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Review of the evidence for the long-term efficacy of atypical antipsychotic agents in the treatment of patients with schizophrenia and related psychoses
- D.W. Stewart, M.S. Turner
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- Journal:
- European Psychiatry / Volume 22 / Issue S1 / March 2007
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 16 April 2020, p. S168
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In schizophrenia, the objectives of long-term maintenance therapy are to achieve continuous relief from psychotic symptoms, to prevent relapse, to optimize patient functioning and improve quality of life. It is now generally accepted that atypical antipsychotic agents are more effective than conventional agents in achieving these goals over the short term. In order to define the role of atypical antipsychotics as maintenance treatment for schizophrenia, studies published between January 1994 and September 2006 that evaluated the long-term efficacy (>1 year) of atypical antipsychotics were identified and reviewed from literature searches using MEDLINE and EMBASE. The primary research parameters were ‘atypical’, ‘antipsychotic’, ‘schizophrenia’, ‘relapse’, ‘long-term’, ‘maintenance’ and ‘efficacy’. Aspects of safety were also considered for these agents. Results from these long-term studies consistently demonstrated that atypical antipsychotics have substantial advantages over oral conventional antipsychotics as proven by fewer relapses, more effective symptom control and a lower incidence of movement disorders, although some atypical agents were associated with a higher incidence of weight gain.
However, due to issues of compliance, the clinical advantage of oral atypical antipsychotics has often been limited. As such, the use of long-acting preparations of atypical antipsychotics, which provide consistent and sustained drug coverage, warrants further investigation for the successful long-term management of patients with schizophrenia.
Parasitic nematodes of the genus Syphacia Seurat, 1916 infecting Muridae in the British Isles, and the peculiar case of Syphacia frederici
- ALEX STEWART, ANN LOWE, LESLEY SMALES, ANNA BAJER, JAN BRADLEY, DOROTA DWUŻNIK, FRITS FRANSSEN, JACK GRIFFITH, PETER STUART, CYAN TURNER, GRZEGORZ ZALEŚNY, JERZY M. BEHNKE
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- Parasitology / Volume 145 / Issue 3 / March 2018
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 23 August 2017, pp. 269-280
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Syphacia stroma (von Linstow, 1884) Morgan, 1932 and Syphacia frederici Roman, 1945 are oxyurid nematodes that parasitize two murid rodents, Apodemus sylvaticus and Apodemus flavicollis, on the European mainland. Only S. stroma has been recorded previously in Apodemus spp. from the British Isles. Despite the paucity of earlier reports, we identified S. frederici in four disparate British sites, two in Nottinghamshire, one each in Berkshire and Anglesey, Wales. Identification was based on their site in the host (caecum and not small intestine), on key morphological criteria that differentiate this species from S. stroma (in particular the tail of female worms) and by sequencing two genetic loci (cytochrome C oxidase 1 gene and a section of ribosomal DNA). Sequences derived from both genetic loci of putative British S. frederici isolates formed a tight clade with sequences from continental worms known to be S. frederici, clearly distinguishing these isolates from S. stroma which formed a tight clade of its own, distinct from clades representative of Syphacia obvelata from Mus and S. muris from Rattus. The data in this paper therefore constitute the first record of S. frederici from British wood mice, and confirm the status of this species as distinct from both S. obvelata and S. stroma.
Triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) Response to Herbicides
- Alan C. York, Stewart M. Turner, Ronald E. Jarrett
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- Weed Technology / Volume 8 / Issue 1 / March 1994
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- 12 June 2017, pp. 119-123
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The response of ‘Florico,’ ‘Victoria,’ and 'Stan II’ triticale to 2,4-D, dicamba, 2,4-D plus dicamba, diclofop, and thifensulfuron plus tribenuron applied POST during the tillering stage was examined. At rates twice those recommended for application to wheat, Victoria and Stan II were not injured, and injury to Florico was less than 10%. None of the herbicides or combinations adversely affected plant height at maturity, tiller or spike production, grain weight/spike, kernel weight, kernels/spike, yield, or test weight of any cultivar. Cultivars varied in tiller production, height, yield, test weight, kernel weight, and kernels/spike.
