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Progress toward globally complete frontal ablation estimates of marine-terminating glaciers
- William Kochtitzky, Luke Copland, Wesley Van Wychen, Regine Hock, David R. Rounce, Hester Jiskoot, Ted A. Scambos, Mathieu Morlighem, Michalea King, Leo Cha, Luke Gould, Paige-Marie Merrill, Andrey Glazovsky, Romain Hugonnet, Tazio Strozzi, Brice Noël, Francisco Navarro, Romain Millan, Julian A. Dowdeswell, Alison Cook, Abigail Dalton, Shfaqat Khan, Jacek Jania
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- Journal:
- Annals of Glaciology / Volume 63 / Issue 87-89 / September 2022
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 29 June 2023, pp. 143-152
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Knowledge of frontal ablation from marine-terminating glaciers (i.e., mass lost at the calving face) is critical for constraining glacier mass balance, improving projections of mass change, and identifying the processes that govern frontal mass loss. Here, we discuss the challenges involved in computing frontal ablation and the unique issues pertaining to both glaciers and ice sheets. Frontal ablation estimates require numerous datasets, including glacier terminus area change, thickness, surface velocity, density, and climatic mass balance. Observations and models of these variables have improved over the past decade, but significant gaps and regional discrepancies remain, and better quantification of temporal variability in frontal ablation is needed. Despite major advances in satellite-derived large-scale datasets, large uncertainties remain with respect to ice thickness, depth-averaged velocities, and the bulk density of glacier ice close to calving termini or grounding lines. We suggest ways in which we can move toward globally complete frontal ablation estimates, highlighting areas where we need improved datasets and increased collaboration.
A history of high-power laser research and development in the United Kingdom
- Part of
- Colin N. Danson, Malcolm White, John R. M. Barr, Thomas Bett, Peter Blyth, David Bowley, Ceri Brenner, Robert J. Collins, Neal Croxford, A. E. Bucker Dangor, Laurence Devereux, Peter E. Dyer, Anthony Dymoke-Bradshaw, Christopher B. Edwards, Paul Ewart, Allister I. Ferguson, John M. Girkin, Denis R. Hall, David C. Hanna, Wayne Harris, David I. Hillier, Christopher J. Hooker, Simon M. Hooker, Nicholas Hopps, Janet Hull, David Hunt, Dino A. Jaroszynski, Mark Kempenaars, Helmut Kessler, Sir Peter L. Knight, Steve Knight, Adrian Knowles, Ciaran L. S. Lewis, Ken S. Lipton, Abby Littlechild, John Littlechild, Peter Maggs, Graeme P. A. Malcolm, OBE, Stuart P. D. Mangles, William Martin, Paul McKenna, Richard O. Moore, Clive Morrison, Zulfikar Najmudin, David Neely, Geoff H. C. New, Michael J. Norman, Ted Paine, Anthony W. Parker, Rory R. Penman, Geoff J. Pert, Chris Pietraszewski, Andrew Randewich, Nadeem H. Rizvi, Nigel Seddon, MBE, Zheng-Ming Sheng, David Slater, Roland A. Smith, Christopher Spindloe, Roy Taylor, Gary Thomas, John W. G. Tisch, Justin S. Wark, Colin Webb, S. Mark Wiggins, Dave Willford, Trevor Winstone
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- Journal:
- High Power Laser Science and Engineering / Volume 9 / 2021
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 27 April 2021, e18
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The first demonstration of laser action in ruby was made in 1960 by T. H. Maiman of Hughes Research Laboratories, USA. Many laboratories worldwide began the search for lasers using different materials, operating at different wavelengths. In the UK, academia, industry and the central laboratories took up the challenge from the earliest days to develop these systems for a broad range of applications. This historical review looks at the contribution the UK has made to the advancement of the technology, the development of systems and components and their exploitation over the last 60 years.
