23 results
Mega-analysis of association between obesity and cortical morphology in bipolar disorders: ENIGMA study in 2832 participants
- Sean R. McWhinney, Christoph Abé, Martin Alda, Francesco Benedetti, Erlend Bøen, Caterina del Mar Bonnin, Tiana Borgers, Katharina Brosch, Erick J. Canales-Rodríguez, Dara M. Cannon, Udo Dannlowski, Ana M. Diaz-Zuluaga, Lorielle M.F. Dietze, Torbjørn Elvsåshagen, Lisa T. Eyler, Janice M. Fullerton, Jose M. Goikolea, Janik Goltermann, Dominik Grotegerd, Bartholomeus C. M. Haarman, Tim Hahn, Fleur M. Howells, Martin Ingvar, Neda Jahanshad, Tilo T. J. Kircher, Axel Krug, Rayus T. Kuplicki, Mikael Landén, Hannah Lemke, Benny Liberg, Carlos Lopez-Jaramillo, Ulrik F. Malt, Fiona M. Martyn, Elena Mazza, Colm McDonald, Genevieve McPhilemy, Sandra Meier, Susanne Meinert, Tina Meller, Elisa M. T. Melloni, Philip B. Mitchell, Leila Nabulsi, Igor Nenadic, Nils Opel, Roel A. Ophoff, Bronwyn J. Overs, Julia-Katharina Pfarr, Julian A. Pineda-Zapata, Edith Pomarol-Clotet, Joaquim Raduà, Jonathan Repple, Maike Richter, Kai G. Ringwald, Gloria Roberts, Alex Ross, Raymond Salvador, Jonathan Savitz, Simon Schmitt, Peter R. Schofield, Kang Sim, Dan J. Stein, Frederike Stein, Henk S. Temmingh, Katharina Thiel, Sophia I. Thomopoulos, Neeltje E. M. van Haren, Cristian Vargas, Eduard Vieta, Annabel Vreeker, Lena Waltemate, Lakshmi N. Yatham, Christopher R. K. Ching, Ole A. Andreassen, Paul M. Thompson, Tomas Hajek, for the ENIGMA Bipolar Disorder Working Group
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- Journal:
- Psychological Medicine / Volume 53 / Issue 14 / October 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 27 February 2023, pp. 6743-6753
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Background:
Obesity is highly prevalent and disabling, especially in individuals with severe mental illness including bipolar disorders (BD). The brain is a target organ for both obesity and BD. Yet, we do not understand how cortical brain alterations in BD and obesity interact.
Methods:We obtained body mass index (BMI) and MRI-derived regional cortical thickness, surface area from 1231 BD and 1601 control individuals from 13 countries within the ENIGMA-BD Working Group. We jointly modeled the statistical effects of BD and BMI on brain structure using mixed effects and tested for interaction and mediation. We also investigated the impact of medications on the BMI-related associations.
Results:BMI and BD additively impacted the structure of many of the same brain regions. Both BMI and BD were negatively associated with cortical thickness, but not surface area. In most regions the number of jointly used psychiatric medication classes remained associated with lower cortical thickness when controlling for BMI. In a single region, fusiform gyrus, about a third of the negative association between number of jointly used psychiatric medications and cortical thickness was mediated by association between the number of medications and higher BMI.
Conclusions:We confirmed consistent associations between higher BMI and lower cortical thickness, but not surface area, across the cerebral mantle, in regions which were also associated with BD. Higher BMI in people with BD indicated more pronounced brain alterations. BMI is important for understanding the neuroanatomical changes in BD and the effects of psychiatric medications on the brain.
Future aircraft concepts and design methods
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- Robert A. McDonald, Brian J. German, T. Takahashi, C. Bil, W. Anemaat, A. Chaput, R. Vos, N. Harrison
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- Journal:
- The Aeronautical Journal / Volume 126 / Issue 1295 / January 2022
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 06 December 2021, pp. 92-124
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With an annual growth in travel demand of about 5% globally, managing the environmental impact is a challenge. In 2019, the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) issued emission reduction targets, including well-to-wake greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduced at least 50% from 2005 levels by 2050. This discusses several technologies from an aircraft design perspective that can contribute to achieving these targets. One thing is certain: aircraft will look different in the future. The Transonic Truss-Braced Wing and Flying V configurations are promising significant efficiency improvements over conventional configurations. Electric propulsion, in various architectures, is becoming a feasible option for general aviation and commuter aircraft. It will be a growing field of aviation with zero-emissions flight and opportunities for special missions. Lastly, this paper discusses methods and design processes that include all relevant disciplines to ensure that the aircraft is optimised as a complete system. While empirical methods are essential for initial design, Multidisciplinary Design Optimisation (MDO) incorporates models and simulations integrated in an optimisation environment to capture critical trade-offs. Concurrent design places domain experts in one site to facilitate collaboration, interaction, and joint decision-making, and to ensure all disciplines are equally considered. It is supported by a Collaborative Design Facility (CDF), an information technology facility with connected hardware and software tools for design analysis.
Ten new insights in climate science 2020 – a horizon scan
- Erik Pihl, Eva Alfredsson, Magnus Bengtsson, Kathryn J. Bowen, Vanesa Cástan Broto, Kuei Tien Chou, Helen Cleugh, Kristie Ebi, Clea M. Edwards, Eleanor Fisher, Pierre Friedlingstein, Alex Godoy-Faúndez, Mukesh Gupta, Alexandra R. Harrington, Katie Hayes, Bronwyn M. Hayward, Sophie R. Hebden, Thomas Hickmann, Gustaf Hugelius, Tatiana Ilyina, Robert B. Jackson, Trevor F. Keenan, Ria A. Lambino, Sebastian Leuzinger, Mikael Malmaeus, Robert I. McDonald, Celia McMichael, Clark A. Miller, Matteo Muratori, Nidhi Nagabhatla, Harini Nagendra, Cristian Passarello, Josep Penuelas, Julia Pongratz, Johan Rockström, Patricia Romero-Lankao, Joyashree Roy, Adam A. Scaife, Peter Schlosser, Edward Schuur, Michelle Scobie, Steven C. Sherwood, Giles B. Sioen, Jakob Skovgaard, Edgardo A. Sobenes Obregon, Sebastian Sonntag, Joachim H. Spangenberg, Otto Spijkers, Leena Srivastava, Detlef B. Stammer, Pedro H. C. Torres, Merritt R. Turetsky, Anna M. Ukkola, Detlef P. van Vuuren, Christina Voigt, Chadia Wannous, Mark D. Zelinka
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- Journal:
- Global Sustainability / Volume 4 / 2021
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 27 January 2021, e5
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Non-technical summary
We summarize some of the past year's most important findings within climate change-related research. New research has improved our understanding of Earth's sensitivity to carbon dioxide, finds that permafrost thaw could release more carbon emissions than expected and that the uptake of carbon in tropical ecosystems is weakening. Adverse impacts on human society include increasing water shortages and impacts on mental health. Options for solutions emerge from rethinking economic models, rights-based litigation, strengthened governance systems and a new social contract. The disruption caused by COVID-19 could be seized as an opportunity for positive change, directing economic stimulus towards sustainable investments.