PROFESSOR OWEN MARTIN PHILLIPS 30 December 1930–12 October 2010
- Stewart Turner
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- Journal of Fluid Mechanics / Volume 669 / 25 February 2011
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- 08 February 2011, pp. 1-2
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Owen Phillips grew up in Sydney, Australia, and following a distinguished record at a State high school and in the final NSW school examinations, he enrolled in the Faculty of Engineering at the University of Sydney in 1948. In the third year, he transferred to the Faculty of Science to do more advanced courses in Mathematics and Physics (with the idea of going back to Engineering after one year and qualifying for a Science degree on the way). Owen did so well, however, that he went on to do a fourth year in Mathematics and graduated with First Class Honours.
Telephone Support Groups for Seniors with Disabilities*
- Miriam Stewart, Karen Mann, Susan Jackson, Barbara Downe-Wamboldt, Linda Bayers, Myrna Slater, Lettie Turner
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- Journal:
- Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue canadienne du vieillissement / Volume 20 / Issue 1 / Printemps/Spring 2001
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- 29 November 2010, pp. 47-72
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The growing population of seniors with disabilities experiences unmet support needs and loneliness. Although support deficiencies can be overcome by peers in support groups, most support groups are inaccessible to older adults with limited physical functioning. Accordingly, this project aimed to develop and test the impact of an accessible telephone support group intervention for seniors with disabilities. Six research questions guided the study. Four telephone support groups with five to six participants (n = 23) were created, each with a professional and a peer (senior) leader. The groups met once a week for 12 weeks. Qualitative analyses of the telephone transcripts and post-intervention interviews of participants and leaders revealed decreased support needs, diminished loneliness, and enhanced coping. Selection, training, and support of peer and professional leaders and member control of discussions were important ingredients of successful support groups.
Contributors
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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. Chapman, James H. Charlesworth, Kenneth R. Chase, Chen Zemin, Luciano Chianeque, Philip Chia Phin Yin, Francisca H. Chimhanda, Daniel Chiquete, John T. Chirban, Soobin Choi, Robert Choquette, Mita Choudhury, Gerald Christianson, John Chryssavgis, Sejong Chun, Esther Chung-Kim, Charles M. A. Clark, Elizabeth A. Clark, Sathianathan Clarke, Fred Cloud, John B. Cobb, W. Owen Cole, John A Coleman, John J. Collins, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Paul K. Conkin, Beth A. Conklin, Sean Connolly, Demetrios J. Constantelos, Michael A. Conway, Paula M. Cooey, Austin Cooper, Michael L. Cooper-White, Pamela Cooper-White, L. William Countryman, Sérgio Coutinho, Pamela Couture, Shannon Craigo-Snell, James L. Crenshaw, David Crowner, Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Elizabeth Mason Currier, Emmanuel Cutrone, Mary L. Daniel, David D. Daniels, Robert Darden, Rolf Darge, Isaiah Dau, Jeffry C. Davis, Jane Dawson, Valentin Dedji, John W. de Gruchy, Paul DeHart, Wendy J. Deichmann Edwards, Miguel A. De La Torre, George E. Demacopoulos, Thomas