Chapter 11 - Polycythemia and Hyperviscosity in the Newborn
- from Section III - Erythrocyte Disorders
- Edited by Pedro A. de Alarcón, Eric J. Werner, Robert D. Christensen, University of Utah, Martha C. Sola-Visner, Harvard University, Massachusetts
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- Neonatal Hematology
- Published online:
- 30 January 2021
- Print publication:
- 18 February 2021, pp 185-200
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Summary
Polycythemia of the newborn is first mentioned in the Bible as Esau and Jacob are described at the time of their birth. Esau appears to be the recipient of a twin-to-twin transfusion (Genesis 25:25: “The first one emerged red …”). There is little in the modern medical literature concerning polycythemia in the newborn until the early 1970s [1–5]. During this time, there were a number of case reports and small series of infants with various symptoms that were thought to be secondary to an elevated hematocrit and blood viscosity. It was not until the 1980s that several investigators systematically examined the association between polycythemia, hyperviscosity of the blood, and organ-system dysfunction. These studies have done much to enlighten our understanding of the relationships between abnormalities of the hematocrit, blood viscosity, organ blood flow, and organ function. The dissemination of this knowledge has provided a clinical approach that is based on well-defined data and has clarified the role of polycythemia as an etiologic factor for organ dysfunction in the neonate.
A Portable, Easily Deployed Approach to Measure Healthcare Professional Contact Networks in Long-Term Care Settings
- Ted Herman, Shelby Francis, William Dube, Treyton Krupp, Scott Fridkin, Matthew Samore, Alberto Segre, Philip Polgreen
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- Journal:
- Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology / Volume 41 / Issue S1 / October 2020
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 02 November 2020, p. s455
- Print publication:
- October 2020
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Background: The movement of healthcare professionals (HCPs) induces an indirect contact network: touching a patient or the environment in one area, then again elsewhere, can spread healthcare-associated pathogens from 1 patient to another. Thus, understanding HCP movement is vital to calibrating mathematical models of healthcare-associated infections. Because long-term care facilities (LTCFs) are an important locus of transmission and have been understudied relative to hospitals, we developed a system for measuring contact patterns specifically within an LTCF. Methods: To measure HCP movement patterns, we used badges (credit-card–sized, programmable, battery-powered devices with wireless proximity sensors) worn by HCPs and placed in 30 locations for 3 days. Each badge broadcasts a brief message every 8 seconds. When received by other badges within range, the recipients recorded the time, source badge identifier, and signal strength. By fusing the data collected by all badges with a facility map, we estimated when and for how long each HCP was in any of the locations where instruments had been installed. Results: Combining the messages captured by all of our devices, we calculated the dwell time for each job type (eg, nurses, nursing assistants, physical therapists) in different locations (eg, resident rooms, dining areas, nurses stations, hallways, etc). Although dwell times over all job and area types averaged ∼100 seconds, the standard deviation was large (115 seconds), with a mean of maximums by job type of ∼450 seconds. For example, nursing assistants spent substantially more time in resident rooms and transitioned across rooms at a much higher rate. Overall, each distribution exhibits a power-law–like characteristic. By aggregating the data from devices with location data extracted from the floor plan, we were able to produce an explicit trace for each individual (identified only by job type) for each day and to compute cross-table transition probabilities by area for each job type. Conclusions: We developed a portable system for measuring contact patterns in long-term care settings. Our results confirm that frequent interactions between HCPs and LTC residents occur, but they are not uniform across job types or resident locations. The data produced by our system can be used to better calibrate mathematical models of pathogen spread in LTCs. Moreover, our system can be easily and quickly deployed to any healthcare settings to similarly inform outbreak investigations.
Funding: None
Disclosures: Scott Fridkin reports that his spouse receives a consulting fee from the vaccine industry.