Technical summaryA synthesis is made of ten fields within climate science where there have been significant advances since mid-2019, through an expert elicitation process with broad disciplinary scope. Findings include: (1) a better understanding of equilibrium climate sensitivity; (2) abrupt thaw as an accelerator of carbon release from permafrost; (3) changes to global and regional land carbon sinks; (4) impacts of climate change on water crises, including equity perspectives; (5) adverse effects on mental health from climate change; (6) immediate effects on climate of the COVID-19 pandemic and requirements for recovery packages to deliver on the Paris Agreement; (7) suggested long-term changes to governance and a social contract to address climate change, learning from the current pandemic, (8) updated positive cost–benefit ratio and new perspectives on the potential for green growth in the short- and long-term perspective; (9) urban electrification as a strategy to move towards low-carbon energy systems and (10) rights-based litigation as an increasingly important method to address climate change, with recent clarifications on the legal standing and representation of future generations.
Social media summaryStronger permafrost thaw, COVID-19 effects and growing mental health impacts among highlights of latest climate science.
Kurilite – Ag8Te3Se – a new mineral from the Prasolovskoe deposit, Kuril islands, Russian Federation
- V. A. Kovalenker, O. Yu. Plotinskaya, C. J. Stanley, A. C. Roberts, A. M. McDonald, M. A. Cooper
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- Journal:
- Mineralogical Magazine / Volume 74 / Issue 3 / June 2010
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 05 July 2018, pp. 463-468
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Kurilite, with the simplified formula, Ag8Te3Se, is a new mineral from the Prasolovskoe epithermal Au-Ag deposit, Kunashir Island, Kuril arc, Russian Federation. It occurs as aggregates up to 2 mm in size, composed of brittle xenomorphic grains, up to several μm in size, in quartz, associated with tetrahedrite, hessite, sylvanite and petzite. Kurilite is opaque, grey, with a metallic lustre and a black streak. Under plane-polarized light, kurilite is white with no observed bireflectance, cleavage, or parting observed. Under crossed polars it appears isotropic without internal reflections. Reflectance values in air and in oil, are tabulated. It has a mean VHN (25 g load) of 99.9 kg/mm2 which equates roughly to a Mohs hardness of 3. Electron microprobe analyses yield a mean composition of Ag 63.71, Au 0.29, Te 29.48, Se 5.04, S 0.07, total 98.71 wt.%. The empirical formula (based on 12 atoms) is (Ag7.97Au0.02)Σ7.99Te3.00(Se0.86Te0.12S0.03)Σ1.01. The calculated density is 7.799 g/cm3 (based on the empirical formula and unit-cell parameters refined from single-crystal data). Kurilite is rhombohedral, R3 or , a 15.80(1), c 19.57(6) Å, V 4231(12)Å3, c:a 1.2386, Z = 15. Its crystal structure remains unsolved. The seven strongest lines of the X-ray powder-diffraction pattern [d in Å (I)(hkl)] are: 3.727(20)(131), 2.996(50)(232), 2.510(30)(226,422), 2.201(100)(128,416,342), 2.152(20)(603), 2.079(30)(253), 2.046(20)(336,434). The mineral is named after the locality.
Summary of the Snowmastodon Project Special Volume A high-elevation, multi-proxy biotic and environmental record of MIS 6–4 from the Ziegler Reservoir fossil site, Snowmass Village, Colorado, USA
- Ian M. Miller, Jeffrey S. Pigati, R. Scott Anderson, Kirk R. Johnson, Shannon A. Mahan, Thomas A. Ager, Richard G. Baker, Maarten Blaauw, Jordon Bright, Peter M. Brown, Bruce Bryant, Zachary T. Calamari, Paul E. Carrara, Michael D. Cherney, John R. Demboski, Scott A. Elias, Daniel C. Fisher, Harrison J. Gray, Danielle R. Haskett, Jeffrey S. Honke, Stephen T. Jackson, Gonzalo Jiménez-Moreno, Douglas Kline, Eric M. Leonard, Nathaniel A. Lifton, Carol Lucking, H. Gregory McDonald, Dane M. Miller, Daniel R. Muhs, Stephen E. Nash, Cody Newton, James B. Paces, Lesley Petrie, Mitchell A. Plummer, David F. Porinchu, Adam N. Rountrey, Eric Scott, Joseph J.W. Sertich, Saxon E. Sharpe, Gary L. Skipp, Laura E. Strickland, Richard K. Stucky, Robert S. Thompson, Jim Wilson
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- Quaternary Research / Volume 82 / Issue 3 / November 2014
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 20 January 2017, pp. 618-634
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In North America, terrestrial records of biodiversity and climate change that span Marine Oxygen Isotope Stage (MIS) 5 are rare. Where found, they provide insight into how the coupling of the ocean–atmosphere system is manifested in biotic and environmental records and how the biosphere responds to climate change. In 2010–2011, construction at Ziegler Reservoir near Snowmass Village, Colorado (USA) revealed a nearly continuous, lacustrine/wetland sedimentary sequence that preserved evidence of past plant communities between ~140 and 55 ka, including all of MIS 5. At an elevation of 2705 m, the Ziegler Reservoir fossil site also contained thousands of well-preserved bones of late Pleistocene megafauna, including mastodons, mammoths, ground sloths, horses, camels, deer, bison, black bear, coyotes, and bighorn sheep. In addition, the site contained more than 26,000 bones from at least 30 species of small animals including salamanders, otters, muskrats, minks, rabbits, beavers, frogs, lizards, snakes, fish, and birds. The combination of macro- and micro-vertebrates, invertebrates, terrestrial and aquatic plant macrofossils, a detailed pollen record, and a robust, directly dated stratigraphic framework shows that high-elevation ecosystems in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado are climatically sensitive and varied dramatically throughout MIS 5.
