We argue that the dual-system approach and, particularly, the default-interventionist framework favored by De Neys unnecessarily constrains process models, limiting their range of application. In turn, the accommodations De Neys makes for these constraints raise questions of parsimony and falsifiability. We conclude that the extent to which processes possess features of system 1 versus system 2 must be tested empirically.

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: People with metabolically abnormal obesity (MAO), defined as those with insulin resistance and high intrahepatic triglyceride, are at high risk for developing type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Weight loss through reduced energy intake and increased physical activity has profound impacts on improving cardiometabolic function. However, the specific additional effects of exercise training with diet-induced weight loss on metabolic function are equivocal. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: A comparative trial is ongoing in MAO adults undergoing 8-10% weight loss induced by a very-low fat plant-based (PB) diet with structured exercise training (n=8) compared to the same weight loss induced by the PB diet alone (n=3). RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Preliminary results indicate that, PB diet with or without exercise training results in significant weight loss concomitant with enhanced insulin sensitivity, reduced intrahepatic triglyceride, reduced 24-hour postprandial glucose response, reduced fat mass, and reduced diastolic blood pressure. Those undergoing PB diet with exercise training had greater improvements in muscular strength and cardiorespiratory fitness than those undergoing PB diet alone. Differences between intervention groups for other cardiometabolic measures are not yet known. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Each of the interventions resulted in improved cardiometabolic measures; however the extent of the differences between the interventions is not yet clear. It is hypothesized that compared with weight loss induced by a PB diet, the same weight loss induced by a PB diet and structured exercise training will i) cause greater improvement in skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity, ii) will attenuate the usual decline in muscle mass while increasing strength, and iii) result in greater increases in left ventricular diastolic function. The long-term objective of this proposal is to provide a foundation for future studies evaluating mechanisms for the effects of exercise in cardiometabolic disease prevention and therapy.

The purpose of the present study was to examine the temperament and behavior problems of 32 toddlers born preterm and very low birth weight and 25 toddlers born full-term without medical problems. Mothers completed the Early Childhood Behavior Questionnaire and the Child Behavior Checklist-1.5–5 for assessing toddler`s temperament and behavior problems, respectively. The results showed that, regarding temperament, toddlers born preterm exhibited higher scores on the temperament dimensions Motor Activation, Perceptual Sensitivity, and High Intensity Pleasure, and lower scores on the temperament dimension Cuddliness than toddlers born full-term. In regard to behavior problems, toddlers born preterm showed higher attention problems scores than the comparison group. These findings indicated that children born preterm presented developmental vulnerabilities in temperament dimensions related to behavior problems at toddlerhood. Early intervention programs for preventing psychological problems in at-risk children, especially those born preterm, could focus on children’s temperament dispositions.

Exercise causes a dramatic increase in energy requirements because of the metabolic needs of working muscles. Exercise-dependent factors regulate fuel use. Absolute exercise intensity determines the exercise-induced increase in energy demands, whereas exercise intensity relative to an individual's maximal aerobic capacity (VO2max) determines the proportional contribution of different fuel sources (i.e. plasma glucose, plasma fatty acids, muscle glycogen and intramuscular triacylglycerols). Endurance training increases aerobic capacity in muscle and the oxidation of fat during exercise. In addition, exercise-independent factors, such as diet composition, sex, age, and body composition also influence substrate use during exercise. The present review discusses the regulation of substrate use during exercise in human subjects, with a focus on the role of exercise-independent factors.

Malnutrition is associated with an increased incidence of perioperative morbidity and mortality. To evaluate the effect of malnutrition on the metabolic and inflammatory response to surgery in patients with oesophageal cancer, we studied the effects of oesophagectomy in six patients with major (13·9 (se 1·3) %) weight loss and five patients with minor (0·7 (se 0·6) %) weight loss in the 6 months before to surgery. Rates of appearance (Ra) of glucose, glycerol, leucine and urea were determined by stable isotopically labelled tracer infusion before and after surgery. C-reactive protein was measured as an inflammation marker. BMI was lower in the patients with major weight loss than those with minor weight loss (20·3 (se 0·7) and 24·9 (se 1·5) kg/m2, P = 0·02). With the exception of greater glucose Ra in the major weight loss than minor weight loss subjects (11·1 (se 0·3) v. 9·5 (se 0·3) μmol/kg per min, P = 0·01), there were no differences in substrate kinetics before surgery between groups. Surgery increased glucose Ra, leucine Ra and urea Ra by 41, 24 and 58 %, respectively, in the total group. Changes in substrate kinetics in response to surgery were not different between patients with major and minor weight loss. Surgery increased C-reactive protein concentrations to a comparable extent in both groups. In conclusion, major upper gastrointestinal tract surgery in patients with oesophageal cancer elicits a catabolic response, characterized by increased inflammation, glucose production and protein breakdown. However, this catabolic response does not seem to be influenced by pre-operative nutritional status.

A theoretical model of microwave absorption in linear dielectric (non-ferroelectric) ionic crystals that takes into account the presence of point defects was synthesized and verified using NaCl single crystals. In the next stage of this research, we will introduce a controlled density of dislocations into the single crystal NaCl samples and study the effect on the microwave absorption mechanisms (ionic conduction, dielectric relaxation and multi-phonon processes) both theoretically and experimentally. Qualitative outlines of this modified theory are presented. The loss factor ε’ has been measured in the dislocation-free case by a cavity resonator insertion technique and the experimental results are in good agreement with the theoretical model. We describe the sample preparation technique that will be used to produce a controlled dislocation density in single crystal samples that will also be studied in our cavity resonator insertion system.

NASA's microwave observing program for SETI is presented. This strategy is composed of a high sensitivity, narrow frequency coverage, Target Search and a low sensitivity, broad frequency coverage, Sky Survey. The complementary nature of this dual mode search strategy is discussed. An overview is given of ongoing work in the development of the search strategy for the Sky Survey.