Microscopy and Elemental Analysis on a Haynes-25 Crushed Weld Ring
- Angelique D Wall, Terry G. Holesinger, Joseph P.M. Romero, Ted F. Cousins, William L. Stellwag, Jr, Joshua Phillips, Andrew Sandford
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- Journal:
- Microscopy and Microanalysis / Volume 25 / Issue S2 / August 2019
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 05 August 2019, pp. 1604-1605
- Print publication:
- August 2019
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118 Demographics and Real World Healthcare Cost and Utilization for Patients With Probable Tardive Dyskinesia
- Michael Polson, Chuck Yonan, Ted Williams
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- CNS Spectrums / Volume 23 / Issue 1 / February 2018
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 15 June 2018, p. 75
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Background
Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is a movement disorder associated with prolonged exposure to antipsychotics. The current study was designed to describe demographics and comorbidities for patients with a dyskinesia diagnosis as probable TD (cohort 1), patients likely to have undiagnosed/uncoded TD (cohort 2), and a control population.
MethodsThis retrospective study analyzed Medicaid claims data from July 2013-March 2017. For a pool of patients with a history of 3 months or more of taking an antipsychotic, three cohorts were evaluated: cohort 1 (ICD-9/10 codes for dyskinesia); cohort 2 (propensity score matching to cohort 1); and cohort 3 (patients withschizophrenia, major depressive disorder [MDD], and/or bipolar disorder [BD] and history of ≤2 antipsychotic medications). Outcomes included patient characteristics, Charlson Comorbity Index (CCI) and healthcare utilization (pre-and post [12-month] period).
ResultsCohort sizes and characteristics were: cohort 1 (n=1,887; female, 68%; mean age, 42 years; MDD, 17%; BD, 48%); cohort 2 (n=1,572; female, 58%; mean age, 39 years; MDD, 22%; BD, 48%); cohort 3 (n=25,949; female, 67%; mean age, 40 years; MDD, 11%; BD, 49%). Cohorts 1 and 2 had higher comorbidity burden than cohort 3 (mean pre-index CCIs: 0.68, 0.79, and 0.47, respectively; p<0.001 for each cohort). After 12 months, mean per member per year healthcare costs were higher in cohort 1 and2 compared to cohort 3 ($21,293, $18,988, and $11,522, respectively), as were mean claims per member per year (185, 138, and 109, respectively).
ConclusionIn the study population, patients likely suffering from TD, ICD-9/10 code-confirmed or unconfirmed, have a higher overall comorbidity burden and healthcareutilization than those who probably do not have TD.
Funding AcknowledgementsThis study was funded by Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc.
Chapter 28 - Polycythemia and Fetal-Maternal Bleeding
- from Section 4 - Specific Conditions Associated with Fetal and Neonatal Brain Injury
- Edited by David K. Stevenson, Stanford University, California, William E. Benitz, Stanford University, California, Philip Sunshine, Stanford University, California, Susan R. Hintz, Stanford University, California, Maurice L. Druzin, Stanford University, California
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- Fetal and Neonatal Brain Injury
- Published online:
- 13 December 2017
- Print publication:
- 21 December 2017, pp 431-442
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Kyllinga brevifolia, K. squamulata, and K. pumila seed germination as influenced by temperature, light, and nitrate
- David B. Lowe, Ted Whitwell, Lambert B. McCarty, William C. Bridges
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- Weed Science / Volume 47 / Issue 6 / December 1999
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 12 June 2017, pp. 657-661
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Kyllinga species are becoming more prevalent in turfgrass sites throughout North America. The effects of nitrate (50, 200, and 400 mg L−1), temperature (33/24, 25/17, 19/11 C day/night, respectively), and light on seed germination of three Kyllinga species were investigated in growth chambers. Nitrate concentrations did not stimulate Kyllinga species seed germination compared with untreated seeds. All Kyllinga species seeds failed to germinate in darkness but resumed germination once they were placed in light. This is an important pest management strategy because a dense, uniform turfgrass stand with its minimum light penetration to the soil would minimize Kyllinga species seed germination. Higher temperatures increased seed germination rate and percentage of each species after 8 wk. Maximal (> 90%) K. brevifolia germination occurred 2 to 4 wk after initiation in every seed study, whereas K. squamulata seeds germinated continuously. Minimal (< 10%) K. pumila seeds germinated until alternating diurnal temperatures were imposed.
