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Data quality methods through remote source data verification auditing: results from the Congenital Cardiac Research Collaborative
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- Joelle A. Pettus, Amy L. Pajk, Andrew C. Glatz, Christopher J. Petit, Bryan H. Goldstein, Athar M. Qureshi, George T. Nicholson, Jeffery J. Meadows, Jeffrey D. Zampi, Mark A. Law, Shabana Shahanavaz, Michael S. Kelleman, Courtney M. McCracken, the Congenital Cardiac Research Collaborative
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- Cardiology in the Young / Volume 31 / Issue 11 / November 2021
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 17 March 2021, pp. 1829-1834
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Background:
Multicentre research databases can provide insights into healthcare processes to improve outcomes and make practice recommendations for novel approaches. Effective audits can establish a framework for reporting research efforts, ensuring accurate reporting, and spearheading quality improvement. Although a variety of data auditing models and standards exist, barriers to effective auditing including costs, regulatory requirements, travel, and design complexity must be considered.
Materials and methods:The Congenital Cardiac Research Collaborative conducted a virtual data training initiative and remote source data verification audit on a retrospective multicentre dataset. CCRC investigators across nine institutions were trained to extract and enter data into a robust dataset on patients with tetralogy of Fallot who required neonatal intervention. Centres provided de-identified source files for a randomised 10% patient sample audit. Key auditing variables, discrepancy types, and severity levels were analysed across two study groups, primary repair and staged repair.
Results:Of the total 572 study patients, data from 58 patients (31 staged repairs and 27 primary repairs) were source data verified. Amongst the 1790 variables audited, 45 discrepancies were discovered, resulting in an overall accuracy rate of 97.5%. High accuracy rates were consistent across all CCRC institutions ranging from 94.6% to 99.4% and were reported for both minor (1.5%) and major discrepancies type classifications (1.1%).
Conclusion:Findings indicate that implementing a virtual multicentre training initiative and remote source data verification audit can identify data quality concerns and produce a reliable, high-quality dataset. Remote auditing capacity is especially important during the current COVID-19 pandemic.
The Snake and the Mongoose: The Emergence of Identity in Early Indian Religion. By Nathan McGovern. New York: Oxford University Press, 2019. xiv, 313 pp. ISBN: 9780190640798 (cloth).
- Andrew J. Nicholson
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- Journal:
- The Journal of Asian Studies / Volume 78 / Issue 4 / November 2019
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 03 December 2019, pp. 966-968
- Print publication:
- November 2019
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Surrogate rearing a keystone species to enhance population and ecosystem restoration
- Karl A. Mayer, M. Tim Tinker, Teri E. Nicholson, Michael J. Murray, Andrew B. Johnson, Michelle M. Staedler, Jessica A. Fujii, Kyle S. Van Houtan
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Translocation and rehabilitation programmes are critical tools for wildlife conservation. These methods achieve greater impact when integrated in a combined strategy for enhancing population or ecosystem restoration. During 2002–2016 we reared 37 orphaned southern sea otter Enhydra lutris nereis pups, using captive sea otters as surrogate mothers, then released them into a degraded coastal estuary. As a keystone species, observed increases in the local sea otter population unsurprisingly brought many ecosystem benefits. The role that surrogate-reared otters played in this success story, however, remained uncertain. To resolve this, we developed an individual-based model of the local population using surveyed individual fates (survival and reproduction) of surrogate-reared and wild-captured otters, and modelled estimates of immigration. Estimates derived from a decade of population monitoring indicated that surrogate-reared and wild sea otters had similar reproductive and survival rates. This was true for males and females, across all ages (1–13 years) and locations evaluated. The model simulations indicated that reconstructed counts of the wild population are best explained by surrogate-reared otters combined with low levels of unassisted immigration. In addition, the model shows that 55% of observed population growth over this period is attributable to surrogate-reared otters and their wild progeny. Together, our results indicate that the integration of surrogacy methods and reintroduction of juvenile sea otters helped establish a biologically successful population and restore a once-impaired ecosystem.