de Mayo, Leah DeVun, Beatriz de Vasconcellos Dias, Dennis C. Dickerson, John M. Dillon, Luis Miguel Donatello, Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, Susanna Drake, Jonathan A. Draper, N. Dreher Martin, Otto Dreydoppel, Angelyn Dries, A. J. Droge, Francis X. D'Sa, Marilyn Dunn, Nicole Wilkinson Duran, Rifaat Ebied, Mark J. Edwards, William H. Edwards, Leonard H. Ehrlich, Nancy L. Eiesland, Martin Elbel, J. Harold Ellens, Stephen Ellingson, Marvin M. Ellison, Robert Ellsberg, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Eldon Jay Epp, Peter C. Erb, Tassilo Erhardt, Maria Erling, Noel Leo Erskine, Gillian R. Evans, Virginia Fabella, Michael A. Fahey, Edward Farley, Margaret A. Farley, Wendy Farley, Robert Fastiggi, Seena Fazel, Duncan S. Ferguson, Helwar Figueroa, Paul Corby Finney, Kyriaki Karidoyanes FitzGerald, Thomas E. FitzGerald, John R. Fitzmier, Marie Therese Flanagan, Sabina Flanagan, Claude Flipo, Ronald B. Flowers, Carole Fontaine, David Ford, Mary Ford, Stephanie A. Ford, Jim Forest, William Franke, Robert M. Franklin, Ruth Franzén, Edward H. Friedman, Samuel Frouisou, Lorelei F. Fuchs, Jojo M. Fung, Inger Furseth, Richard R. Gaillardetz, Brandon Gallaher, China Galland, Mark Galli, Ismael García, Tharscisse Gatwa, Jean-Marie Gaudeul, Luis María Gavilanes del Castillo, Pavel L. Gavrilyuk, Volney P. Gay, Metropolitan Athanasios Geevargis, Kondothra M. George, Mary Gerhart, Simon Gikandi, Maurice Gilbert, Michael J. Gillgannon, Verónica Giménez Beliveau, Terryl Givens, Beth Glazier-McDonald, Philip Gleason, Menghun Goh, Brian Golding, Bishop Hilario M. Gomez, Michelle A. Gonzalez, Donald K. Gorrell, Roy Gottfried, Tamara Grdzelidze, Joel B. Green, Niels Henrik Gregersen, Cristina Grenholm, Herbert Griffiths, Eric W. Gritsch, Erich S. Gruen, Christoffer H. Grundmann, Paul H. Gundani, Jon P. Gunnemann, Petre Guran, Vidar L. Haanes, Jeremiah M. Hackett, Getatchew Haile, Douglas John Hall, Nicholas Hammond, Daphne Hampson, Jehu J. Hanciles, Barry Hankins, Jennifer Haraguchi, Stanley S. Harakas, Anthony John Harding, Conrad L. Harkins, J. William Harmless, Marjory Harper, Amir Harrak, Joel F. Harrington, Mark W. Harris, Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Van A. Harvey, R. Chris Hassel, Jione Havea, Daniel Hawk, Diana L. Hayes, Leslie Hayes, Priscilla Hayner, S. Mark Heim, Simo Heininen, Richard P. Heitzenrater, Eila Helander, David Hempton, Scott H. Hendrix, Jan-Olav Henriksen, Gina Hens-Piazza, Carter Heyward, Nicholas J. Higham, David Hilliard, Norman A. Hjelm, Peter C. Hodgson, Arthur Holder, M. Jan Holton, Dwight N. Hopkins, Ronnie Po-chia Hsia, Po-Ho Huang, James Hudnut-Beumler, Jennifer S. Hughes, Leonard M. Hummel, Mary E. Hunt, Laennec Hurbon, Mark Hutchinson, Susan E. Hylen, Mary Beth Ingham, H. Larry Ingle, Dale T. Irvin, Jon Isaak, Paul John Isaak, Ada María Isasi-Díaz, Hans Raun Iversen, Margaret C. Jacob, Arthur James, Maria Jansdotter-Samuelsson, David Jasper, Werner G. Jeanrond, Renée Jeffery, David Lyle Jeffrey, Theodore W. Jennings, David H. Jensen, Robin Margaret Jensen, David Jobling, Dale A. Johnson, Elizabeth A. Johnson, Maxwell E. Johnson, Sarah Johnson, Mark D. Johnston, F. Stanley Jones, James William Jones, John R. Jones, Alissa Jones Nelson, Inge Jonsson, Jan Joosten, Elizabeth Judd, Mulambya Peggy Kabonde, Robert Kaggwa, Sylvester Kahakwa, Isaac Kalimi, Ogbu U. Kalu, Eunice Kamaara, Wayne C. Kannaday, Musimbi Kanyoro, Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, Frank Kaufmann, Léon Nguapitshi Kayongo, Richard