Temperature influences Kyllinga brevifolia and K. squamulata growth
- David B. Lowe, Lambert B. McCarty, Ted Whitwell, William C. Bridges
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- Journal:
- Weed Science / Volume 47 / Issue 6 / December 1999
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 12 June 2017, pp. 662-666
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Kyllinga species are becoming more common throughout the southeastern United States. Two species, Kyllinga brevifolia and Kyllinga squamulata, in particular are prevalent weeds in turfgrass. To better understand these weeds, growth chamber studies determined the growth of K. brevifolia, K. squamulata, and Cynodon dactylon × Cynodon transvaalensis as influenced by three temperature regimes (33/24, 25/17, 19/11 C day/night, respectively). Temperature influenced almost all aspects of Kyllinga species growth. Plant height of both Kyllinga species increased nearly twofold after 8 wk at high temperatures. Plants were mowed each week to 2.5 cm; both species produced more than twice as many clippings by 8 wk at high (33/24 C) temperatures than at low (19/11 C) temperatures. Destructive analysis at 8 wk revealed that K. brevifolia shoot and root weight increased with decreasing temperature, whereas K. squamulata shoot and root weights were not affected by temperature. Shoot weight percentage for both Kyllinga species increased from 59% in medium temperatures to 69% in high temperatures. K. brevifolia shoot weight percentage decreased to 53% in low temperatures, whereas K. squamulata shoot weight percentage increased to 72%. K. brevifolia inflorescences formed at 2, 3, and 5 wk in high, medium, and low temperatures, respectively, whereas K. squamulata flowered immediately in all temperatures. C. dactylon × C. transvaalensis and Kyllinga species growth were similar within each temperature regime throughout the 8-wk study.
Detecting Annual Bluegrass (Poa annua) Resistance to ALS-Inhibiting Herbicides Using a Rapid Diagnostic Assay
- Robert B. Cross, Lambert B. McCarty, Nishanth Tharayil, Ted Whitwell, William C. Bridges, Jr.
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- Journal:
- Weed Science / Volume 61 / Issue 3 / September 2013
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 20 January 2017, pp. 384-389
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Annual bluegrass is the most problematic winter annual weed in managed turfgrass. Acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides are effective for annual bluegrass control, but reliance on this mode of action can select for herbicide-resistant biotypes. Two annual bluegrass biotypes not controlled with ALS-inhibiting herbicides were reported at golf courses in South Carolina and Georgia. Research was initiated at Clemson University to verify the level of resistance of these biotypes to ALS inhibitors. Two ALS-susceptible (S) and suspected resistant (SCr, GAr) annual bluegrass biotypes were established in a greenhouse. Dose-response experiments were conducted on mature annual bluegrass plants using trifloxysulfuron, foramsulfuron, and bispyribac-sodium, all ALS-inhibiting herbicides. Additionally, a rapid diagnostic ALS activity assay was optimized and conducted using the same herbicides. For dose-response experiments, the rate of herbicide that reduced shoot biomass 50% (I50) values for the S biotypes were 13.6 g ai ha−1 for trifloxysulfuron, 7.0 g ai ha−1 for foramsulfuron, and 38.3 g ai ha−1 for bispyribac-sodium. Fifty percent shoot biomass reduction was not observed in either the SCr or GAr biotypes at eight times the labeled field rate of all ALS-inhibiting herbicides tested. For in vivo tests of ALS activity, the SCr biotype yielded I50 (concentration of herbicide that reduced ALS activity 50%) values 3,650, 3,290, and 13 times the S biotypes following treatment with trifloxysulfuron, foramsulfuron, and bispyribac-sodium, respectively. Similarly, I50 values for the GAr biotype were 316, 140, and 64 times greater than the S biotypes following the same herbicide treatments. This research indicates high levels of annual bluegrass resistance to multiple ALS-inhibiting herbicides in South Carolina and Georgia. Future research should focus on the mechanisms of ALS resistance in these annual bluegrass biotypes as well as alternative options for control not targeting the ALS enzyme.