Contributors
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- By Giovanni Abbruzzese, Brooke Adair, Ana Aragon, Alfredo Berardelli, Belinda Bilney, David J. Brooks, Emma Campagna, Louise A. Corben, Mary Danoudis, Martin B. Delatycki, Georg Dirnberger, H. Kerr Graham, Ralph Hampson, Robert Iansek, Marjan Janahshahi, Lynette Joubert, Jill Kings, Sue Lord, Andres M. Lozano, Victor McConvey, Rachael McDonald, Jennifer L. McGinley, Kulthida Methawasin, Sarah Milne, Meg E. Morris, John Olver, Nicola Pavese, Alan Pearce, E. Diane Playford, Barry Rawicki, Nicole Rinehart, Lynn Rochester, Chloe Stanley-Cary, Antonio Suppa, Louis C. S. Tan, Siok Bee Tan, Deborah Theodoros, Pam Thomason, Travis S. Tierney, Daniele Volpe, Allison F. Williams, David R. Williams, Gavin Williams
- Edited by Robert Iansek, Monash University, Victoria, Meg E. Morris, La Trobe University, Victoria
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- Rehabilitation in Movement Disorders
- Published online:
- 05 June 2013
- Print publication:
- 23 May 2013, pp viii-x
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- By Christopher Ames, Cathy W. Barks, Ronald Berman, Anthony J. Berret, Robert Beuka, William Blazek, Elisabeth Bouzonviller, Jackson R. Bryer, Deborah Clarke, Gretchen Comba, Kirk Curnutt, Linda De Roche, Suzanne Del Gizzo, Kathleen Drowne, Richard Fine, Edward Gillin, Michael K. Glenday, Richard Godden, Steven Goldleaf, Peter L. Hays, Pearl James, Joel Kabot, Heidi M. Kunz, Jarom Lyle McDonald, Philip McGowan, Bonnie Shannon McMullen, Bryant Mangum, Lauren Rule Maxwell, James H. Meredith, Linda Patterson Miller, James Nagel, Michael Nowlin, Ruth Prigozy, Laura Rattray, Walter Raubicheck, Deborah Davis Schlacks, Gail D. Sinclair, Robert Sklar, Linda Wagner-Martin, James L. W. West, Doni M. Wilson
- Edited by Bryant Mangum, Virginia Commonwealth University
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- F. Scott Fitzgerald in Context
- Published online:
- 05 February 2013
- Print publication:
- 18 March 2013, pp xi-xx
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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. Chapman, James H. Charlesworth, Kenneth R. Chase, Chen Zemin, Luciano Chianeque, Philip Chia Phin Yin, Francisca H. Chimhanda, Daniel Chiquete, John T. Chirban, Soobin Choi, Robert Choquette, Mita Choudhury, Gerald Christianson, John Chryssavgis, Sejong Chun, Esther Chung-Kim, Charles M. A. Clark, Elizabeth A. Clark, Sathianathan Clarke, Fred Cloud, John B. Cobb, W. Owen Cole, John A Coleman, John J. Collins, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Paul K. Conkin, Beth A. Conklin, Sean Connolly, Demetrios J. Constantelos, Michael A. Conway, Paula M. Cooey, Austin Cooper, Michael L. Cooper-White, Pamela Cooper-White, L. William Countryman, Sérgio Coutinho, Pamela Couture, Shannon Craigo-Snell, James L. Crenshaw, David Crowner, Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Elizabeth Mason Currier, Emmanuel Cutrone, Mary L. Daniel, David D. Daniels, Robert Darden, Rolf Darge, Isaiah Dau, Jeffry C. Davis, Jane Dawson, Valentin Dedji, John W. de Gruchy, Paul DeHart, Wendy J. Deichmann Edwards, Miguel A. De La Torre, George E. Demacopoulos, Thomas de Mayo, Leah DeVun, Beatriz de Vasconcellos Dias, Dennis C. Dickerson, John M. Dillon, Luis Miguel Donatello, Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, Susanna Drake, Jonathan A. Draper, N. Dreher Martin, Otto Dreydoppel, Angelyn Dries, A. J. Droge, Francis X. D'Sa, Marilyn Dunn, Nicole Wilkinson Duran, Rifaat Ebied, Mark J. Edwards, William H. Edwards, Leonard H. Ehrlich, Nancy L. Eiesland, Martin Elbel, J. Harold Ellens, Stephen Ellingson, Marvin M. Ellison, Robert Ellsberg, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Eldon Jay Epp, Peter C. Erb, Tassilo Erhardt, Maria Erling, Noel Leo Erskine, Gillian R. Evans, Virginia Fabella, Michael A. Fahey, Edward Farley, Margaret A. Farley, Wendy Farley, Robert Fastiggi, Seena Fazel, Duncan S. Ferguson, Helwar Figueroa, Paul Corby Finney, Kyriaki Karidoyanes FitzGerald, Thomas E. FitzGerald, John R. Fitzmier, Marie Therese Flanagan, Sabina Flanagan, Claude Flipo, Ronald B. Flowers, Carole Fontaine, David Ford, Mary Ford, Stephanie A. Ford, Jim Forest, William Franke, Robert M. Franklin, Ruth Franzén, Edward H. Friedman, Samuel Frouisou, Lorelei F. Fuchs, Jojo M. Fung, Inger Furseth, Richard R. Gaillardetz, Brandon Gallaher, China Galland, Mark Galli, Ismael García, Tharscisse Gatwa, Jean-Marie Gaudeul, Luis María Gavilanes del Castillo, Pavel L. Gavrilyuk, Volney P. Gay, Metropolitan Athanasios Geevargis, Kondothra M. George, Mary Gerhart, Simon Gikandi, Maurice Gilbert, Michael J. Gillgannon, Verónica Giménez Beliveau, Terryl Givens, Beth Glazier-McDonald, Philip Gleason, Menghun Goh, Brian Golding, Bishop Hilario M. Gomez, Michelle A. Gonzalez, Donald K. Gorrell, Roy Gottfried, Tamara Grdzelidze, Joel B. Green, Niels Henrik Gregersen, Cristina Grenholm, Herbert Griffiths, Eric W. Gritsch, Erich S. Gruen, Christoffer H. Grundmann, Paul H. Gundani, Jon P. Gunnemann, Petre Guran, Vidar L. Haanes, Jeremiah M. Hackett, Getatchew Haile, Douglas John Hall, Nicholas Hammond, Daphne Hampson, Jehu J. Hanciles, Barry Hankins, Jennifer Haraguchi, Stanley S. Harakas, Anthony