71 results
The influence of paternity leave uptake on parental post-partum depression: An ELFE cohort study
- K. M. Barry, R. Gomajee, X. Benarous, M.-N. Dufourg, E. Courtin, M. Melchior
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- Journal:
- European Psychiatry / Volume 66 / Issue S1 / March 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 19 July 2023, p. S367
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Introduction
Many countries are currently expanding their paternity leave policies, which have positive effects on parental mental health.
ObjectivesWe examined whether two weeks of paid paternity leave are associated with post-partum depression (PPD) in mothers and fathers at two months after the birth of their child.
MethodsData originated from The Etude Longitudinale Française depuis l’Enfance (ELFE) cohort study. A total of 10 975 fathers and 13 075 mothers with reported information on paternity leave and PPD at two months were included in the statistical analyses. Logistic regression models, using survey-weighted data and adjusted for confounders using Inverse Probability Weights (IPW), yielded Odds Ratios.
ResultsFathers had a median age of 32∙6 (inter-quartile range (IQR) 36∙9 – 22∙6 years), and mothers had a median age of 30∙5 years (IQR 34∙0 – 27∙1 years) at the time of the ELFE child’s birth. Fathers who took paternity leave had reduced odds of PPD [0∙74 (95% CI: 0∙70 -0∙78)] as well as fathers who intended to take paternity leave [0∙76 (95 CI%: 0∙70 – 0∙82)] compared to fathers who did not take paternity leave. Mothers had an increased likelihood of PPD at two months if their partners took paternity leave [1∙13 (95 CI%: 1∙05 – 1∙20)]. Fathers’ educational level, work contract type nor the number of children in the family were found to be interactions (p>0.25).
ConclusionsTaking and intending to take a two-week paid paternity leave is associated with lower odds of PPD in fathers. Mothers whose partners take paternity leave experience borderline higher odds of PPD at two months. Offering only a two-week paternity leave may protect fathers against PPD but does not significantly protect may increase mothers’ risk of against PPD onset.
Disclosure of InterestNone Declared
Early childcare from 0 to 3 years and child behavioural difficulties at age 5.5 years in France, data from the ELFE mother-child cohort
- A. R. Gomajee, K. M. Barry, M. Melchior
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- Journal:
- European Psychiatry / Volume 66 / Issue S1 / March 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 19 July 2023, pp. S715-S716
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Introduction
Previous studies have showed that the type of early childcare can be associated with child behavioural difficulties though results vary across countries.
ObjectivesTo investigate the link between early childcare from birth to 3 years and child behavioural difficulties at age 5.5 years, in the French context.
MethodsIn this study (n = 9,699), parents participating in the French ELFE birth cohort reported their child main childcare type used between birth and three years of age (centre-based (22.6%), childminder (43.6%), informal (8.2%) or parents only [25.7%)), and the child’s behaviour through the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) at age 5.5 years. Scores were calculated for each SDQ subscale as well as the total SDQ scores. Logistic regression analyses were carried out adjusting on socio-demographic, parents’ and child’s characteristics to evaluate the association between early childcare type and abnormal SDQ total score (>16) as well as subscale scores.
ResultsIn the study population, 584 (6.02%) children had abnormal SDQ total score, and 1,104 (11.4%) in the emotional subscale, 573 (5.91%) in the peer relationship subscale, 1,433 (14.8%) in behavioural subscale, and 1,097 (11,3%) in the hyperactivity subscale. After adjusting, compared to children who were looked after by their parents only, those who were in centre-based childcare had a lower likelihood of having an abnormal SDQ total score (ORa = 0.76 [95% CI: 0.58 – 0.99]), while there was no significant difference for children who were in a childminder’s care (ORa = 0.94 [95% CI: 0.75 – 1.17]) or in an informal childcare (ORa = 1.18 [95% CI: 0.86 – 1.63]). In additional analyses, we found that compared to children in parental care only, children in centre-based childcare had a decreased likelihood of having abnormal internalising subscales scores: emotional subscale, (ORa = 0.81 [95% CI: 0.67 – 0.99]) and peer relationship subscale, (ORa = 0.79 [95% CI: 0.61 – 1.02]). All other associations were not significant except for the informal childcare which was associated to a higher likelihood of abnormal behavioural subscale (ORa = 1.29 [95% CI: 1.03 – 1.62]).
ConclusionsIn the French ELFE cohort, early centre-based childcare was linked to lower likelihood of having internalising problems in children at age 5.5 years. Further studies should focus on the possible mecanisms of this association. Family and childhood policies should aim to make centre-based childcare accessible to more children.
Disclosure of InterestNone Declared
F.6 Cranial neurosurgery medicolegal cases in Canada: a ten-year analysis of Canadian Medical Protective Association (CMPA) data
- G Garber, P Finestone, R Liu, T Barry, K Tourigny, S Barry
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- Journal:
- Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Volume 50 / Issue s2 / June 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 05 June 2023, p. S57
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Background: Neurosurgery is a high-risk specialty with a low margin of error. We aim to assess the risk of neurosurgeons being involved in medicolegal cases in Canada. Methods: This retrospective descriptive study evaluated ten years (2012-2021) of closed legal cases, college cases, and hospital complaints against neurosurgeons with data from the CMPA. Included cases were cranial cases, VP shunts, or cases where a catheter or wire was inserted into the brain. Cases excluded angiography, radiation, ultrasound, or percutaneous procedures. Results: We identified 77 cases (66 urgent or emergent). Neurosurgeons had a significantly higher medicolegal risk than the CMPA surgeon membership, however lower risk compared to all physician specialties. Legal cases accounted for 69% with favourable outcomes in 52%. Forty-one cases involved post-operative complications and 16 cases involved VP shunts. Multiple surgeons or residents could be involved spanning age groups and years in practice. Thirty-four cases had a harmful incident, 41% of these severe. The majority of cases occurred at urban centers. The average case duration was 41 months. Conclusions: This study provides a recent medicolegal analysis of cranial neurosurgery in Canada. We identified areas of common complaints and hope the data can be used to mitigate risk surgical risk in the future.
Law without the State: Legal Attributes and the Coordination of Decentralized Collective Punishment
- Gillian K. Hadfield, Barry R. Weingast
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- Journal:
- Journal of Law and Courts / Volume 1 / Issue 1 / Spring 2013
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 21 October 2022, pp. 3-34
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Most social scientists take for granted that law is defined by the presence of a centralized authority capable of exacting coercive penalties for violations of legal rules. Moreover, the existing approach to analyzing law in economics and positive political theory works with a very thin concept of law that does not account for the distinctive attributes of legal order as compared with other forms of social order. Drawing on a model developed elsewhere, we reinterpret key case studies to demonstrate how a theoretically informed approach illuminates questions about the emergence, stability, and function of law in supporting economic and democratic growth.