Burnswark Hill: the opening shot of the Antonine reconquest of Scotland?
- John H. Reid, Andrew Nicholson
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- Journal:
- Journal of Roman Archaeology / Volume 32 / 2019
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 11 October 2019, pp. 459-477
- Print publication:
- 2019
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This paper represents an interim report of the Burnswark Project that has utilised the techniques of battlefield archaeology to locate and accurately identify missiles across a substantial field of conflict in SW Scotland. The distribution, characteristics, dating and proposed historical context of these missiles are argued to support their use in a dramatic episode of ‘exemplary force’ by the Roman army. The magnitude of the event might be seen to be compatible with an emperor establishing his legitimacy as a military leader.
Machine learning multivariate pattern analysis predicts classification of posttraumatic stress disorder and its dissociative subtype: a multimodal neuroimaging approach
- Andrew A. Nicholson, Maria Densmore, Margaret C. McKinnon, Richard W.J. Neufeld, Paul A. Frewen, Jean Théberge, Rakesh Jetly, J. Donald Richardson, Ruth A. Lanius
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- Journal:
- Psychological Medicine / Volume 49 / Issue 12 / September 2019
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 11 October 2018, pp. 2049-2059
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Background
The field of psychiatry would benefit significantly from developing objective biomarkers that could facilitate the early identification of heterogeneous subtypes of illness. Critically, although machine learning pattern recognition methods have been applied recently to predict many psychiatric disorders, these techniques have not been utilized to predict subtypes of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), including the dissociative subtype of PTSD (PTSD + DS).
MethodsUsing Multiclass Gaussian Process Classification within PRoNTo, we examined the classification accuracy of: (i) the mean amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (mALFF; reflecting spontaneous neural activity during rest); and (ii) seed-based amygdala complex functional connectivity within 181 participants [PTSD (n = 81); PTSD + DS (n = 49); and age-matched healthy trauma-unexposed controls (n = 51)]. We also computed mass-univariate analyses in order to observe regional group differences [false-discovery-rate (FDR)-cluster corrected p < 0.05, k = 20].
ResultsWe found that extracted features could predict accurately the classification of PTSD, PTSD + DS, and healthy controls, using both resting-state mALFF (91.63% balanced accuracy, p < 0.001) and amygdala complex connectivity maps (85.00% balanced accuracy, p < 0.001). These results were replicated using independent machine learning algorithms/cross-validation procedures. Moreover, areas weighted as being most important for group classification also displayed significant group differences at the univariate level. Here, whereas the PTSD + DS group displayed increased activation within emotion regulation regions, the PTSD group showed increased activation within the amygdala, globus pallidus, and motor/somatosensory regions.
ConclusionThe current study has significant implications for advancing machine learning applications within the field of psychiatry, as well as for developing objective biomarkers indicative of diagnostic heterogeneity.