John Harding, Conrad L. Harkins, J. William Harmless, Marjory Harper, Amir Harrak, Joel F. Harrington, Mark W. Harris, Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Van A. Harvey, R. Chris Hassel, Jione Havea, Daniel Hawk, Diana L. Hayes, Leslie Hayes, Priscilla Hayner, S. Mark Heim, Simo Heininen, Richard P. Heitzenrater, Eila Helander, David Hempton, Scott H. Hendrix, Jan-Olav Henriksen, Gina Hens-Piazza, Carter Heyward, Nicholas J. Higham, David Hilliard, Norman A. Hjelm, Peter C. Hodgson, Arthur Holder, M. Jan Holton, Dwight N. Hopkins, Ronnie Po-chia Hsia, Po-Ho Huang, James Hudnut-Beumler, Jennifer S. Hughes, Leonard M. Hummel, Mary E. Hunt, Laennec Hurbon, Mark Hutchinson, Susan E. Hylen, Mary Beth Ingham, H. Larry Ingle, Dale T. Irvin, Jon Isaak, Paul John Isaak, Ada María Isasi-Díaz, Hans Raun Iversen, Margaret C. Jacob, Arthur James, Maria Jansdotter-Samuelsson, David Jasper, Werner G. Jeanrond, Renée Jeffery, David Lyle Jeffrey, Theodore W. Jennings, David H. Jensen, Robin Margaret Jensen, David Jobling, Dale A. Johnson, Elizabeth A. Johnson, Maxwell E. Johnson, Sarah Johnson, Mark D. Johnston, F. Stanley Jones, James William Jones, John R. Jones, Alissa Jones Nelson, Inge Jonsson, Jan Joosten, Elizabeth Judd, Mulambya Peggy Kabonde, Robert Kaggwa, Sylvester Kahakwa, Isaac Kalimi, Ogbu U. Kalu, Eunice Kamaara, Wayne C. Kannaday, Musimbi Kanyoro, Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, Frank Kaufmann, Léon Nguapitshi Kayongo, Richard Kearney, Alice A. Keefe, Ralph Keen, Catherine Keller, Anthony J. Kelly, Karen Kennelly, Kathi Lynn Kern, Fergus Kerr, Edward Kessler, George Kilcourse, Heup Young Kim, Kim Sung-Hae, Kim Yong-Bock, Kim Yung Suk, Richard King, Thomas M. King, Robert M. Kingdon, Ross Kinsler, Hans G. Kippenberg, Cheryl A. Kirk-Duggan, Clifton Kirkpatrick, Leonid Kishkovsky, Nadieszda Kizenko, Jeffrey Klaiber, Hans-Josef Klauck, Sidney Knight, Samuel Kobia, Robert Kolb, Karla Ann Koll, Heikki Kotila, Donald Kraybill, Philip D. W. Krey, Yves Krumenacker, Jeffrey Kah-Jin Kuan, Simanga R. Kumalo, Peter Kuzmic, Simon Shui-Man Kwan, Kwok Pui-lan, André LaCocque, Stephen E. Lahey, John Tsz Pang Lai, Emiel Lamberts, Armando Lampe, Craig Lampe, Beverly J. Lanzetta, Eve LaPlante, Lizette Larson-Miller, Ariel Bybee Laughton, Leonard Lawlor, Bentley Layton, Robin A. Leaver, Karen Lebacqz, Archie Chi Chung Lee, Marilyn J. Legge, Hervé LeGrand, D. L. LeMahieu, Raymond Lemieux, Bill J. Leonard, Ellen M. Leonard, Outi Leppä, Jean Lesaulnier, Nantawan Boonprasat Lewis, Henrietta Leyser, Alexei Lidov, Bernard Lightman, Paul Chang-Ha Lim, Carter Lindberg, Mark R. Lindsay, James R. Linville, James C. Livingston, Ann Loades, David Loades, Jean-Claude Loba-Mkole, Lo Lung Kwong, Wati Longchar, Eleazar López, David W. Lotz, Andrew Louth, Robin W. Lovin, William Luis, Frank D. Macchia, Diarmaid N. J. MacCulloch, Kirk R. MacGregor, Marjory A. MacLean, Donald MacLeod, Tomas S. Maddela, Inge Mager, Laurenti Magesa, David G. Maillu, Fortunato Mallimaci, Philip Mamalakis, Kä Mana, Ukachukwu Chris Manus, Herbert Robinson Marbury, Reuel Norman Marigza, Jacqueline Mariña, Antti Marjanen, Luiz C. L. Marques, Madipoane Masenya (ngwan'a Mphahlele), Caleb J. D. Maskell, Steve Mason, Thomas Massaro, Fernando Matamoros Ponce, András Máté-Tóth, Odair Pedroso Mateus, Dinis Matsolo, Fumitaka Matsuoka, John D'Arcy May, Yelena Mazour-Matusevich, Theodore Mbazumutima, John S. McClure, Christian McConnell, Lee Martin McDonald, Gary B. McGee, Thomas McGowan, Alister E. McGrath, Richard J. McGregor, John A. McGuckin, Maud Burnett McInerney, Elsie Anne McKee, Mary B. McKinley, James F. McMillan, Ernan McMullin, Kathleen E. McVey, M. Douglas Meeks, Monica Jyotsna Melanchthon, Ilie Melniciuc-Puica, Everett Mendoza, Raymond A. Mentzer, William W. Menzies, Ina Merdjanova, Franziska Metzger, Constant J. Mews, Marvin Meyer, Carol Meyers, Vasile Mihoc, Gunner Bjerg Mikkelsen, Maria Inêz de Castro Millen, Clyde Lee Miller, Bonnie J. Miller-McLemore, Alexander Mirkovic, Paul Misner, Nozomu Miyahira, R. W. L. Moberly, Gerald Moede, Aloo Osotsi Mojola, Sunanda Mongia, Rebeca Montemayor, James Moore, Roger E. Moore, Craig E. Morrison O.Carm, Jeffry H. Morrison, Keith Morrison, Wilson J. Moses, Tefetso Henry Mothibe, Mokgethi Motlhabi, Fulata Moyo, Henry Mugabe, Jesse Ndwiga Kanyua Mugambi, Peggy Mulambya-Kabonde, Robert Bruce Mullin, Pamela Mullins Reaves, Saskia Murk Jansen, Heleen L. Murre-Van den Berg, Augustine Musopole, Isaac M. T. Mwase, Philomena Mwaura, Cecilia Nahnfeldt, Anne Nasimiyu Wasike, Carmiña Navia Velasco, Thulani Ndlazi, Alexander Negrov, James B. Nelson, David G. Newcombe, Carol Newsom, Helen J. Nicholson, George W. E. Nickelsburg, Tatyana Nikolskaya, Damayanthi M. A. Niles, Bertil Nilsson, Nyambura Njoroge, Fidelis Nkomazana, Mary Beth Norton, Christian Nottmeier, Sonene Nyawo, Anthère Nzabatsinda, Edward T. Oakes, Gerald O'Collins, Daniel O'Connell, David W. Odell-Scott, Mercy Amba Oduyoye, Kathleen O'Grady, Oyeronke Olajubu, Thomas O'Loughlin, Dennis T. Olson, J. Steven O'Malley, Cephas N. Omenyo, Muriel Orevillo-Montenegro, César Augusto Ornellas Ramos, Agbonkhianmeghe E. Orobator, Kenan B. Osborne, Carolyn Osiek, Javier Otaola Montagne, Douglas F. Ottati, Anna May Say Pa, Irina