The prescriber’s guide to classic MAO inhibitors (phenelzine, tranylcypromine, isocarboxazid) for treatment-resistant depression
- Vincent Van den Eynde, Wegdan R. Abdelmoemin, Magid M. Abraham, Jay D. Amsterdam, Ian M. Anderson, Chittaranjan Andrade, Glen B. Baker, Aartjan T.F. Beekman, Michael Berk, Tom K. Birkenhäger, Barry B. Blackwell, Pierre Blier, Marc B.J. Blom, Alexander J. Bodkin, Carlo I. Cattaneo, Bezalel Dantz, Jonathan Davidson, Boadie W. Dunlop, Ryan F. Estévez, Shalom S. Feinberg, John P.M. Finberg, Laura J. Fochtmann, David Gotlib, Andrew Holt, Thomas R. Insel, Jens K. Larsen, Rajnish Mago, David B. Menkes, Jonathan M. Meyer, David J. Nutt, Gordon Parker, Mark D. Rego, Elliott Richelson, Henricus G. Ruhé, Jerónimo Sáiz-Ruiz, Stephen M. Stahl, Thomas Steele, Michael E. Thase, Sven Ulrich, Anton J.L.M. van Balkom, Eduard Vieta, Ian Whyte, Allan H. Young, Peter K. Gillman
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- Journal:
- CNS Spectrums / Volume 28 / Issue 4 / August 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 15 July 2022, pp. 427-440
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This article is a clinical guide which discusses the “state-of-the-art” usage of the classic monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) antidepressants (phenelzine, tranylcypromine, and isocarboxazid) in modern psychiatric practice. The guide is for all clinicians, including those who may not be experienced MAOI prescribers. It discusses indications, drug-drug interactions, side-effect management, and the safety of various augmentation strategies. There is a clear and broad consensus (more than 70 international expert endorsers), based on 6 decades of experience, for the recommendations herein exposited. They are based on empirical evidence and expert opinion—this guide is presented as a new specialist-consensus standard. The guide provides practical clinical advice, and is the basis for the rational use of these drugs, particularly because it improves and updates knowledge, and corrects the various misconceptions that have hitherto been prominent in the literature, partly due to insufficient knowledge of pharmacology. The guide suggests that MAOIs should always be considered in cases of treatment-resistant depression (including those melancholic in nature), and prior to electroconvulsive therapy—while taking into account of patient preference. In selected cases, they may be considered earlier in the treatment algorithm than has previously been customary, and should not be regarded as drugs of last resort; they may prove decisively effective when many other treatments have failed. The guide clarifies key points on the concomitant use of incorrectly proscribed drugs such as methylphenidate and some tricyclic antidepressants. It also illustrates the straightforward “bridging” methods that may be used to transition simply and safely from other antidepressants to MAOIs.
13 - A Positive Theory of the Rule of Law
- from Part III - Moralities
- Edited by Jens Meierhenrich, Martin Loughlin
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- The Cambridge Companion to the Rule of Law
- Published online:
- 03 August 2021
- Print publication:
- 12 August 2021, pp 237-258
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Summary
What is the rule of law, and under what conditions does it become a self-reinforcing, stable order? Missing from the various literatures that have attempted an answer is a coherent attempt to create a satisfying account of the microfoundations of the behaviors that generate and sustain a distinctively legal order. Whether philosophical or applied, existing approaches to the rule of law have neglected the question of what, exactly, is distinct about law’s rule. We do not yet know enough about what sets legal ordering apart from other strategies of ordering, be they economic, political, or violent.1 This chapter responds to this lacuna. In so doing it gives an account of the kinds of things required for a positive theory of the rule of law.
LGBTQ State Legislative Candidates in an Era of Backlash
- Donald P. Haider-Markel, Patrick Gauding, Andrew Flores, Daniel C. Lewis, Patrick R. Miller, Barry Tadlock, Jami K. Taylor
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- Journal:
- PS: Political Science & Politics / Volume 53 / Issue 3 / July 2020
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 10 July 2020, pp. 453-459
- Print publication:
- July 2020
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In 2017, transgender woman Danica Roem stunned political observers in Virginia by unseating a long-time anti-LGBTQ legislator from a conservative district in the Virginia House of Delegates.1 She was the first openly transgender person elected and seated to a state legislature. Delegate Roem’s election was historic in LGBTQ political representation, but it also occurred in a period when backlash against the LGBTQ community seemed to be growing (Taylor, Lewis, and Haider-Markel 2018). These two threads led us to ask: How are LGBTQ candidates achieving historic successes even as forces seem mobilized against them?
179 Palatability Assessment of a New Amphetamine Extended-Release Tablet Formulation
- Barry K. Herman, Thomas R. King, Judith C. Kando, Antonio Pardo
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- Journal:
- CNS Spectrums / Volume 25 / Issue 2 / April 2020
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 24 April 2020, p. 313
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Background:
In 2016, the US FDA issued an industry guidance document “Quality Attribute Considerations for Chewable Tablets” which describes the quality attributes to be considered when developing chewable tablets. It includes recommendations on selection of acceptance criteria for measuring palatability (having a taste acceptable to the patient or has adequate masking). These data are now recommended as part of ANDA submissions. Palatability is a known positive contributing factor to drug adherence and persistence. We summarize here palatability data for a new amphetamine extended-release tablet (Dyanavel XR® Extended Release Tablet; AMPH ER TAB).
Methods:This was a 2-arm preplanned secondary analysis from a comparative bioavailability study: single-dose AMPH ER TAB 20 mg chewed under fasting (Treatment A) and fed (Treatment B) conditions. Subjects rated the palatability of AMPH ER TAB (Treatments A+B) through a 5-question palatability questionnaire. The questions included in the palatability questionnaire were as follows:
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1. Oral sensation/mouth feel of the drug product
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2. Taste of the drug product
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3. How strong is the taste?
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4. Aftertaste of the product
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5. How strong is the aftertaste?
Subjects completed the questionnaire within 10 minutes from the time of drug administration, which was evaluated and scored according to the rubric below:
Q1, Q2, Q4: palatability- Very unpleasant (score of 1), Unpleasant (2), No sensation or mouthfeel (3), Pleasant (4), and Very pleasant (5)
Q3, Q5 (Taste/aftertaste strength): Very strong (score of 1), Strong (2), Moderate (3), Mild (4), No aftertaste (5).
Scores of 1-2 for both categories were Negative; score of 3 was Neutral, and 4-5 were Positive.