Mowing and Nitrogen Influence Green Kyllinga (Kyllinga brevifolia) Infestation in Tifway Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon × C. transvaalensis) Turf1
- David B. Lowe, Ted Whitwell, Lambert B. McCarty, William C. Bridges
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- Journal:
- Weed Technology / Volume 14 / Issue 3 / September 2000
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 20 January 2017, pp. 471-475
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A field study evaluated the effects of green kyllinga establishment method (seed vs. stolon), two mowing heights (2.5 and 5.0 cm), and three nitrogen (N) rates (0, 24, and 49 kg/ha/mo) on green kyllinga infestation in ‘Tifway’ bermudagrass turf. The study was initiated in vigorous and newly established or “weak” bermudagrass turf in May 1997 and continued until December 1998. The green kyllinga area was measured periodically each year and plant dry weight (g/500 cm2) was calculated in December 1997 and 1998. In 1997, stolon established green kyllinga plots were twice as large as seeded plots in vigorous turf and four times larger in weak turf. Method of establishment, however, was less important in 1998 as seedling populations became more established. In weak turf, increasing N rate to 49 kg/ha/mo decreased green kyllinga spread by 50% in 1997 and by 40% in 1998 compared to no N. In vigorous turf, mowing height influenced green kyllinga infestation more than N. Low mowing height (2.5 cm) increased green kyllinga infestations nearly twofold in vigorous turf in 1997 and more than fivefold in 1998. Golf course fairways are often maintained at clipping heights shorter than 2.5 cm, and green kyllinga is a prevalent weed at these sites. Green kyllinga may gain a competitive advantage in bermudagrass turf at lower mowing heights.
The Last Interglacial Ocean
- Rose Marie L. Cline, James D. Hays, Warren L. Prell, William F. Ruddiman, Ted C. Moore, Nilva G. Kipp, Barbara E. Molfino, George H. Denton, Terence J. Hughes, William L. Balsam, Charlotte A. Brunner, Jean-Claude Duplessy, Ann G. Esmay, James L. Fastook, John Imbrie, Lloyd D. Keigwin, Thomas B. Kellogg, Andrew McIntyre, Robley K. Matthews, Alan C. Mix, Joseph J. Morley, Nicholas J. Shackleton, S. Stephen Streeter, Peter R. Thompson
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- Quaternary Research / Volume 21 / Issue 2 / February 1984
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 20 January 2017, pp. 123-224
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The final effort of the CLIMAP project was a study of the last interglaciation, a time of minimum ice volume some 122,000 yr ago coincident with the Substage 5e oxygen isotopic minimum. Based on detailed oxygen isotope analyses and biotic census counts in 52 cores across the world ocean, last interglacial sea-surface temperatures (SST) were compared with those today. There are small SST departures in the mid-latitude North Atlantic (warmer) and the Gulf of Mexico (cooler). The eastern boundary currents of the South Atlantic and Pacific oceans are marked by large SST anomalies in individual cores, but their interpretations are precluded by no-analog problems and by discordancies among estimates from different biotic groups. In general, the last interglacial ocean was not significantly different from the modern ocean. The relative sequencing of ice decay versus oceanic warming on the Stage 6/5 oxygen isotopic transition and of ice growth versus oceanic cooling on the Stage 5e/5d transition was also studied. In most of the Southern Hemisphere, the oceanic response marked by the biotic census counts preceded (led) the global ice-volume response marked by the oxygen-isotope signal by several thousand years. The reverse pattern is evident in the North Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico, where the oceanic response lagged that of global ice volume by several thousand years. As a result, the very warm temperatures associated with the last interglaciation were regionally diachronous by several thousand years. These regional lead-lag relationships agree with those observed on other transitions and in long-term phase relationships; they cannot be explained simply as artifacts of bioturbational translations of the original signals.