Paert, Jerry G. Pankhurst, Aristotle Papanikolaou, Samuele F. Pardini, Stefano Parenti, Peter Paris, Sung Bae Park, Cristián G. Parker, Raquel Pastor, Joseph Pathrapankal, Daniel Patte, W. Brown Patterson, Clive Pearson, Keith F. Pecklers, Nancy Cardoso Pereira, David Horace Perkins, Pheme Perkins, Edward N. Peters, Rebecca Todd Peters, Bishop Yeznik Petrossian, Raymond Pfister, Peter C. Phan, Isabel Apawo Phiri, William S. F. Pickering, Derrick G. Pitard, William Elvis Plata, Zlatko Plese, John Plummer, James Newton Poling, Ronald Popivchak, Andrew Porter, Ute Possekel, James M. Powell, Enos Das Pradhan, Devadasan Premnath, Jaime Adrían Prieto Valladares, Anne Primavesi, Randall Prior, María Alicia Puente Lutteroth, Eduardo Guzmão Quadros, Albert Rabil, Laurent William Ramambason, Apolonio M. Ranche, Vololona Randriamanantena Andriamitandrina, Lawrence R. Rast, Paul L. Redditt, Adele Reinhartz, Rolf Rendtorff, Pål Repstad, James N. Rhodes, John K. Riches, Joerg Rieger, Sharon H. Ringe, Sandra Rios, Tyler Roberts, David M. Robinson, James M. Robinson, Joanne Maguire Robinson, Richard A. H. Robinson, Roy R. Robson, Jack B. Rogers, Maria Roginska, Sidney Rooy, Rev. Garnett Roper, Maria José Fontelas Rosado-Nunes, Andrew C. Ross, Stefan Rossbach, François Rossier, John D. Roth, John K. Roth, Phillip Rothwell, Richard E. Rubenstein, Rosemary Radford Ruether, Markku Ruotsila, John E. Rybolt, Risto Saarinen, John Saillant, Juan Sanchez, Wagner Lopes Sanchez, Hugo N. Santos, Gerhard Sauter, Gloria L. Schaab, Sandra M. Schneiders, Quentin J. Schultze, Fernando F. Segovia, Turid Karlsen Seim, Carsten Selch Jensen, Alan P. F. Sell, Frank C. Senn, Kent Davis Sensenig, Damían Setton, Bal Krishna Sharma, Carolyn J. Sharp, Thomas Sheehan, N. Gerald Shenk, Christian Sheppard, Charles Sherlock, Tabona Shoko, Walter B. Shurden, Marguerite Shuster, B. Mark Sietsema, Batara Sihombing, Neil Silberman, Clodomiro Siller, Samuel Silva-Gotay, Heikki Silvet, John K. Simmons, Hagith Sivan, James C. Skedros, Abraham Smith, Ashley A. Smith, Ted A. Smith, Daud Soesilo, Pia Søltoft, Choan-Seng (C. S.) Song, Kathryn Spink, Bryan Spinks, Eric O. Springsted, Nicolas Standaert, Brian Stanley, Glen H. Stassen, Karel Steenbrink, Stephen J. Stein, Andrea Sterk, Gregory E. Sterling, Columba Stewart, Jacques Stewart, Robert B. Stewart, Cynthia Stokes Brown, Ken Stone, Anne Stott, Elizabeth Stuart, Monya Stubbs, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, David Kwang-sun Suh, Scott W. Sunquist, Keith Suter, Douglas Sweeney, Charles H. Talbert, Shawqi N. Talia, Elsa Tamez, Joseph B. Tamney, Jonathan Y. Tan, Yak-Hwee Tan, Kathryn Tanner, Feiya Tao, Elizabeth S. Tapia, Aquiline Tarimo, Claire Taylor, Mark Lewis Taylor, Bishop Abba Samuel Wolde Tekestebirhan, Eugene TeSelle, M. Thomas Thangaraj, David R. Thomas, Andrew Thornley, Scott Thumma, Marcelo Timotheo da Costa, George E. “Tink” Tinker, Ola Tjørhom, Karen Jo Torjesen, Iain R. Torrance, Fernando Torres-Londoño, Archbishop Demetrios [Trakatellis], Marit Trelstad, Christine Trevett, Phyllis Trible, Johannes Tromp, Paul Turner, Robert G. Tuttle, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Peter Tyler, Anders Tyrberg, Justin Ukpong, Javier Ulloa, Camillus Umoh, Kristi Upson-Saia, Martina Urban, Monica Uribe, Elochukwu Eugene Uzukwu, Richard Vaggione, Gabriel Vahanian, Paul Valliere, T. J. Van Bavel, Steven Vanderputten, Peter Van der Veer, Huub Van de Sandt, Louis Van Tongeren, Luke A. Veronis, Noel Villalba, Ramón Vinke, Tim Vivian, David Voas, Elena Volkova, Katharina von Kellenbach, Elina Vuola, Timothy Wadkins, Elaine M. Wainwright, Randi Jones Walker, Dewey D. Wallace, Jerry Walls, Michael J. Walsh, Philip Walters, Janet Walton, Jonathan L. Walton, Wang Xiaochao, Patricia A. Ward, David Harrington Watt, Herold D. Weiss, Laurence L. Welborn, Sharon D. Welch, Timothy Wengert, Traci C. West, Merold Westphal, David Wetherell, Barbara Wheeler, Carolinne White, Jean-Paul Wiest, Frans Wijsen, Terry L. Wilder, Felix Wilfred, Rebecca Wilkin, Daniel H. Williams, D. Newell Williams, Michael A. Williams, Vincent L. Wimbush, Gabriele Winkler, Anders Winroth, Lauri Emílio Wirth, James A. Wiseman, Ebba Witt-Brattström, Teofil Wojciechowski, John Wolffe, Kenman L. Wong, Wong Wai Ching, Linda Woodhead, Wendy M. Wright, Rose Wu, Keith E. Yandell, Gale A. Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
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- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
- Published online:
- 05 August 2012
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- 20 September 2010, pp xi-xliv
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Clostridium difficile Infection in Ohio Hospitals and Nursing Homes During 2006
- Robert J. Campbell, Lynn Giljahn, Kim Machesky, Katie Cibulskas-White, Lisa M. Lane, Kyle Porter, John O. Paulson, Forrest W. Smith, L. Clifford McDonald
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- Journal:
- Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology / Volume 30 / Issue 6 / June 2009
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 02 January 2015, pp. 526-533
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- June 2009
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Context.