Results:35 subjects comprised the palatability dataset (completed one question on the questionnaire). In the palatability analysis, for treatments A and B, most of the subjects rated the oral sensation/mouth feel of AMPH ER TAB (Question 1) and the taste of AMPH ER TAB (Question 2) as positive (pleasant to very pleasant) (70.1% and 83.6%, respectively).
When evaluating taste strength (Question 3): 43.3% rated the strength as positive (mild/no taste) and 43.3% of subjects rated the strength as neutral (moderate taste). Also, 82.1% rated the aftertaste of AMPH ER TAB (Question 4) as positive (pleasant/very pleasant) and 52.2% rated the strength of the aftertaste as positive (mild/no taste).
Conclusion:Most subjects rated the oral sensation and taste as pleasant or very pleasant, whether chewed under fasted conditions or after a meal. With respect to the taste strength, most subjects rated it as moderate (chewed under fasted conditions) or mild/no taste (chewed after a meal). Aftertaste was rated as pleasant or very pleasant in most subjects, with the strength as moderate (chewed under fasted conditions) or mild/no aftertaste (chewed after a meal). AMPH ER Tablets provided an overall pleasant taste and mouthfeel experience for patients.
Funding Acknowledgements: Tris Pharma, Inc.
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P0266 - Screening for poor mental health functioning in a US inner-city emergency department
- B.M. Booth, F.C. Blow, M.A. Walton, S.T. Chermack, K. Barry, L.S. Massey, R. Cunningham
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- Journal:
- European Psychiatry / Volume 23 / Issue S2 / April 2008
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 16 April 2020, p. S271
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Background:
Many mentally distressed individuals seek emergency department (ED) care in the US, but the extent and correlates of significant mental health problems in such patients is unknown.
Methods:All patients aged 18-60 presenting to an inner-city midwestern US ED April 2006-March 2007 were approached to participate in brief health screening. Exclusions were serious trauma preventing interview, unable to provide informed consent, pregnancy, acute suicidality, or presenting for psychiatric evaluation. Consenting patients completed a short web-tablet screen, including SF-12 for mental and physical health status, recent substance use and DSM-IV diagnoses of substance use disorders.
Results:The lowest 25% on the SF-12 Mental Health Component were assigned to “poor mental health functioning” (PMHF). 5641 patients participated (58% female, 57% African-American). In bivariate analysis, the PMHF group was significantly more likely to be unmarried, female, use cocaine and marijuana, and binge drink in the past year, and have DSM-IV substance use disorders. Multiple logistic regression found that being female (OR=1.8), older (OR=1.01), not being married (OR=1.2) and DSM-IV alcohol abuse and dependence (OR=1.7, 2.4), cocaine abuse and dependence (OR=1.9, 2.0), and marijuana dependence (OR=1.7) were all independent predictors of PMHF. In a separate model, use of cocaine (OR=2.7) and marijuana (OR=1.7) but not use of alcohol, were independent predictors of PMHF as well as gender, age, and marital status.
Conclusions:Therefore PMHF in ED patients is strongly associated with recent substance use. ED clinicians should regularly ascertain both mental health status and substance use and refer for additional services where appropriate.
Single-dose pharmacokinetics of amphetamine extended-release tablets compared with amphetamine extended-release oral suspension
- Antonio Pardo, Judith C. Kando, Thomas R. King, Eman Rafla, Barry K. Herman
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- Journal:
- CNS Spectrums / Volume 25 / Issue 6 / December 2020
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 22 January 2020, pp. 774-781
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Objective
Evaluate the relative bioavailability of single-dose amphetamine extended-release tablet (AMPH ER TAB) 20 mg, swallowed whole or chewed, and amphetamine extended-release oral suspension (AMPH EROS) 2.5 mg/mL; evaluate food effect on AMPH ER TAB.
MethodsHealthy volunteers (18–55 years) were randomized to 1 dose of AMPH ER TAB 20 mg swallowed (fasted), chewed (fed/fasted), or 20 mg AMPH EROS (fasted). A crossover study design was used. Plasma samples were collected each period predose and at time points to 60 hours postdose. d- and l-amphetamine were measured and pharmacokinetic (PK) was calculated (90% confidence intervals of the ratios of the plasma levels) for AUC0-t, AUC0-∞, and Cmax. Comparative relative bioavailability between formulations was determined when ratios were within 80% and 125%. Safety was also assessed.
ResultsThirty-two subjects completed the study. AMPH ER TAB swallowed versus AMPH EROS (fasted): for d- and l-amphetamine, the total and peak exposure was similar: d: AUC0-t: 100.68% to 108.08%, AUC0-∞: 101.47% to 109.52%, Cmax: 98.10% to 103.17%; l: AUC0-t: 100.31% to 108.57%, AUC0-∞: 101.27% to 111.09%, Cmax: 98.2% to 103.37%. For d- and l-amphetamine when the tablet is swallowed whole, Tmax was 5.00 hours (with a range of 2.00–9.00 hours). AMPH ER TAB chewed versus AMPH EROS (fasted): for d- and l-amphetamine, the total and peak exposure was similar: d: AUC0-t: 99.23% to 106.62%, AUC0-∞: 99.58% to 107.59%, Cmax: 99.91% to 105.14%; l: AUC0-t: 98.16% to 106.35%, AUC0-∞: 98.44% to 108.11%, Cmax: 99.53% to 104.75%. For d- and l-amphetamine when the tablet has been chewed, Tmax was 5.00 hours (with a range of 3.00-7.00 hours). PK results were similar for patients in the fasted and fed groups, indicative of no presence of food effect. No serious adverse events (AEs) were reported, overall AE profiles between the tablet and oral suspension were comparable without any unanticipated safety concerns.
ConclusionsSingle doses of AMPH ER TAB for both d- and l-amphetamine demonstrated comparable bioavailability to a 20 mg dose of AMPH EROS, 2.5 mg/mL under fasted conditions when chewed and swallowed whole, and demonstrated equivalent peak and overall exposure without apparent food effect. AMPH ER TAB was well-tolerated and consistent with adverse events noted in other amphetamine formulations.