Kearney, Alice A. Keefe, Ralph Keen, Catherine Keller, Anthony J. Kelly, Karen Kennelly, Kathi Lynn Kern, Fergus Kerr, Edward Kessler, George Kilcourse, Heup Young Kim, Kim Sung-Hae, Kim Yong-Bock, Kim Yung Suk, Richard King, Thomas M. King, Robert M. Kingdon, Ross Kinsler, Hans G. Kippenberg, Cheryl A. Kirk-Duggan, Clifton Kirkpatrick, Leonid Kishkovsky, Nadieszda Kizenko, Jeffrey Klaiber, Hans-Josef Klauck, Sidney Knight, Samuel Kobia, Robert Kolb, Karla Ann Koll, Heikki Kotila, Donald Kraybill, Philip D. W. Krey, Yves Krumenacker, Jeffrey Kah-Jin Kuan, Simanga R. Kumalo, Peter Kuzmic, Simon Shui-Man Kwan, Kwok Pui-lan, André LaCocque, Stephen E. Lahey, John Tsz Pang Lai, Emiel Lamberts, Armando Lampe, Craig Lampe, Beverly J. Lanzetta, Eve LaPlante, Lizette Larson-Miller, Ariel Bybee Laughton, Leonard Lawlor, Bentley Layton, Robin A. Leaver, Karen Lebacqz, Archie Chi Chung Lee, Marilyn J. Legge, Hervé LeGrand, D. L. LeMahieu, Raymond Lemieux, Bill J. Leonard, Ellen M. Leonard, Outi Leppä, Jean Lesaulnier, Nantawan Boonprasat Lewis, Henrietta Leyser, Alexei Lidov, Bernard Lightman, Paul Chang-Ha Lim, Carter Lindberg, Mark R. Lindsay, James R. Linville, James C. Livingston, Ann Loades, David Loades, Jean-Claude Loba-Mkole, Lo Lung Kwong, Wati Longchar, Eleazar López, David W. Lotz, Andrew Louth, Robin W. Lovin, William Luis, Frank D. Macchia, Diarmaid N. J. MacCulloch, Kirk R. MacGregor, Marjory A. MacLean, Donald MacLeod, Tomas S. Maddela, Inge Mager, Laurenti Magesa, David G. Maillu, Fortunato Mallimaci, Philip Mamalakis, Kä Mana, Ukachukwu Chris Manus, Herbert Robinson Marbury, Reuel Norman Marigza, Jacqueline Mariña, Antti Marjanen, Luiz C. L. Marques, Madipoane Masenya (ngwan'a Mphahlele), Caleb J. D. Maskell, Steve Mason, Thomas Massaro, Fernando Matamoros Ponce, András Máté-Tóth, Odair Pedroso Mateus, Dinis Matsolo, Fumitaka Matsuoka, John D'Arcy May, Yelena Mazour-Matusevich, Theodore Mbazumutima, John S. McClure, Christian McConnell, Lee Martin McDonald, Gary B. McGee, Thomas McGowan, Alister E. McGrath, Richard J. McGregor, John A. McGuckin, Maud Burnett McInerney, Elsie Anne McKee, Mary B. McKinley, James F. McMillan, Ernan McMullin, Kathleen E. McVey, M. Douglas Meeks, Monica Jyotsna Melanchthon, Ilie Melniciuc-Puica, Everett Mendoza, Raymond A. Mentzer, William W. Menzies, Ina Merdjanova, Franziska Metzger, Constant J. Mews, Marvin Meyer, Carol Meyers, Vasile Mihoc, Gunner Bjerg Mikkelsen, Maria Inêz de Castro Millen, Clyde Lee Miller, Bonnie J. Miller-McLemore, Alexander Mirkovic, Paul Misner, Nozomu Miyahira, R. W. L. Moberly, Gerald Moede, Aloo Osotsi Mojola, Sunanda Mongia, Rebeca Montemayor, James Moore, Roger E. Moore, Craig E. Morrison O.Carm, Jeffry H. Morrison, Keith Morrison, Wilson J. Moses, Tefetso Henry Mothibe, Mokgethi Motlhabi, Fulata Moyo, Henry Mugabe, Jesse Ndwiga Kanyua Mugambi, Peggy Mulambya-Kabonde, Robert Bruce Mullin, Pamela Mullins Reaves, Saskia Murk Jansen, Heleen L. Murre-Van den Berg, Augustine Musopole, Isaac M. T. Mwase, Philomena Mwaura, Cecilia Nahnfeldt, Anne Nasimiyu Wasike, Carmiña Navia Velasco, Thulani Ndlazi, Alexander Negrov, James B. Nelson, David G. Newcombe, Carol Newsom, Helen J. Nicholson, George W. E. Nickelsburg, Tatyana Nikolskaya, Damayanthi M. A. Niles, Bertil Nilsson, Nyambura Njoroge, Fidelis Nkomazana, Mary Beth Norton, Christian Nottmeier, Sonene Nyawo, Anthère Nzabatsinda, Edward T. Oakes, Gerald O'Collins, Daniel O'Connell, David W. Odell-Scott, Mercy Amba Oduyoye, Kathleen O'Grady, Oyeronke Olajubu, Thomas