Healthcare data suggest that the incidence and severity of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) in hospitals are increasing. However, the overall burden of disease and the mortality rate associated with CDI, including the contribution from cases of infection that occur in nursing homes, are poorly understood.
Objective.To describe the epidemiology, disease burden, and mortality rate of healthcare-onset CDI.
Methods.In 2006, active public reporting of healthcare-onset CDI, using standardized case definitions, was mandated for all Ohio hospitals and nursing homes. Incidence rates were determined and stratified according to healthcare facility characteristics. Death certificates that listed CDI were analyzed for trends.
Results.There were 14,329 CDI cases reported, including 6,376 cases at 210 hospitals (5,217 initial cases [ie, cases identified more than 48 hours after admission to a healthcare facility in patients who had not had CDI during the previous 6 months] and 1,159 recurrent cases [ie, cases involving patients who had had CDI during the previous 6 months]) and 7,953 cases at 955 nursing homes (4,880 initial and 3,073 recurrent cases). After adjusting for missing data, the estimated total was 18,200 cases of CDI, which included 7,000 hospital cases (5,700 initial and 1,300 recurrent cases) and 11,200 nursing homes cases (6,900 initial and 4,300 recurrent cases). The rate for initial cases was 6.4-7.9 cases/10,000 patient-days for hospitals and 1.7-2.9 cases/10,000 patient-days for nursing homes. The rate for initial cases in nursing homes decreased during the study (P < .001). Nonpediatric hospital status (P = .011), a smaller number of beds (P = .003), and location in the eastern or northeastern region of the state (P = .011) were each independently associated with a higher rate of initial cases in hospitals. Death certificates for 2006 listed CDI among the causes of death for 893 Ohio residents; between 2000 and 2006, this number increased more than 4-fold.
Conclusion.Healthcare-onset CDI represents a major public health threat that, when considered in the context of an increasing mortality rate, should justify a major focus on prevention efforts.
Age–sex distribution of Toxoplasma antibody in the South Australian population
- Alan M. Johnson, Helen Roberts, P. J. McDonald
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- Journal:
- Journal of Hygiene / Volume 84 / Issue 2 / April 1980
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 15 May 2009, pp. 315-320
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SUMMARY
Sera from 1071 patients in nine age categories were screened for Toxoplasma antibody by indirect immunofluorescence. Thirty per cent of the sera contained antibody at a titre ≥ 1/16. The percentage of sera containing antibody rose from 3% in the 6 months–5 years age group to a maximum of about 40% in the 31–40 years age group. It remained constant thereafter. Eleven per cent of the 84 sera with Toxoplasma antibody titres ≥ 1/128 had Toxoplasma IgM titres ≥ 1/32. No significant difference was found in the possession of antibody between the sexes.
Coe (Coxsackie A21) virus, para-influenza virus and other respiratory virus infections in the R.A.F., 1958–60
- J. C. McDonald, D. L. Miller, A. J. Zuckerman, Marguerite S. Pereira, Ann Deacon, Robert Smith, Thomas C. Woodward
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- Journal:
- Journal of Hygiene / Volume 60 / Issue 2 / June 1962
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 15 May 2009, pp. 235-248
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1. In two R.A.F. recruit stations between November 1958 and March 1959, there were 2603 admissions to Sick Quarters with respiratory illness. Throat swabs from 1129, and paired sera from 1197 were tested for certain respiratory viruses.
2. From the serological results it was estimated that 19% of the admissions were associated with influenza A infection, 7% with influenza B, 26% with adenovirus, 1% with para-influenza Type 1, 1% with para-influenza Type 3 and 8% with Coe virus, but as 21% of the identified infections were multiple the proportion of illness associated with one or more of these infections was only 50%. Thirty-four per cent of the Coe virus infections and 56% of the para-influenza virus infections were multiple.
3. Virus isolation test results led to a similar estimate of the frequency of adenovirus infection (23%) but to a lower estimate for Coe virus (3%) and for the para-influenza viruses, no systematic attempt was made to isolate influenza viruses. Reasons are given for thinking that most of the admissions associated with Coe virus infection in 1958, but few of those in 1959, were caused by this agent. The proportion of illnesses attributable to viruses of the para-influenza group was probably about 1%.
4. The main symptoms associated with Coe virus infection were upper respiratory. Hoarseness was rather more prominent than in other infections but the height and duration of fever and the frequency of febrile symptoms were less. The few illnesses associated with para-influenza virus infection had no obvious distinguishing features.
1960 survey
1. Blood specimens were taken from 205 recruits on their arrival at a recruit camp in January 1960 and immediately before their departure in March; 764 men in ten operational stations were bled in January and a sample of 260 were bled again in March.
2. The respiratory illness admission rate was 25% in the recruits and 4% in the trained men; 49% of the recruits showed a rise in antibody to one or more respiratory virus antigens compared with 2% in the other group. The high rate of infection in recruits was mainly due to adenovirus (36%) and Coe virus (20%).
3. It was estimated that about a third of the adenovirus infections and an eighth of the Coe virus infections were responsible for illness requiring admission. There was no indication that either infection caused any appreciable number of less severe illnesses not requiring admission.
4. Evidence from this survey and the earlier one suggests that the presence of neutralizing antibody to Coe virus does not prevent infection, though it appears to lower the probability of illness.