Gridded and direct Epoch of Reionisation bispectrum estimates using the Murchison Widefield Array
- Cathryn M. Trott, Catherine A. Watkinson, Christopher H. Jordan, Shintaro Yoshiura, Suman Majumdar, N. Barry, R. Byrne, B. J. Hazelton, K. Hasegawa, R. Joseph, T. Kaneuji, K. Kubota, W. Li, J. Line, C. Lynch, B. McKinley, D. A. Mitchell, M. F. Morales, S. Murray, B. Pindor, J. C. Pober, M. Rahimi, J. Riding, K. Takahashi, S. J. Tingay, R. B. Wayth, R. L. Webster, M. Wilensky, J. S. B. Wyithe, Q. Zheng, David Emrich, A. P. Beardsley, T. Booler, B. Crosse, T. M. O. Franzen, L. Horsley, M. Johnston-Hollitt, D. L. Kaplan, D. Kenney, D. Pallot, G. Sleap, K. Steele, M. Walker, A. Williams, C. Wu
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- Journal:
- Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia / Volume 36 / 2019
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 18 July 2019, e023
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We apply two methods to estimate the 21-cm bispectrum from data taken within the Epoch of Reionisation (EoR) project of the Murchison Widefield Array (MWA). Using data acquired with the Phase II compact array allows a direct bispectrum estimate to be undertaken on the multiple redundantly spaced triangles of antenna tiles, as well as an estimate based on data gridded to the uv-plane. The direct and gridded bispectrum estimators are applied to 21 h of high-band (167–197 MHz; z = 6.2–7.5) data from the 2016 and 2017 observing seasons. Analytic predictions for the bispectrum bias and variance for point-source foregrounds are derived. We compare the output of these approaches, the foreground contribution to the signal, and future prospects for measuring the bispectra with redundant and non-redundant arrays. We find that some triangle configurations yield bispectrum estimates that are consistent with the expected noise level after 10 h, while equilateral configurations are strongly foreground-dominated. Careful choice of triangle configurations may be made to reduce foreground bias that hinders power spectrum estimators, and the 21-cm bispectrum may be accessible in less time than the 21-cm power spectrum for some wave modes, with detections in hundreds of hours.
87 Efficacy Measures in an Open-label Dose-Optimization of an Amphetamine Extended-Release Oral Suspension in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
- Andrew Cutler, Antonio Pardo, Thomas R. King, Judith C. Kando, Barry K. Herman
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- Journal:
- CNS Spectrums / Volume 24 / Issue 1 / February 2019
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 12 March 2019, pp. 218-219
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Objectives
Report the efficacy of open-label amphetamine extended-release oral suspension (AMPH EROS) for the treatment of children with ADHD.
AMPH EROS has a 1-hr onset of effect and a duration of action of 13hours and was approved by FDA for treatment of ADHD in children aged 6–17 years based on a double-blind, placebo-controlled efficacy and safety study in children aged 6–12 years with ADHD. A significant treatment difference in change from pre-dose SKAMP-combined score was observed at the primary endpoint of 4hours post-dose (p<0.0001) and each post-dose time point assessed (1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13hours).
Data reported here are from the 5-week, open-label dose optimization period. These efficacy data support the primary endpoint result.
MethodsMales and females aged 6 to 12 years with ADHD enrolled and began open-label treatment with 2.5 mg or 5mg/day of AMPH EROS titrated in 2.5–10mg/day increments until optimal dose (maximum 20mg/day). Doses could be decreased for tolerability. Subjects took morning AMPH EROS for 5weeks. Other efficacy outcomes during the open-label dose optimization phase: ADHD-RS (ADHD-Rating Scale), CGI-S (Clinical Global Impression of Severity), CGI-I (CGI-of Improvement) and CPRS (Conners’ Parent Rating Scale). All subjects were assessed for safety.
ResultsFor the ITT population (n=99): treatment with AMPH EROS was associated with a mean change in ADHD-RS-IV (baseline to end of the open-label dose optimization; week 6) of 28.2 (±9.03) (Baseline score = 41.3±7.95). 90.9% of subjects had a change from baseline to open-label week 6 of ≥50% in the ADHD-RS-IV total score and were defined as responders. The CGI-S scores decreased continuously from baseline, with a high 4.8 at baseline to a low of 2.0 at open-label week 6. The percentage of subjects classified as moderately ill or greater correspondingly decreased from 97% at Baseline to 1% at open-label week 6. The decrease in the CGI-I over the study was similar to the change in CGI-S scores. CPRS for most categories decreased continuously from Baseline to open-label week 6. Mean change from baseline to open-label week 6 on the CPRS inattention T-score subscale was –25.3 (±14.38) and –24.4 (±13.87).
Adverse events (>5%) reported during dose optimization were decreased appetite, insomnia, affect lability, upper abdominal pain, mood swings and headache.
ConclusionAMPH EROS was effective in reducing symptoms of ADHD in this open-label dose optimization. The AE profile of AMPH EROS was consistent with those of other amphetamine products.
Funding Acknowledgements: This work was funded by Tris Pharma, Inc.
31 A Modified-Release Drug Delivery Technology Containing Amphetamine-Ion Exchange Complexes
- Barry K. Herman, Thomas R. King, Judith C. Kando, Antonio Pardo
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- Journal:
- CNS Spectrums / Volume 24 / Issue 1 / February 2019
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 12 March 2019, p. 191
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The proprietary, immediate and extended drug delivery technologyLiquiXR® utilizes an ion-exchange resin that complexes with amphetamine or any active moiety that can be protonated and is water-soluble. The active ingredient of the drug product forms a complex with an ion exchange polymer of the resin resulting in micron-sized particles. A portion of these particles is then coated with an aqueous, pH-independent polymer designed to provide sustained release of drug product. The polymer coating applied to the ion-exchange resin particles is of varying thickness, allowing for extended release of active drug while uncoated particles provide for immediate release of drug.
The micron-sized particles lend themselves to being formulated into an appropriate dosage form: solid/chewable tablet, liquid suspension, orally disintegrating tablet, film, or capsules. Active ingredient of drug product is subsequently released from the dosage form in millions of particles, with release driven by a combination of ion exchange and diffusion. After drug release, the ion-exchange resin particles are excreted in the feces.
The release characteristics of LiquiXR allow for customized, sustained release of active drug ∼24hours post dose. Mechanistically, drug particles enter the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. As positively-charged ions from GI fluids diffuse across the coating, it displaces drug ions from product and they diffuse through the coating and into the GI fluids for absorption. As the coating is of variable thickness, some drug product takes longer to diffuse and absorb, providing for the delayed drug release characteristics.
The LiquiXR drug delivery technology has already been successfully utilized in the development of treatment options (liquid suspension and chewable tablet) that offer rapid absorption and sustained plasma levels after once-daily dosing. LiquiXR is utilized in Dyanavel® XR (amphetamine extended-release oral suspension; AMPH EROS), which is indicated for treatment of ADHD. It comprises 2.5mg/mL amphetamine base and uses LiquiXR technology to provide an immediate release component followed by an extended-release profile.