O'Loughlin, Dennis T. Olson, J. Steven O'Malley, Cephas N. Omenyo, Muriel Orevillo-Montenegro, César Augusto Ornellas Ramos, Agbonkhianmeghe E. Orobator, Kenan B. Osborne, Carolyn Osiek, Javier Otaola Montagne, Douglas F. Ottati, Anna May Say Pa, Irina Paert, Jerry G. Pankhurst, Aristotle Papanikolaou, Samuele F. Pardini, Stefano Parenti, Peter Paris, Sung Bae Park, Cristián G. Parker, Raquel Pastor, Joseph Pathrapankal, Daniel Patte, W. Brown Patterson, Clive Pearson, Keith F. Pecklers, Nancy Cardoso Pereira, David Horace Perkins, Pheme Perkins, Edward N. Peters, Rebecca Todd Peters, Bishop Yeznik Petrossian, Raymond Pfister, Peter C. Phan, Isabel Apawo Phiri, William S. F. Pickering, Derrick G. Pitard, William Elvis Plata, Zlatko Plese, John Plummer, James Newton Poling, Ronald Popivchak, Andrew Porter, Ute Possekel, James M. Powell, Enos Das Pradhan, Devadasan Premnath, Jaime Adrían Prieto Valladares, Anne Primavesi, Randall Prior, María Alicia Puente Lutteroth, Eduardo Guzmão Quadros, Albert Rabil, Laurent William Ramambason, Apolonio M. Ranche, Vololona Randriamanantena Andriamitandrina, Lawrence R. Rast, Paul L. Redditt, Adele Reinhartz, Rolf Rendtorff, Pål Repstad, James N. Rhodes, John K. Riches, Joerg Rieger, Sharon H. Ringe, Sandra Rios, Tyler Roberts, David M. Robinson, James M. Robinson, Joanne Maguire Robinson, Richard A. H. Robinson, Roy R. Robson, Jack B. Rogers, Maria Roginska, Sidney Rooy, Rev. Garnett Roper, Maria José Fontelas Rosado-Nunes, Andrew C. Ross, Stefan Rossbach, François Rossier, John D. Roth, John K. Roth, Phillip Rothwell, Richard E. Rubenstein, Rosemary Radford Ruether, Markku Ruotsila, John E. Rybolt, Risto Saarinen, John Saillant, Juan Sanchez, Wagner Lopes Sanchez, Hugo N. Santos, Gerhard Sauter, Gloria L. Schaab, Sandra M. Schneiders, Quentin J. Schultze, Fernando F. Segovia, Turid Karlsen Seim, Carsten Selch Jensen, Alan P. F. Sell, Frank C. Senn, Kent Davis Sensenig, Damían Setton, Bal Krishna Sharma, Carolyn J. Sharp, Thomas Sheehan, N. Gerald Shenk, Christian Sheppard, Charles Sherlock, Tabona Shoko, Walter B. Shurden, Marguerite Shuster, B. Mark Sietsema, Batara Sihombing, Neil Silberman, Clodomiro Siller, Samuel Silva-Gotay, Heikki Silvet, John K. Simmons, Hagith Sivan, James C. Skedros, Abraham Smith, Ashley A. Smith, Ted A. Smith, Daud Soesilo, Pia Søltoft, Choan-Seng (C. S.) Song, Kathryn Spink, Bryan Spinks, Eric O. Springsted, Nicolas Standaert, Brian Stanley, Glen H. Stassen, Karel Steenbrink, Stephen J. Stein, Andrea Sterk, Gregory E. Sterling, Columba Stewart, Jacques Stewart, Robert B. Stewart, Cynthia Stokes Brown, Ken Stone, Anne Stott, Elizabeth Stuart, Monya Stubbs, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, David Kwang-sun Suh, Scott W. Sunquist, Keith Suter, Douglas Sweeney, Charles H. Talbert, Shawqi N. Talia, Elsa Tamez, Joseph B. Tamney, Jonathan Y. Tan, Yak-Hwee Tan, Kathryn Tanner, Feiya Tao, Elizabeth S. Tapia, Aquiline Tarimo, Claire Taylor, Mark Lewis Taylor, Bishop Abba Samuel Wolde Tekestebirhan, Eugene TeSelle, M. Thomas Thangaraj, David R. Thomas, Andrew Thornley, Scott Thumma, Marcelo Timotheo da Costa, George E. “Tink” Tinker, Ola Tjørhom, Karen Jo Torjesen, Iain R. Torrance, Fernando Torres-Londoño, Archbishop Demetrios [Trakatellis], Marit Trelstad, Christine Trevett, Phyllis Trible, Johannes Tromp, Paul Turner, Robert G. Tuttle, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Peter Tyler, Anders Tyrberg, Justin Ukpong, Javier Ulloa, Camillus Umoh, Kristi Upson-Saia, Martina Urban, Monica Uribe, Elochukwu Eugene