Stable Isotope Analysis of a Submarine Ice Cliff at Explorers Cove, McMurdo Sound, Antarctica
- William L. Stockton, Ted E. DeLaca, Michael J. Deniro
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- Journal:
- Journal of Glaciology / Volume 30 / Issue 104 / 1984
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 20 January 2017, pp. 112-115
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Stable isotope ratios and salinities of ice samples obtained from a submarine ice cliff at Explorers Cove demonstrate that the upper parts of the ice cliff have frozen directly from sea-water and are an underwater expression of permafrost, whereas the lower parts appear to be partially glacial in origin. These results indicate that there may be ice cores in the moraines of Explorers Cove, in which case the coastline of McMurdo Sound is more extensively ice-cored than previously known.
AVHRR-based Polar Pathfinder products for modeling applications
- James Maslanik, Charles Fowler, Jeffrey Key, Ted Scambos, Todd Hutchinson, William Emery
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- Annals of Glaciology / Volume 25 / 1997
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 20 January 2017, pp. 388-392
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A suite of Arctic and Antarctic products is being prepared from Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) and ancillary data as part of NASA’s Polar Pathfinder effort. These products consist of twice-daily gridded fields of clear-sky surface temperature, surface albedo and cloud fraction, as well as daily ice velocities, for 1983–96. The products and their production methodology are summarized here, with examples demonstrating applications of the Pathfinder products for process studies and modeling.
People interviewed
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- By Masood Ahmed, Mark Allen, Thomas Bernes, Gordon Betcherman, Jack Boorman, David Booth, Hugh Bredenkamp, Ariel Buira, Michel Camdessus, Rob Chase, Jeff Chelsky, Jean-Jacques Dethier, Ruth Driscoll, Ariel Fiszbein, David Goldsbrough, Eduardo Gonzalez, Jo Marie Griesgraber, Kjetil Hansen, Robert Holzmann, Emmanuel Jiminez, Homi Kharas, Willy Kiekens, Hetty Kovach, Johannes Linn, Meg Lundsager, Abbas Mirakhor, Alexandros Mourmouras, Tom Neylan, Marjolaine Nicod, Mark Plant, Jacques Polak, Jeff Powell, Bruce Rich, Rick Rowden, Tom Scholar, Sunil Sharma, Ted Truman, Lisa Williams, Felix Zimmerman
- Jacqueline Best, University of Ottawa
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- Governing Failure
- Published online:
- 05 January 2014
- Print publication:
- 09 January 2014, pp 263-265
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Contributors
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- By Syed S. Ali, Nathan Allen, John E. Arbo, Elizabeth Arrington, Ani Aydin, Kenneth R. L. Bernard, Amy Caggiula, Nolan Caldwell, Jennifer L. Carey, Jennifer Carnell, Jayaram Chelluri, Michael N. Cocchi, Cristal Cristia, Vishal Demla, Bram Dolcourt, Andrew Eyre, Shawn Fagan, Brandy Ferguson, Sarah Fisher, Jonathan Friedstat, Brian C. Geyer, Brandon Godbout, Jeremy Gonda, Jeremy Goverman, Ashley L. Greiner, Casey Grover, Carla Haack, Abigail Hankin, John W. Hardin, Katrina L. Harper, Gregory Hayward, Stephen Hendriksen, Daniel Herbert-Cohen, Nadine Himelfarb, Calvin E. Hwang, Jacob D. Isserman, Joshua Jauregui, Joshua W. Joseph, Elena Kapilevich, Feras H. Khan, Sarvotham Kini, Karen A. Kinnaman, Ruth Lamm, Calvin Lee, Jarone Lee, Charles Lei, John Lemos, Daniel J. Lepp, Elisabeth