Efficacy of AMPH EROS was established in children 6 to 12 yr in a Phase 3, placebo-controlled laboratory classroom study. In that study, ADHD symptoms in children on an individually optimized dose of amphetamine (range 10–20mg/day) were statistically significantly improved compared with symptoms in children treated with placebo. For children treated with AMPH EROS, onset of effect was demonstrated at 1hour after dosing, and efficacy was observed through 13hr post-dose. The effect size (ES) was comparable to ES demonstrated for other psychostimulants tested in studies using a similar design. The efficacy data reported for AMPH EROS provides an excellent example of the potential utility and clinical application for other active drug products requiring an immediate and extended release profile.
Funding Acknowledgements: Support provided by Tris Pharma, Inc.
89 A Novel, Modified-Release Drug Delivery Technology Containing Amphetamine-Ion Exchange Complexes
- Barry K. Herman, Thomas R. King, Judith C. Kando, Antonio Pardo
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- Journal:
- CNS Spectrums / Volume 24 / Issue 1 / February 2019
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 12 March 2019, p. 220
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The proprietary immediate and extended drug delivery technology LiquiXR™ utilizes an ion-exchange resin that complexes with amphetamine or any other active moiety that can be protonated and is water-soluble. The active drug product forms a complex with ion-exchange polymers contained in the resin, which is then formed into micron-sized particles. Some of these particles are coated with an aqueous, pH-independent polymer designed to provide immediate or sustained release of active drug product. The polymer coating applied to the ion-exchange resin particles is of varying thickness, allowing for programmed, extended release of active drug product. Solid, coating-free particles provide for immediate release of active drug product.
The micron-sized particles are formulated into an appropriate dosage form (solid or chewable tablet, liquid suspension, orally disintegrating tablet, film, or capsules). Active drug product is subsequently released from the dosage form in millions of particles, with the release driven by a combination of ion exchange and diffusion. After drug release, the ion-exchange resin is excreted in the feces.
The release characteristics of LiquiXR™ are programmable and allow for a customized, sustained release of active drug product for up to 24hours post-dose. Mechanistically, drug particles enter the gastrointestinal tract. As positively-charged ions from gastrointestinal (GI) fluids diffuse across the coating, ionically-charged drug product diffuses through the coating and into the GI fluids for absorption. As the coating is of variable thickness, some drug product takes longer to diffuse and absorb, providing for the programmable delayed drug release characteristic.
The LiquiXR™ drug delivery technology is utilized in Dyanavel® XR (amphetamine extended-release oral suspension; AMPH EROS), which is indicated for the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. It comprises 2.5mg/mL amphetamine base complexed with LiquiXR technology to provide an immediate release component followed by an extended-release profile. The efficacy of AMPH EROS was established in children ages 6 to 12 years in a Phase 3, placebo-controlled laboratory classroom study. In that study, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms in children on an individually optimized dose of amphetamine (range 10–20mg/day) were statistically significantly improved compared with symptoms in children treated with placebo. For children treated with AMPH EROS, onset of effect was demonstrated at 1hour after dosing, and efficacy was observed through 13hours post-dose. The effect size was comparable to effect sizes demonstrated for other psychostimulants tested in studies using a similar design. The efficacy data reported for AMPH EROS provides an excellent example of the potential utility and clinical application for other active drug products requiring an immediate release and extended release profile.
Funding Acknowledgements: This work was funded by Tris Pharma, Inc.
32 Early-Onset Efficacy and Safety Pilot Study of Amphetamine Extended-Release Oral Suspension (AMPH EROS) in the Treatment of Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
- Ann C. Childress, Antonio Pardo, Thomas R. King, Judith C. Kando, Barry K. Herman
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- Journal:
- CNS Spectrums / Volume 24 / Issue 1 / February 2019
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 12 March 2019, pp. 191-192
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Objective
To determine whether amphetamine extended-release oralsuspension (AMPH EROS) has an onset of effect at 30minutes postdose inchildren with ADHD.
MethodsThis randomized, double-blind, 2-treatment, 2-sequence, placebo-controlled crossover pilot study enrolled subjects aged 6 to 12 years withattention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and ADHD-Rating Scale-5 scores of ≥90th percentile for sex and age. A dose of 5 to 20mg/day of AMPH EROS was determined during a 1-week open-label phase based on medication history, symptom control, and tolerability. Subjects completed a practice laboratory classroom then received one day of double-blind active drug or placebo each in random sequence during 2 double-blind laboratory classroom days. Subjects completed the first double-blind laboratory classroom session, returned to open label drug for 5days then crossed over on day 6 during a second double-blind laboratory classroom session. DB dose was fixed at AMPH EROS 15, 17.5, or 20mg . The primary endpoint was change from predose in the Swanson, Kotkin, Agler, M-Flynn, Pelham rating scale-combined score (SKAMP-C) at 30minutes postdose on two DB days. The key secondary endpoint was change from predose in the SKAMP-C score at 3hours postdose for AMPH EROS compared with placebo. Safety assessments included vital signs and adverse events.
ResultsEighteen subjects were enrolled in the study (14 males and 4 females) with a mean age of 9 years. At both 30minutes and 3hours postdose, changes from baseline in SKAMP-C for AMPH EROS vs. placebo were statistically significant (p<0.01 and p=0.0002, respectively) with corresponding effect sizes of 0.96 and 1.57. Adverse events (>10%) during the open-label phase included upper respiratory tract infection, fatigue, upper abdominal pain, headache, decreased appetite, and affect lability.
ConclusionsAMPH EROS was effective in reducing ADHD symptoms at 30minutes postdose. AEs were mild or moderate and consistent with those of other extended-release amphetamines.
Funding Acknowledgements: Support was provided by Tris Pharma, Inc.
A proposal to standardize soil/solution herbicide distribution coefficients
- Jerome B. Weber, Gail G. Wilkerson, H. Michael Linker, John W. Wilcut, Ross B. Leidy, Scott Senseman, William W. Witt, Michael Barrett, William K. Vencill, David R. Shaw, Thomas C. Mueller, Donnie K. Miller, Barry J. Brecke, Ronald E. Talbert, Thomas F. Peeper
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- Journal:
- Weed Science / Volume 48 / Issue 1 / February 2000
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 20 January 2017, pp. 75-88
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Herbicide soil/solution distribution coefficients (Kd) are used in mathematical models to predict the movement of herbicides in soil and groundwater. Herbicides bind to various soil constituents to differing degrees. The universal soil colloid that binds most herbicides is organic matter (OM), however clay minerals (CM) and metallic hydrous oxides are more retentive for cationic, phosphoric, and arsenic acid compounds. Weakly basic herbicides bind to both organic and inorganic soil colloids. The soil organic carbon (OC) affinity coefficient (Koc) has become a common parameter for comparing herbicide binding in soil; however, because OM and OC determinations vary greatly between methods and laboratories, Koc values may vary greatly. This proposal discusses this issue and offers suggestions for obtaining the most accurate Kd, Freundlich constant (Kf), and Koc values for herbicides listed in the WSSA Herbicide Handbook and Supplement.
