\left( x \right)>0,x\in {{\mathbb{R}}^{N}},$$

where $\text{ }\lambda \text{ ,}\mu >\text{0,}\text{1}<\text{p}<\text{N,}\text{1}<\text{q}<\text{p}<\text{p}\left( \tau +1 \right)<\alpha +\beta <{{p}^{*}}=\frac{{{N}_{p}}}{N-p},0\le a<\frac{N-p}{p},a\le b<a+1,d=a+1-b>0,M\left( s \right)=k+l{{s}^{\tau }},k>0,l,\tau \ge 0$ and the weight $H\left( x \right),\,{{h}_{1}}\left( x \right),\,{{h}_{2}}\left( x \right)$ are continuous functions that change sign in ${{\mathbb{R}}^{N}}$ . We will prove that the problem has at least two positive solutions by using the Nehari manifold and the fibering maps associated with the Euler functional for this problem.

The purpose of this paper is to characterize positive measure $\mu$ on the unit disk such that the analytic Morrey space $\mathcal{A}{{\mathcal{L}}_{p,\eta }}$ is boundedly and compactly embedded to the tent space

$$\mathcal{J}_{q,1-\frac{q}{p}\left( 1-\eta \right)}^{\infty }\left( \mu \right)$$

for the case $1\,\le \,q\,\le \,p\,<\,\infty$ respectively. As an application, these results are used to establish the boundedness and compactness of integral operators and multipliers between analytic Morrey spaces.

The unitary Cayley graph of a ring $R$, denoted $\Gamma \left( R \right)$, is the simple graph defined on all elements of $R$, and where two vertices $x$ and $y$ are adjacent if and only if $x\,-\,y$ is a unit in $R$. The largest distance between all pairs of vertices of a graph $G$ is called the diameter of $G$ and is denoted by $\text{diam}\left( G \right)$. It is proved that for each integer $n\,\ge \,1$, there exists a ring $R$ such that $\text{diam}\left( \Gamma \left( R \right) \right)=n$. We also show that $\text{diam}\left( \Gamma \left( R \right) \right)\in \left\{ 1,2,3,\infty \right\}$ for a ring $R$ with ${R}/{J\left( R \right)}\;$ self-injective and classify all those rings with $\text{diam}\left( \Gamma \left( R \right) \right)\,=\,1,\,2,\,3$, and $\infty$, respectively.

We prove a Khintchine type inequality under the assumption that the sumof Rademacher randomvariables equals zero. We also showa newtail-bound for a hypergeometric random variable.

For any ${{C}^{*}}$ -algebra $A$ with an approximate unit of projections, there is a smallest ideal $I$ of $A$ such that the quotient $A$ / $I$ is stably finite. In this paper a sufficient and necessary condition for an ideal of a ${{C}^{*}}$ -algebra with real rank zero to be this smallest ideal is obtained by using $K$ -theory

Let $R$ be a ring. The following results are proved. $\left( 1 \right)$ Every element of $R$ is a sum of an idempotent and a tripotent that commute if and only if $R$ has the identity ${{x}^{6}}\,=\,{{x}^{4}}$ if and only if $R\,\cong \,{{R}_{1}}\,\times \,{{R}_{2}}$, where ${{{R}_{1}}}/{J\left( {{R}_{1}} \right)}\;$ is Boolean with $U\left( {{R}_{1}} \right)$ a group of exponent $2$ and ${{R}_{2}}$ is zero or a subdirect product of ${{\mathbb{Z}}_{3}}^{,}s$. $\left( 2 \right)$ Every element of $R$ is either a sum or a difference of two commuting idempotents if and only if $R\,\cong \,{{R}_{1}}\,\times \,{{R}_{2}}$, where ${{{R}_{1}}}/{J\left( {{R}_{1}} \right)}\;$ is Boolean with $J\left( R \right)\,=\,0$ or $J\left( R \right)\,=\,\left\{ 0,\,2 \right\}$ and ${{R}_{2}}$ is zero or a subdirect product of ${{\mathbb{Z}}_{3}}^{,}s$. $\left( 3 \right)$ Every element of $R$ is a sum of two commuting tripotents if and only if $R\,\cong \,{{R}_{1}}\,\times \,{{R}_{2}}\,\times \,{{R}_{3}}$, where ${{{R}_{1}}}/{J\left( {{R}_{1}} \right)}\;$ is Boolean with $U\left( {{R}_{1}} \right)$ a group of exponent $2$ , ${{R}_{2}}$ is zero or a subdirect product of ${{\mathbb{Z}}_{3}}^{,}s$, and ${{R}_{3}}$ is zero or a subdirect product of ${{\mathbb{Z}}_{5}}^{,}s$.