Lessenich, Brandon Maughan, Julie Mayglothling, Kevin McConnell, Laura Medford-Davis, Kamal Medlej, Heather Meissen, Payal Modi, Joel Moll, Jolene H. Nakao, Matthew Nicholls, Lindsay Oelze, Carolyn Maher Overman, Viral Patel, Timothy C. Peck, Jeffrey Pepin, Candace Pettigrew, Byron Pitts, Zubaid Rafique, Chanu Rhee, Jonathan C. Roberts, Daniel Rolston, Steven C. Rougas, Benjamin Schnapp, Kathryn A. Seal, Raghu Seethala, Todd A. Seigel, Navdeep Sekhon, Kaushal Shah, Robert L. Sherwin, Kirill Shishlov, Ashley Shreves, Sebastian Siadecki, Jeffrey N. Siegelman, Liza Gonen Smith, Ted Stettner, Marie Carmelle Tabuteau, Joseph E. Tonna, N. Seth Trueger, Chad Van Ginkel, Bina Vasantharam, Graham Walker, Susan Wilcox, Sandra J. Williams, Matthew L. Wong, Nelson Wong, Samantha Wood, John Woodruff, Benjamin Zabar
- Edited by Kaushal Shah, Jarone Lee, Kamal Medlej, American University of Beirut, Scott D. Weingart
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- Practical Emergency Resuscitation and Critical Care
- Published online:
- 05 November 2013
- Print publication:
- 24 October 2013, pp xi-xx
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9 - Polycythemia and hyperviscosity in the newborn
- from Section II - Erythrocyte disorders
- Edited by Pedro de Alarcón, Eric Werner, Robert D. Christensen
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- Neonatal Hematology
- Published online:
- 05 February 2013
- Print publication:
- 10 January 2013, pp 127-140
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Summary
Introduction
Polycythemia of the newborn is first mentioned in the Bible as Esau and Jacob are described at the time of their birth. Esau appears to be the recipient of a twin-to-twin transfusion (Genesis 25 : 25: “The first one emerged red …”). There is little in the modern medical literature concerning polycythemia in the newborn until the early 1970s (1–5). During this time, there were a number of case reports and small series of infants with various symptoms that were thought to be secondary to an elevated hematocrit and blood viscosity. It was not until the 1980s that several investigators systematically examined the association between polycythemia, hyperviscosity of the blood, and organ-system dysfunction. These studies have done much to enlighten our understanding of the relationships between abnormalities of the hematocrit, blood viscosity, organ blood flow, and organ function. The dissemination of this knowledge has provided a clinical approach that is based on well-defined data and has clarified the role of polycythemia as an etiologic factor for organ dysfunction in the neonate.
Definitions
Definitions of polycythemia and hyperviscosity have varied by study and methodology. Common variables have been the source of the blood sample and the age of the infant at the time of measurement (6–11). In many studies, a hematocrit value of 65% or above has been diagnostic for polycythemia. Using cord blood from appropriate-for-gestational-age (AGA) infants, Gross and colleagues defined hyperviscosity as a value that was two standard deviations greater than the mean (Fig. 9.1) (5). Using blood samples from three different sites (peripheral vein, umbilical vein, and capillary), Ramamurthy and Brans defined hyperviscosity as a value that was three standard deviations from the mean (6). This coincided with an umbilical venous hematocrit value of 63% or above. This study also found that capillary samples were higher than those from the peripheral vein, which in turn were greater than those from the umbilical vein.