Haemosporida prevalence and diversity are similar in endangered wild whooping cranes (Grus americana) and sympatric sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis)
- MIRANDA R. BERTRAM, GABRIEL L. HAMER, BARRY K. HARTUP, KAREN F. SNOWDEN, MATTHEW C. MEDEIROS, SARAH A. HAMER
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- Journal:
- Parasitology / Volume 144 / Issue 5 / April 2017
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 12 December 2016, pp. 629-640
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The population growth of endangered whooping cranes (Grus americana) is not consistent with species recovery goals, and the impact of parasite infection on whooping crane populations is largely unknown. Disease ecology and epidemiology research of endangered species is often hindered by limited ability to conduct invasive sampling on the target taxa. Accordingly, we hypothesized that sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis) would be a useful surrogate species to investigate the health impacts of Haemosporida infection in whooping cranes. Our goal was to compare the prevalence and diversity of Haemosporida infection between whooping cranes and sandhill cranes. We detected an overall infection prevalence of 83·6% (n = 61) in whooping cranes and 59·6% (n = 47) and 63·6 (n = 22) in two sympatric sandhill crane populations captured in Texas. Prevalence was significantly lower in allopatric sandhill cranes captured in New Mexico (12·1%, n = 33). Haemoproteus antigonis was the most abundant haemoparasite in cranes, present in 57·4% of whooping cranes and 39·2% of sandhill cranes; Plasmodium and Leucocytozoon were present at significantly lower levels. The high prevalence of Haemosporida in whooping cranes and sympatric sandhill cranes, with shared parasite lineages between the two species, supports sandhill cranes as a surrogate species for understanding health threats to endangered whooping cranes.
P.009 Physician assisted death and the neurosurgeon
- SP Barry, I Fleetwood, K Reddy, C Ekong, P Gorman, B Wheelock, R Moulton
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- Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Volume 43 / Issue S2 / June 2016
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 17 June 2016, p. S23
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Background: The Supreme Court of Canada (SCC) recently rendered a decision striking down the Criminal Code absolute prohibition on providing assisted dying. End of life decisions are commonly encountered by neurosurgeons due to the nature of their practice. Neurosurgeons will be faced with patients requesting PAD in the near future. Methods: The recent SCC ruling heralds a change that will radically alter a most basic tenet that has historically guided physicians and surgeons. A subcommittee of the Canadian Neurosurgical Society (CNSS) was formed to generate a position statement to reflect the interests of both neurosurgeons and their patients. Results: Fundamental issues regarding the implementation of PAD identified include:
Clarity of legislation
The creation of an independent, third party referral service
Effective safeguards and oversight of the entire process
-The right to “conscientious objection” on the part of hysicians who do not wish to be involved in PAD
Conclusions: The CNSS urges clarity in legislation regarding PAD and strict oversight in its implementation to reduce potential harm. We also support the creation of an independent, third party referral service which would serve to respect the conscience of those health care providers who do not wish to actively participate in PAD.
Contributors
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- By Mitchell Aboulafia, Frederick Adams, Marilyn McCord Adams, Robert M. Adams, Laird Addis, James W. Allard, David Allison, William P. Alston, Karl Ameriks, C. Anthony Anderson, David Leech Anderson, Lanier Anderson, Roger Ariew, David Armstrong, Denis G. Arnold, E. J. Ashworth, Margaret Atherton, Robin Attfield, Bruce Aune, Edward Wilson Averill, Jody Azzouni, Kent Bach, Andrew Bailey, Lynne Rudder Baker, Thomas R. Baldwin, Jon Barwise, George Bealer, William Bechtel, Lawrence C. Becker, Mark A. Bedau, Ernst Behler, José A. Benardete, Ermanno Bencivenga, Jan Berg, Michael Bergmann, Robert L. Bernasconi, Sven Bernecker, Bernard Berofsky, Rod Bertolet, Charles J. Beyer, Christian Beyer, Joseph Bien, Joseph Bien, Peg Birmingham, Ivan Boh, James Bohman, Daniel Bonevac, Laurence BonJour, William J. Bouwsma, Raymond D. Bradley, Myles Brand, Richard B. Brandt, Michael E. Bratman, Stephen E. Braude, Daniel Breazeale, Angela Breitenbach, Jason Bridges, David O. Brink, Gordon G. Brittan, Justin Broackes, Dan W. Brock, Aaron Bronfman, Jeffrey E. Brower, Bartosz Brozek, Anthony Brueckner, Jeffrey Bub, Lara Buchak, Otavio Bueno, Ann E. Bumpus, Robert W. Burch, John Burgess, Arthur W. Burks, Panayot Butchvarov, Robert E. Butts, Marina Bykova, Patrick Byrne, David Carr, Noël Carroll, Edward S. Casey, Victor Caston, Victor Caston, Albert Casullo, Robert L. Causey, Alan K. L. Chan, Ruth Chang, Deen K. Chatterjee, Andrew Chignell, Roderick M. Chisholm, Kelly J. Clark, E. J. Coffman, Robin Collins, Brian P. Copenhaver, John Corcoran, John Cottingham, Roger Crisp, Frederick J. Crosson, Antonio S. Cua, Phillip D. Cummins, Martin Curd, Adam Cureton, Andrew Cutrofello, Stephen Darwall, Paul Sheldon Davies, Wayne A. Davis, Timothy Joseph Day, Claudio de Almeida, Mario De Caro, Mario De Caro, John Deigh, C. F. Delaney, Daniel C. Dennett, Michael R. DePaul, Michael Detlefsen, Daniel Trent Devereux, Philip E. Devine, John