Genomic structure of phage F22, a hybrid between serologically and morphologically unrelated Salmonella typhimurium bacteriophages P22 and Fels 2
- Nobuto Yamamoto, Robert J. McDonald
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- Journal:
- Genetical Research / Volume 48 / Issue 3 / December 1986
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 14 April 2009, pp. 139-143
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Salmonella typhimurium phage P22 can recombine with a serologically and morphologically unrelated Salmonella phage Fels 2 to yield the hybrid phage F22 at a frequency of about 10−12. F22 has inherited the entire late genes (protein coat and tail structural genes) of Fels 2 but carries some P22 early genes. P22 genes in the F22 phage were indentified by marker rescue of various P22 mutants. The F22 genome carries the x-erf-c-18-12 segment of the P22 genome. A number of P22 amber mutants were also tested to support these data. The F22 region homologous to P22 was mapped by scoring the ratio of P22 backcross recombinant types in lysates of F22 lysogens superinfected with P22c2ts12. The ratio of the distances between these markers and the ends of the homologous region was determined. Furthermore a new F22 hybrid designated F22dis, containing both P22 immunity regions (c and Im), was isolated at a frequency of about 10−4 by superinfecting F22 lysogens with P22. F22dis phage has lost some Fels 2 gene(s) which have been replaced by the P22 segment containing the Im region, resulting in formation of a defective hybrid phage.
Semantic priming in patients with right frontal lobe lesions
- CARRIE R. MCDONALD, RUSSELL M. BAUER, J. VINCENT FILOTEO, LAURA GRANDE, STEVEN N. ROPER, ROBERT J. BUCHANAN, ROBIN GILMORE
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- Journal:
- Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society / Volume 11 / Issue 2 / March 2005
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 11 April 2005, pp. 132-143
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Patients with unilateral, right frontal lobe damage (N = 13) and matched controls (N = 20) performed a task of lexical ambiguity resolution in order to explore the contribution of right frontal regions to lexical-semantic priming. Word triplets consisting of balanced homographs were presented to participants in four conditions: concordant, discordant, neutral, and unrelated. Controls demonstrated facilitation for concordant meanings of homographs, as evidenced by their faster reaction times in the concordant relative to the unrelated (baseline) condition, as well as a lack of facilitation for the discordant meaning relative to the neutral and concordant conditions. Results in patients with right frontal lobe damage differed depending on the site of the lesion. Patients with lesions restricted to the right medial frontal lobe only showed facilitation in the neutral condition, while those with lesions encroaching upon the right dorsolateral region demonstrated facilitation of both discordant and concordant meanings relative to the baseline condition. These results support a role for the right frontal lobe in semantic priming and suggest possible specialization within the right prefrontal cortex for the processing of lexical-semantic information. (JINS, 2005, 11, 132–143.)
Large-scale dynamics in turbulent mixing and the three-dimensional space–time behaviour of outer fluid interfaces
- HARIS J. CATRAKIS, ROBERTO C. AGUIRRE, JESUS RUIZ-PLANCARTE, ROBERT D. THAYNE, BRENDA A. McDONALD, JOSHUA W. HEARN
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- Journal:
- Journal of Fluid Mechanics / Volume 471 / 25 November 2002
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 05 November 2002, pp. 381-408
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Experiments have been conducted to investigate turbulent mixing and the dynamics of outer fluid interfaces, i.e. the interfaces between mixed fluid and pure ambient fluid. A novel six-foot-diameter octagonal-tank flow facility was developed to enable the optical imaging of fluid interfaces above the mixing transition, corresponding to fully developed turbulence. Approximately 10003 whole-field three-dimensional space– time measurements of the concentration field were recorded using laser-induced- fluorescence digital-imaging techniques in turbulent jets at a Reynolds number of Re ∼ 20 000, Schmidt number of Sc ∼ 2000, and downstream distance of ∼ 500 nozzle diameters. Multiple large-scale regions of spatially nearly uniform-concentration fluid are evident in instantaneous visualizations, in agreement with previous findings above the mixing transition. The ensemble-averaged probability density function of concentration is found to exhibit linear dependence over a wide range of concentration thresholds. This can be accounted for in terms of the dynamics of large-scale well- mixed regions. Visualization of the three-dimensional space–time concentration field indicates that molecular mixing of entrained pure ambient fluid is dynamically initiated and accomplished in the vicinity of the unsteady large scales. Examination of the outer interfaces shows that they are dynamically confined primarily near the instantaneous large-scale boundaries of the flow. This behaviour is quantified in terms of the probability density of the location of the outer interfaces relative to the flow centreline and the probability of pure ambient fluid as a function of distance from the centreline. The current measurements show that the dynamics of outer interfaces above the mixing transition is significantly different from the behaviour below the transition, where previous studies have shown that unmixed ambient fluid can extend across a wide range of transverse locations in the flow interior. The present observations of dynamical confinement of the outer interfaces to the unsteady large scales, and considerations of entrainment, suggest that the mechanism responsible for this behaviour must be the coupling of large-scale flow dynamics with the presence of small-scale structures internal to the large-scale structures, above the mixing transition. The dynamics and structure of the outer interfaces across the entire range of space–time scales are quantified in terms of a distribution of generalized level-crossing scales. The outer-interface behaviour determines the mixing efficiency of the flow, i.e. fraction of mixed fluid. The present findings indicate that the large-scale dynamics of the outer interfaces above the mixing transition provides the dominant contribution to the mixing efficiency. This suggests a new way to quantify the mixing efficiency of turbulent flows at high Reynolds numbers.
ERRATUM: Semantic and affective processing in psychopaths: An event-related potential (ERP) study
- KENT A. KIEHL, ROBERT D. HARE, JOHN J. McDONALD, JOHANN BRINK
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- Journal:
- Psychophysiology / Volume 37 / Issue 2 / March 2000
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 March 2000, p. 267
- Print publication:
- March 2000
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Because it is difficult to distinguish differences in event-related potentials between psychopaths and nonpsychopaths in Figures 1, 2, and 3, replacement figures are available upon request from the corresponding authors, Kent A. Kiehl or Robert D. Hare, 2136 West Mall, Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada, V6T 1Z4. E-mail KAK kiehl@cs.ubc.ca, RDH rhare@unixg.ubc.ca.
Determining the Significance of Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci Isolated From Blood Cultures at a Community Hospital A Role for Species and Strain Identification
- Soon-Duck Kim, L. Clifford McDonald, William R. Jarvis, Sigrid K. McAllister, Robert Jerris, Loretta A. Carson, J. Michael Miller
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- Journal:
- Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology / Volume 21 / Issue 3 / March 2000
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 02 January 2015, pp. 213-217
- Print publication:
- March 2000
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Objectives:
To determine the degree to which species identification or strain relatedness assessment of successive blood culture isolates of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) may improve the clinical diagnosis of bloodstream infection (BSI).
Setting:400-bed community hospital.