Uzukwu, Richard Vaggione, Gabriel Vahanian, Paul Valliere, T. J. Van Bavel, Steven Vanderputten, Peter Van der Veer, Huub Van de Sandt, Louis Van Tongeren, Luke A. Veronis, Noel Villalba, Ramón Vinke, Tim Vivian, David Voas, Elena Volkova, Katharina von Kellenbach, Elina Vuola, Timothy Wadkins, Elaine M. Wainwright, Randi Jones Walker, Dewey D. Wallace, Jerry Walls, Michael J. Walsh, Philip Walters, Janet Walton, Jonathan L. Walton, Wang Xiaochao, Patricia A. Ward, David Harrington Watt, Herold D. Weiss, Laurence L. Welborn, Sharon D. Welch, Timothy Wengert, Traci C. West, Merold Westphal, David Wetherell, Barbara Wheeler, Carolinne White, Jean-Paul Wiest, Frans Wijsen, Terry L. Wilder, Felix Wilfred, Rebecca Wilkin, Daniel H. Williams, D. Newell Williams, Michael A. Williams, Vincent L. Wimbush, Gabriele Winkler, Anders Winroth, Lauri Emílio Wirth, James A. Wiseman, Ebba Witt-Brattström, Teofil Wojciechowski, John Wolffe, Kenman L. Wong, Wong Wai Ching, Linda Woodhead, Wendy M. Wright, Rose Wu, Keith E. Yandell, Gale A. Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
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- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
- Published online:
- 05 August 2012
- Print publication:
- 20 September 2010, pp xi-xliv
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Closure of ventricular septal defects: a study of factors influencing spontaneous and surgical closure
- Stephen W. Turner, Tim Hornung, Stewart Hunter
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- Journal:
- Cardiology in the Young / Volume 12 / Issue 4 / July 2002
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 30 July 2009, pp. 357-363
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Introduction: Aspects of the management of ventricular septal defects which remain uncertain include the role of screening, and the need for closure of defects that remain patent. Aim: To ascertain the natural history of clinically significant ventricular septal defects, and to examine uncertainties in strategies of management. Methods: We studied prospectively a regional cohort of children born with isolated ventricular septal defects, noting age at presentation; sex; morphology and size of the defect; age at closure, if it occurred, and the means of closure. Results: We identified 290 children with isolated ventricular septal defects, of whom 147 (51%) were male. The mean follow up period was 65 months, with five cases being lost to follow up. Surgical closure was required in 41 (14%) cases, and 155 (54%) defects closed spontaneously. Spontaneous closure occurred in 123 (68%) out of 180 cases with completely muscular borders, and in 31 (29%) of the 107 patients with perimembranous defects. There were two cases with associated aortic regurgitation and no cases of endocarditis. Size and morphology of the defect were significant predictors of spontaneous and surgical closure. In addition, young age at diagnosis was a significant predictor of spontaneous closure. Conclusions: The size and morphology of a ventricular septal defect are important determinants of spontaneous closure and to the need for surgical intervention. Early age at presentation, in contrast, is not predictive of the need for surgical intervention. In early childhood, there appears to be very little risk of endocarditis or aortic valvar prolapse. Neither screening of populations to identify ventricular septal defects, nor surgical closure of asymptomatic defects in childhood, are supported by our findings.