M. Dillon, Martin C. Dillon, Robert DiSalle, Mary Domski, Alan Donagan, Paul Draper, Fred Dretske, Mircea Dumitru, Wilhelm Dupré, Gerald Dworkin, John Earman, Ellery Eells, Catherine Z. Elgin, Berent Enç, Ronald P. Endicott, Edward Erwin, John Etchemendy, C. Stephen Evans, Susan L. Feagin, Solomon Feferman, Richard Feldman, Arthur Fine, Maurice A. Finocchiaro, William FitzPatrick, Richard E. Flathman, Gvozden Flego, Richard Foley, Graeme Forbes, Rainer Forst, Malcolm R. Forster, Daniel Fouke, Patrick Francken, Samuel Freeman, Elizabeth Fricker, Miranda Fricker, Michael Friedman, Michael Fuerstein, Richard A. Fumerton, Alan Gabbey, Pieranna Garavaso, Daniel Garber, Jorge L. A. Garcia, Robert K. Garcia, Don Garrett, Philip Gasper, Gerald Gaus, Berys Gaut, Bernard Gert, Roger F. Gibson, Cody Gilmore, Carl Ginet, Alan H. Goldman, Alvin I. Goldman, Alfonso Gömez-Lobo, Lenn E. Goodman, Robert M. Gordon, Stefan Gosepath, Jorge J. E. Gracia, Daniel W. Graham, George A. Graham, Peter J. Graham, Richard E. Grandy, I. Grattan-Guinness, John Greco, Philip T. Grier, Nicholas Griffin, Nicholas Griffin, David A. Griffiths, Paul J. Griffiths, Stephen R. Grimm, Charles L. Griswold, Charles B. Guignon, Pete A. Y. Gunter, Dimitri Gutas, Gary Gutting, Paul Guyer, Kwame Gyekye, Oscar A. Haac, Raul Hakli, Raul Hakli, Michael Hallett, Edward C. Halper, Jean Hampton, R. James Hankinson, K. R. Hanley, Russell Hardin, Robert M. Harnish, William Harper, David Harrah, Kevin Hart, Ali Hasan, William Hasker, John Haugeland, Roger Hausheer, William Heald, Peter Heath, Richard Heck, John F. Heil, Vincent F. Hendricks, Stephen Hetherington, Francis Heylighen, Kathleen Marie Higgins, Risto Hilpinen, Harold T. Hodes, Joshua Hoffman, Alan Holland, Robert L. Holmes, Richard Holton, Brad W. Hooker, Terence E. Horgan, Tamara Horowitz, Paul Horwich, Vittorio Hösle, Paul Hoβfeld, Daniel Howard-Snyder, Frances Howard-Snyder, Anne Hudson, Deal W. Hudson, Carl A. Huffman, David L. Hull, Patricia Huntington, Thomas Hurka, Paul Hurley, Rosalind Hursthouse, Guillermo Hurtado, Ronald E. Hustwit, Sarah Hutton, Jonathan Jenkins Ichikawa, Harry A. Ide, David Ingram, Philip J. Ivanhoe, Alfred L. Ivry, Frank Jackson, Dale Jacquette, Joseph Jedwab, Richard Jeffrey, David Alan Johnson, Edward Johnson, Mark D. Jordan, Richard Joyce, Hwa Yol Jung, Robert Hillary Kane, Tomis Kapitan, Jacquelyn Ann K. Kegley, James A. Keller, Ralph Kennedy, Sergei Khoruzhii, Jaegwon Kim, Yersu Kim, Nathan L. King, Patricia Kitcher, Peter D. Klein, E. D. Klemke, Virginia Klenk, George L. Kline, Christian Klotz, Simo Knuuttila, Joseph J. Kockelmans, Konstantin Kolenda, Sebastian Tomasz Kołodziejczyk, Isaac Kramnick, Richard Kraut, Fred Kroon, Manfred Kuehn, Steven T. Kuhn, Henry E. Kyburg, John Lachs, Jennifer Lackey, Stephen E. Lahey, Andrea Lavazza, Thomas H. Leahey, Joo Heung Lee, Keith Lehrer, Dorothy Leland, Noah M. Lemos, Ernest LePore, Sarah-Jane Leslie, Isaac Levi, Andrew Levine, Alan E. Lewis, Daniel E. Little, Shu-hsien Liu, Shu-hsien Liu, Alan K. L. Chan, Brian Loar, Lawrence B. Lombard, John Longeway, Dominic McIver Lopes, Michael J. Loux, E. J. Lowe, Steven Luper, Eugene C. Luschei, William G. Lycan, David Lyons, David Macarthur, Danielle Macbeth, Scott MacDonald, Jacob L. Mackey, Louis H. Mackey, Penelope Mackie, Edward H. Madden, Penelope Maddy, G. B. Madison, Bernd Magnus, Pekka Mäkelä, Rudolf A. Makkreel, David Manley, William E. Mann (W.E.M.), Vladimir Marchenkov, Peter Markie, Jean-Pierre Marquis, Ausonio Marras, Mike W. Martin, A. P. Martinich, William L. McBride, David McCabe, Storrs McCall, Hugh J. McCann, Robert N. McCauley, John J. McDermott, Sarah McGrath, Ralph McInerny, Daniel J. McKaughan, Thomas McKay, Michael McKinsey, Brian P. McLaughlin, Ernan McMullin, Anthonie Meijers, Jack W. Meiland, William Jason Melanson, Alfred R. Mele, Joseph R. Mendola, Christopher Menzel, Michael J. Meyer, Christian B. Miller, David W. Miller, Peter Millican, Robert N. Minor, Phillip Mitsis, James A. Montmarquet, Michael S. Moore, Tim Moore, Benjamin Morison, Donald R. Morrison, Stephen J. Morse, Paul K. Moser, Alexander P. D. Mourelatos, Ian Mueller, James Bernard Murphy, Mark C. Murphy, Steven Nadler, Jan Narveson, Alan Nelson, Jerome Neu, Samuel Newlands, Kai Nielsen, Ilkka Niiniluoto, Carlos G. Noreña, Calvin G. Normore, David Fate Norton, Nikolaj Nottelmann, Donald Nute, David S. Oderberg, Steve Odin, Michael O’Rourke, Willard G. Oxtoby, Heinz Paetzold, George S. Pappas, Anthony J. Parel, Lydia Patton, R. P. Peerenboom, Francis Jeffry Pelletier, Adriaan T. Peperzak, Derk Pereboom, Jaroslav Peregrin, Glen Pettigrove, Philip Pettit, Edmund L. Pincoffs, Andrew Pinsent, Robert B. Pippin, Alvin Plantinga, Louis P. Pojman, Richard H. Popkin, John F. Post, Carl J. Posy, William J. Prior, Richard Purtill, Michael Quante, Philip L. Quinn, Philip L. Quinn, Elizabeth S. Radcliffe, Diana Raffman, Gerard Raulet, Stephen L. Read, Andrews Reath, Andrew Reisner, Nicholas Rescher, Henry S. Richardson, Robert C. Richardson, Thomas Ricketts, Wayne D. Riggs, Mark Roberts, Robert C. Roberts, Luke Robinson, Alexander Rosenberg, Gary Rosenkranz, Bernice Glatzer Rosenthal, Adina L. Roskies, William L. Rowe, T. M. Rudavsky, Michael Ruse, Bruce Russell, Lilly-Marlene Russow, Dan Ryder, R. M. Sainsbury, Joseph Salerno, Nathan Salmon, Wesley C. Salmon, Constantine Sandis, David H. Sanford, Marco Santambrogio, David Sapire, Ruth A. Saunders, Geoffrey Sayre-McCord, Charles Sayward, James P. Scanlan, Richard Schacht, Tamar Schapiro, Frederick F. Schmitt, Jerome B. Schneewind, Calvin O. Schrag, Alan D. Schrift, George F. Schumm, Jean-Loup Seban, David N. Sedley, Kenneth