Contributors
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- By Phillip L. Ackerman, Soon Ang, Susan M. Barnett, G. David Batty, Anna S. Beninger, Jillian Brass, Meghan M. Burke, Nancy Cantor, Priyanka B. Carr, David R. Caruso, Stephen J. Ceci, Lillia Cherkasskiy, Joanna Christodoulou, Andrew R. A. Conway, Christine E. Daley, Janet E. Davidson, Jim Davies, Katie Davis, Ian J. Deary, Colin G. DeYoung, Ron Dumont, Carol S. Dweck, Linn Van Dyne, Pascale M. J. Engel de Abreu, Joseph F. Fagan, David Henry Feldman, Kurt W. Fischer, Marisa H. Fisher, James R. Flynn, Liane Gabora, Howard Gardner, Glenn Geher, Sarah J. Getz, Judith Glück, Ashok K. Goel, Megan M. Griffin, Elena L. Grigorenko, Richard J. Haier, Diane F. Halpern, Christopher Hertzog, Robert M. Hodapp, Earl Hunt, Alan S. Kaufman, James C. Kaufman, Scott Barry Kaufman, Iris A. Kemp, John F. Kihlstrom, Joni M. Lakin, Christina S. Lee, David F. Lohman, N. J. Mackintosh, Brooke Macnamara, Samuel D. Mandelman, John D. Mayer, Richard E. Mayer, Martha J. Morelock, Ted Nettelbeck, Raymond S. Nickerson, Weihua Niu, Anthony J. Onwuegbuzie, Jonathan A. Plucker, Sally M. Reis, Joseph S. Renzulli, Heiner Rindermann, L. Todd Rose, Anne Russon, Peter Salovey, Scott Seider, Ellen L. Short, Keith E. Stanovich, Ursula M. Staudinger, Robert J. Sternberg, Carli A. Straight, Lisa A. Suzuki, Mei Ling Tan, Maggie E. Toplak, Susana Urbina, Richard K. Wagner, Richard F. West, Wendy M. Williams, John O. Willis, Thomas R. Zentall
- Edited by Robert J. Sternberg, Oklahoma State University, Scott Barry Kaufman, New York University
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- Book:
- The Cambridge Handbook of Intelligence
- Published online:
- 05 June 2012
- Print publication:
- 30 May 2011, pp xi-xiv
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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. 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- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
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- Book:
- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
- Published online:
- 05 August 2012
- Print publication:
- 20 September 2010, pp xi-xliv
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28 - Polycythemia and fetal–maternal bleeding
- from Section 4 - Specific conditions associated with fetal and neonatal brain injury
- Edited by David K. Stevenson, Stanford University School of Medicine, California, William E. Benitz, Stanford University School of Medicine, California, Philip Sunshine, Stanford University School of Medicine, California, Susan R. Hintz, Stanford University School of Medicine, California, Maurice L. Druzin, Stanford University School of Medicine, California
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- Fetal and Neonatal Brain Injury
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- 12 January 2010
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- 18 June 2009, pp 317-324
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Summary
Introduction
Since the third edition, this chapter has been expanded to cover both polycythemia and fetomaternal hemorrhage, a topic that is not extensively or comprehensively discussed in most commonly used textbooks. In the former the hematocrit and blood volume are generally increased, while in the latter both are generally very low. In both conditions, however, there is concern about inadequate organ blood flow, oxygenation delivery, and potential for hypoxic injury, especially in the brain. A large body of definitive information on polycythemia is available that allows conclusions to be made as to management and patient outcome. However, the area of fetomaternal hemorrhage has not been as comprehensively investigated and relies mostly on small clinical series and case reports. There are no controlled basic or clinical trials, which hampers our understanding of pathophysiology as well as therapeutic modalities. This leaves us with gaps in our knowledge of this important topic. What is presented here is the most current body of information and recommendations for diagnosis, treatment, and reported outcomes.
Polycythemia
Polycythemia and hyperviscosity were first associated with adverse neurologic events and sequelae in a series of case reports. The first case often referenced was published by Wood in 1952, and this was followed by a small series of infants with polycythemia and hyperviscosity who displayed multiple problems, including cerebral dysfunction.