The Devonian–Carboniferous transition and its structural setting at Chillaton, West Devon, England
- E. B. Selwood, I. J. Stewart, P. J. Turner, M. J. Whiteley
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- Journal:
- Geological Magazine / Volume 119 / Issue 4 / July 1982
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 May 2009, pp. 383-393
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Boreholes penetrating the inverted limb of a major fold in an allochthonous thrust sheet at Chillaton, West Devon, revealed highly fossiliferous strata spanning the Devonian–Carboniferous boundary in continuous succession. Details of the fauna, which includes conodonts, trilobites and ostracods, are given. Abundant siphonodellid conodonts allow the boundary to be determined according to the recommendations of the working group on the Devonian–Carboniferous boundary of the IUGS Commission on Stratigraphy. The nature of the imbricate zone beneath the Main Thrust, in which the succession is situated, is described. In addition, the fabrics associated with thrusts which cut the olistostromic succession lower in the tectonic unit are discussed.
The flow field downstream of a hydraulic jump
- Hans G. Hornung, Christian Willert, Stewart Turner
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- Journal:
- Journal of Fluid Mechanics / Volume 287 / 25 March 1995
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 26 April 2006, pp. 299-316
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A control-volume analysis of a hydraulic jump is used to obtain the mean vorticity downstream of the jump as a function of the Froude number. To do this it is necessary to include the conservation of angular momentum. The mean vorticity increases from zero as the cube of Froude number minus one, and, in dimensionless form, approaches a constant at large Froude number. Digital particle imaging velocimetry was applied to travelling hydraulic jumps giving centre-plane velocity field images at a frequency of 15 Hz over a Froude number range of 2–6. The mean vorticity determined from these images confirms the control-volume prediction to within the accuracy of the experiment. The flow field measurements show that a strong shear layer is formed at the toe of the wave, and extends almost horizontally downstream, separating from the free surface at the toe. Various vorticity generation mechanisms are discussed.
Convection and particle entrainment driven by differential sedimentation
- Herbert E. Huppert, Ross C. Kerr, John R. Lister, J. Stewart Turner
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- Journal:
- Journal of Fluid Mechanics / Volume 226 / May 1991
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 26 April 2006, pp. 349-369
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When a suspension of small particles is overlain by a clear fluid whose density is greater than that of the interstitial fluid, but less than that of the bulk suspension, the settling of the dense suspended particles can lead to vigorous convection in the overlying fluid. This novel situation is investigated experimentally and theoretically. A sharp interface is observed between the convecting upper region and a stagnant lower region in which there is unimpeded sedimentation at low Reynolds number. There is no transport of fluid from the upper region into the lower, though there is mixing of both buoyant fluid and entrained particles from the lower region into the upper. The interface between the two regions is found to descend at a constant velocity. Systematic laboratory measurements have determined how this velocity depends on the densities of the layers and the distributions of settling velocities of the particles. A theoretical description is developed which calculates the evolution of the density of the lower region due to differential sedimentation of polydisperse particles. Buoyancy arguments based on the calculated density profile are used to place upper and lower bounds on the amount of particle entrainment into the upper layer and on the rate of fall of the interface between the convecting and sedimenting regions. The theoretical predictions are in good agreement with the experimental observations. The analysis of the interaction between convection and sedimentation in the system considered here may be particularly relevant to the description of evolving crystal-rich layers in magma chambers and of silt-laden outflow from rivers, and has a wide range of other industrial, environmental and geological applications.