Seeskin, Krister Segerberg, Charlene Haddock Seigfried, Dennis M. Senchuk, James F. Sennett, William Lad Sessions, Stewart Shapiro, Tommie Shelby, Donald W. Sherburne, Christopher Shields, Roger A. Shiner, Sydney Shoemaker, Robert K. Shope, Kwong-loi Shun, Wilfried Sieg, A. John Simmons, Robert L. Simon, Marcus G. Singer, Georgette Sinkler, Walter Sinnott-Armstrong, Matti T. Sintonen, Lawrence Sklar, Brian Skyrms, Robert C. Sleigh, Michael Anthony Slote, Hans Sluga, Barry Smith, Michael Smith, Robin Smith, Robert Sokolowski, Robert C. Solomon, Marta Soniewicka, Philip Soper, Ernest Sosa, Nicholas Southwood, Paul Vincent Spade, T. L. S. Sprigge, Eric O. Springsted, George J. Stack, Rebecca Stangl, Jason Stanley, Florian Steinberger, Sören Stenlund, Christopher Stephens, James P. Sterba, Josef Stern, Matthias Steup, M. A. Stewart, Leopold Stubenberg, Edith Dudley Sulla, Frederick Suppe, Jere Paul Surber, David George Sussman, Sigrún Svavarsdóttir, Zeno G. Swijtink, Richard Swinburne, Charles C. Taliaferro, Robert B. Talisse, John Tasioulas, Paul Teller, Larry S. Temkin, Mark Textor, H. S. Thayer, Peter Thielke, Alan Thomas, Amie L. Thomasson, Katherine Thomson-Jones, Joshua C. Thurow, Vzalerie Tiberius, Terrence N. Tice, Paul Tidman, Mark C. Timmons, William Tolhurst, James E. Tomberlin, Rosemarie Tong, Lawrence Torcello, Kelly Trogdon, J. D. Trout, Robert E. Tully, Raimo Tuomela, John Turri, Martin M. Tweedale, Thomas Uebel, Jennifer Uleman, James Van Cleve, Harry van der Linden, Peter van Inwagen, Bryan W. Van Norden, René van Woudenberg, Donald Phillip Verene, Samantha Vice, Thomas Vinci, Donald Wayne Viney, Barbara Von Eckardt, Peter B. M. Vranas, Steven J. Wagner, William J. Wainwright, Paul E. Walker, Robert E. Wall, Craig Walton, Douglas Walton, Eric Watkins, Richard A. Watson, Michael V. Wedin, Rudolph H. Weingartner, Paul Weirich, Paul J. Weithman, Carl Wellman, Howard Wettstein, Samuel C. Wheeler, Stephen A. White, Jennifer Whiting, Edward R. Wierenga, Michael Williams, Fred Wilson, W. Kent Wilson, Kenneth P. Winkler, John F. Wippel, Jan Woleński, Allan B. Wolter, Nicholas P. Wolterstorff, Rega Wood, W. Jay Wood, Paul Woodruff, Alison Wylie, Gideon Yaffe, Takashi Yagisawa, Yutaka Yamamoto, Keith E. Yandell, Xiaomei Yang, Dean Zimmerman, Günter Zoller, Catherine Zuckert, Michael Zuckert, Jack A. Zupko (J.A.Z.)
- Edited by Robert Audi, University of Notre Dame, Indiana
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- The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy
- Published online:
- 05 August 2015
- Print publication:
- 27 April 2015, pp ix-xxx
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The Low-Frequency Environment of the Murchison Widefield Array: Radio-Frequency Interference Analysis and Mitigation
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- A. R. Offringa, R. B. Wayth, N. Hurley-Walker, D. L. Kaplan, N. Barry, A. P. Beardsley, M. E. Bell, G. Bernardi, J. D. Bowman, F. Briggs, J. R. Callingham, R. J. Cappallo, P. Carroll, A. A. Deshpande, J. S. Dillon, K. S. Dwarakanath, A. Ewall-Wice, L. Feng, B.-Q. For, B. M. Gaensler, L. J. Greenhill, P. Hancock, B. J. Hazelton, J. N. Hewitt, L. Hindson, D. C. Jacobs, M. Johnston-Hollitt, A. D. Kapińska, H.-S. Kim, P. Kittiwisit, E. Lenc, J. Line, A. Loeb, C. J. Lonsdale, B. McKinley, S. R. McWhirter, D. A. Mitchell, M. F. Morales, E. Morgan, J. Morgan, A. R. Neben, D. Oberoi, S. M. Ord, S. Paul, B. Pindor, J. C. Pober, T. Prabu, P. Procopio, J. Riding, N. Udaya Shankar, S. Sethi, K. S. Srivani, L. Staveley-Smith, R. Subrahmanyan, I. S. Sullivan, M. Tegmark, N. Thyagarajan, S. J. Tingay, C. M. Trott, R. L. Webster, A. Williams, C. L. Williams, C. Wu, J. S. Wyithe, Q. Zheng
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- Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia / Volume 32 / 2015
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 03 March 2015, e008
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The Murchison Widefield Array is a new low-frequency interferometric radio telescope built in Western Australia at one of the locations of the future Square Kilometre Array. We describe the automated radio-frequency interference detection strategy implemented for the Murchison Widefield Array, which is based on the aoflagger platform, and present 72–231 MHz radio-frequency interference statistics from 10 observing nights. Radio-frequency interference detection removes 1.1% of the data. Radio-frequency interference from digital TV is observed 3% of the time due to occasional ionospheric or atmospheric propagation. After radio-frequency interference detection and excision, almost all data can be calibrated and imaged without further radio-frequency interference mitigation efforts, including observations within the FM and digital TV bands. The results are compared to a previously published Low-Frequency Array radio-frequency interference survey. The remote location of the Murchison Widefield Array results in a substantially cleaner radio-frequency interference environment compared to Low-Frequency Array’s radio environment, but adequate detection of radio-frequency interference is still required before data can be analysed. We include specific recommendations designed to make the Square Kilometre Array more robust to radio-frequency interference, including: the availability of sufficient computing power for radio-frequency interference detection; accounting for radio-frequency interference in the receiver design; a smooth band-pass response; and the capability of radio-frequency interference detection at high time and frequency resolution (second and kHz-scale respectively).