Design:Prospective laboratory survey during which all CNS blood culture isolates obtained between mid-August 1996 and mid-February 1997 (study period) were saved and later identified to the species level; selected isolates were genotyped using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Retrospective review of medical records of 37 patients with multiple cultures positive for CNS.
Results:During the study period, 171 patients had blood cultures positive for CNS; 130 had single positive cultures and 41 had ≥2 positive cultures. Of these 41, 23 (62%) were from patients with signs and symptoms of BSI according to CDC surveillance definitions. Species identification and strain clonality of CNS isolates from patients with ≥2 positives revealed 3 (13%) of the 23 patients did not have a consistent CNS species, and another 3 (13%) did not have a consistent genotype in the ≥2 positive cultures, suggesting that CNS from these patients probably were contaminants. Thus, species identification and strain clonality assessment reduced by 27% the number of patients with BSI diagnosed based on the presence of symptoms and ≥2 positive blood cultures.
Conclusions:Routine species identification and selected strain genotyping of CNS may reduce the misinterpretation of probable contaminants among patients with ≥2 positive blood cultures.
Semantic and affective processing in psychopaths: An event-related potential (ERP) study
- KENT A. KIEHL, ROBERT D. HARE, JOHN J. MCDONALD, JOHANN BRINK
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- Journal:
- Psychophysiology / Volume 36 / Issue 6 / November 1999
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 November 1999, pp. 765-774
- Print publication:
- November 1999
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We tested the hypothesis that psychopathy is associated with abnormal processing of semantic and affective verbal information. In Task 1, a lexical decision task, and in Task 2, a word identification task, participants responded faster to concrete than to abstract words. In Task 2, psychopaths made more errors identifying abstract words than concrete words. In Task 3, a word identification task, participants responded faster to positive than to negative words. In all three tasks, nonpsychopaths showed the expected event-related potential (ERP) differentiation between word stimuli, whereas psychopaths did not. In each task, the ERPs of the psychopaths included a large centrofrontal negative-going wave (N350); this wave was absent or very small in the nonpsychopaths. The interpretation and significance of these differences are discussed.
Shareholder Heterogeneity, Adverse Selection, and Payout Policy
- Deborah J. Lucas, Robert L. McDonald
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- Journal:
- Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis / Volume 33 / Issue 2 / June 1998
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 06 April 2009, pp. 233-253
- Print publication:
- June 1998
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When shareholders have different plans to sell their shares, they will, in general, have different preferences concerning the firm's decision to pay out cash using dividends or share repurchase. We illustrate these different preferences and explore a model of payout policy that highlights the adverse selection costs of repurchases when managers have superior information about the value of the firm. We show that, in the absence of fixed costs to repurchasing shares, there is a separating equilibrium in which managers use taxable dividends to signal the quality of the firm, with better firms paying lower dividends, using repurchases for the remainder of the payout. With fixed costs to repurchasing, small payouts are made via dividend and large payouts are divided between repurchases and dividends, as in the no-fixed cost case. In both cases, the percentage of shares repurchased increases with the size of the payout and larger repurchases are better news.
3 - Overview of the GTAP data base
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- By Mark Gehlhar, Washington, DC USA, Denice Gray, Washington, DC USA, Thomas W. Hertel, Purdue University, Karen M. Huff, Purdue University, Elena Ianchovichina, Purdue University, Bradley J. McDonald, Geneva Switzerland, Robert McDougall, West Lafayette, IN USA, Marinos E. Tsigas, Washington, DC USA, Randall Wigle, Wilfrid Laurier University
- Edited by Thomas W. Hertel, Purdue University, Indiana
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- Book:
- Global Trade Analysis
- Published online:
- 05 June 2012
- Print publication:
- 28 December 1996, pp 74-123
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Summary
I Introduction and overview
The centerpiece of the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) data base consists of bilateral trade, transport, and protection matrices that link 24 country/regional economic data bases. (See Table 3.1 for a complete list of regions and sectors in version 2 of the GTAP data base.) The regional data bases are derived from individual country input–output tables. The purpose of this chapter is to document the sources and procedures used in constructing the disaggregated 37-sector, 24-region data base that forms the basis for subsequent applications.
The next section discusses processing of the international bilateral merchandise trade data, which are published by the Statistical Office of the United Nations. These data are ideal for our purposes, but their reliability is questionable [see, for example, DeWulf (1981); Hiemstra and Mackie (1986); and Tsigas, Hertel, and Binkley (1992)]. Therefore, we discuss a statistical procedure for reconciling discrepant trade statistics and producing balanced bilateral trade and transport matrices for 1992. These bilateralized flows are also used to determine the pattern of trade in nonfactor services.
The third section discusses the support and protection data developed for GTAP. These are expressed in the form of ad valorem equivalent, tariff, and nontariff barriers, and they draw heavily on information submitted to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in connection with the Uruguay Round negotiations.
Screening Surgeons for HIV Infection: Assessment of a Potential Public Health Program
- Kevin A. Schulman, Robert C. McDonald, Lorna A. Lynn, Ian Frank, Nicholas A. Christakis, J. Sanford Schwartz
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- Journal:
- Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology / Volume 15 / Issue 3 / March 1994
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 02 January 2015, pp. 147-155
- Print publication:
- March 1994
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Objective:
To develop a model to assess the impact of a program of testing surgeons for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) on the risk of HIV acquisition by their patients.
Design:A Monte Carlo simulation model of physician-to-patient transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection using three different rates of physician-to-patient transmission per percutaneous exposure event (0.15%, 0.3%, 0.6%). Data from the model were developed from a review of the medical literature and from subjective probability estimates when data were not available. We used this model to estimate on a national basis the annual number of cases of HIV transmission from surgeons to patients with and without surgeon testing and practice limitations.
Results:The annual number of transmitted cases would range from 0.5 ( 0.3), assuming a surgeon HIV prevalence of 0.1% and a surgeon-to-patient transmission rate of 0.15%, to 36.9 (±11.6), assuming a surgeon HIV prevalence of 2% and a surgeon-to-patient transmission rate of 0.6%. After one screening cycle, a mandatory screening program would be expected to reduce the annual transmissions to 0.05 (± 0.03) and 3.1 ( 1. 1), respectively.
Conclusion:Patients are at low risk of acquiring HIV infection from an infected physician during an invasive procedure. The potential costs of such a program extended beyond the costs of testing and counseling. In communities with high HIV prevalence, screening surgeons and limiting their practices may decrease patient access to care. A disability insurance program also would be required to protect surgeons and trainees performing invasive procedures. Screening surgeons for HIV infection would be a costly undertaking that would reduce but not completely eliminate this risk.