Sedimentation and entrainment in dense layers of suspended particles stirred by an oscillating grid
- Herbert E. Huppert, J. Stewart Turner, Mark A. Hallworth
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- Journal:
- Journal of Fluid Mechanics / Volume 289 / 25 April 1995
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 26 April 2006, pp. 263-293
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Many flows, including those containing suspended particles, are kept turbulent by the action of the bottom stress, and this turbulence is also responsible for maintaining sedimenting particles in suspension and in some cases entraining more particles from the bed. A convenient one-dimensional analogue of these processes is provided by laboratory experiments conducted in a mixing box, where a characterizable turbulence is generated by the vertical oscillation of a horizontal grid. In the present paper we report the results of a series of experiments with a grid located close to the bottom boundary to simulate the action of stresses acting at a rough boundary, and compare the results with those obtained using the more extensively studied geometry in which a similar grid is located in the interior of a stirred fluid layer. Experiments have been conducted both with dense, particle-free fluid layers and with layers containing sufficiently high concentrations of dense particles to have a significant effect on the bulk density. In the fluid case, the interface at the top of the stirred dense layer continues to rise as lighter fluid is entrained across the interface. Sediment layers are distinctly different, because the particles responsible for the density difference between the layers can fall out of the suspension as it changes in thickness. The work done in keeping particles in suspension and the effect of this on the turbulence above the grid must be taken into account. The mechanism of resuspension of particles depends on the level of turbulence near the bottom boundary, below the grid. As the stirring rate, and thus the intensity of turbulence, are increased three possible equilibrium states can be attained sequentially: the particles eventually all precipitate; or some particles precipitate while the remainder are held indefinitely in suspension; or all the particles are suspended. In the last two cases a stable, self-limited suspension layer is produced, separated from the overlying fluid by a sharp density interface at a fixed height. Theoretical arguments are presented which provide a satisfactory scaling of the experimental data. These are compared with previous theories and numerical experiments aimed at modelling both the one-dimensional problem and the corresponding processes in turbulent gravity currents. Comparisons are also made with sediment-laden channel flows and convecting layers containing sedimenting particles. Similar results will hold for light, positively buoyant particles or non-coalescing bubbles.
Double-diffusive convection
- Herbert E. Huppert, J. Stewart Turner
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- Journal:
- Journal of Fluid Mechanics / Volume 106 / May 1981
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 20 April 2006, pp. 299-329
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In this paper we present a rather personal view of the important developments in double-diffusive convection, a subject whose evolution has been the result of a close interaction between theoreticians, laboratory experimenters and sea-going oceano-graphers. More recently, applications in astrophysics, engineering and geology have become apparent. In the final section we attempt to draw some general conclusions and suggest that further progress will again depend on a close collaboration between fluid dynamicists and other scientists.
Ice blocks melting into a salinity gradient
- Herbert E. Huppert, J. Stewart Turner
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- Journal:
- Journal of Fluid Mechanics / Volume 100 / Issue 2 / 25 September 1980
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 19 April 2006, pp. 367-384
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In our previous qualitative paper, it was shown that when a vertical ice surface melts into a stable salinity gradient, the melt water spreads out into the interior in a series of nearly horizontal layers. The experiments reported here are aimed at quantifying this effect, which could be of some importance in the application to melting icebergs. Experiments have also been carried out with heated and cooled vertical walls at larger Rayleigh numbers R than those of previous experiments.
The main result is that for most of our experiments there is no significant difference between these three cases when properly scaled. The layer thickness over a wide range of R is described to within the experimental accuracy by \[ h=0.65 [\rho(T_w,S_{\infty}) - \rho(T_{\infty},S_{\infty})]\left/\frac{d\rho}{dz}\right., \] where the term in brackets is the horizontal buoyancy difference evaluated at the mean salinity and dp/dz is the vertical density gradient due to salinity. In the case of ice melting into warm water the effective wall temperature Tw is approximately 0°C, whereas in colder water the freezing point depression must be taken explicitly into account. A detailed examination of the vertically flowing inner melt water layer in both homogeneous and salinity stratified cases has been made. This layer and the melt water which is mixed outwards from it into the turbulent horizontal layers have little effect on the outer flow. At high R and large external salinity, however, mixing can reduce the effective salinity at the inner edge of the horizontal layers, and thus the layer scale. A puzzling feature is the relatively weak dependence of layer scale on local salinity, though the vigour of convection and the rate of melting are greater where the salinity is high.
The direct application of our results to oceanographic situations predicts layer scales under typical summer conditions of order tens of metres in the Antarctic and of order metres in the Arctic. More measurements will be needed, especially close to icebergs, before the application of these ideas to polar regions can be properly evaluated.
The effect of dietary protein deficiency on transport of vitamin A in the blood and its storage in the liver
- C. J. Friend, C. R. C. Heard, B. S. Platt, R. J. C. Stewart, M. R. Turner
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- Journal:
- British Journal of Nutrition / Volume 15 / Issue 2 / May 1961
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 09 March 2007, pp. 231-240
- Print publication:
- May 1961
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