Contributors
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- By Pascale Aebischer, Patricia Cahill, Thomas Cartelli, Chris Chism, David Clark, Danielle Clarke, Catherine Clifford, Mary Thomas Crane, Sarah Dewar-Watson, Andrew Duxfield, Lars Engle, Alison Findlay, Adam Hansen, Elizabeth Hanson, Thomas Healy, Lisa Hopkins, Paulina Kewes, Jacques Lezra, Laurie Maguire, Jenny C. Mann, Leah S. Marcus, Paul Menzer, Lucy Munro, Catherine Nicholson, Syrithe Pugh, Tom Rutter, Kathryn Schwarz, James R. Siemon, Elizabeth Spiller, Holger Schott Syme, Aleksandra Thostrup, Brian Walsh, Martin Wiggins, Gillian Woods
- Edited by Emily C. Bartels, Rutgers University, New Jersey, Emma Smith, University of Oxford
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- Christopher Marlowe in Context
- Published online:
- 05 July 2013
- Print publication:
- 11 July 2013, pp ix-xiv
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- By Richard Badenhausen, James J. Berg, John R. Boly, Richard R. Bozorth, Adrian Caesar, David Collard, Patrick Deer, Rainer Emig, Chris Freeman, Susannah Young-ah Gottlieb, Hugh Haughton, Alan Jacobs, Chris Jones, Edward Mendelson, Janet Montefiore, Steve Nicholson, Sean O’Brien, Michael O’Neill, Seamus Perry, Justin Quinn, Gareth Reeves, Stephen Regan, Michael Symmons Roberts, Tony Sharpe, Stan Smith, Andrew Thacker, Aidan Wasley, Keith Williams, Michael Wood, Gregory Woods, Matthew Worley, Tim Youngs
- Edited by Tony Sharpe, Lancaster University
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- W. H. Auden in Context
- Published online:
- 05 February 2013
- Print publication:
- 21 January 2013, pp xi-xvi
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Prevalence of anti-basal ganglia antibodies in adult obsessive–compulsive disorder: cross-sectional study
- Timothy R. J. Nicholson, Sumudu Ferdinando, Ravikumar B. Krishnaiah, Sophie Anhoury, Belinda R. Lennox, David Mataix-Cols, Anthony Cleare, David M. Veale, Lynne M. Drummond, Naomi A. Fineberg, Andrew J. Church, Gavin Giovannoni, Isobel Heyman
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- Journal:
- The British Journal of Psychiatry / Volume 200 / Issue 5 / May 2012
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 02 January 2018, pp. 381-386
- Print publication:
- May 2012
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Background
Symptoms of obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) have been described in neuropsychiatric syndromes associated with streptococcal infections. It is proposed that antibodies raised against streptococcal proteins cross-react with neuronal proteins (antigens) in the brain, particularly in the basal ganglia, which is a brain region implicated in OCD pathogenesis.
AimsTo test the hypothesis that post-streptococcal autoimmunity, directed against neuronal antigens, may contribute to the pathogenesis of OCD in adults.
MethodNinety-six participants with OCD were tested for the presence of anti-streptolysin-O titres (ASOT) and the presence of anti-basal ganglia antibodies (ABGA) in a cross-sectional study. The ABGA were tested for with western blots using three recombinant antigens; aldolase C, enolase and pyruvate kinase. The findings were compared with those in a control group of individuals with depression (n = 33) and schizophrenia (n = 17).
ResultsPositivity for ABGA was observed in 19/96 (19.8%) participants with OCD compared with 2/50 (4%) of controls (Fisher's exact test P = 0.012). The majority of positive OCD sera (13/19) had antibodies against the enolase antigen. No clinical variables were associated with ABGA positivity. Positivity for ASOT was not associated with ABGA positivity nor found at an increased incidence in participants with OCD compared with controls.
ConclusionsThese findings support the hypothesis that central nervous system autoimmunity may have an aetiological role in some adults with OCD. Further study is required to examine whether the antibodies concerned are pathogenic and whether exposure to streptococcal infection in vulnerable individuals is a risk factor for the development of OCD.
Rupture of pulmonary aneurysms in association with long-standing Waterston shunts
- Dearbhla A. Hull, Elliot Shinebourne, Leon Gerlis, Andrew G. Nicholson, Mary N. Sheppard
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- Cardiology in the Young / Volume 11 / Issue 1 / January 2001
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 July 2011, pp. 123-127
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Anastomosis of the ascending aorta to the right pulmonary artery, the so-called Waterston shunt, was undertaken as a palliative procedure for children with cyanotic congenital heart disease due to obstruction of the pulmonary outflow tract with reduced pulmonary blood flow. We present the clinico-pathological correlations in two patients who underwent construction of Waterston shunts as neonates, and subsequently died of ruptured pulmonary aneurysms in adult life. Rupture should, therefore, be recognized as a late complication of this procedure, and be considered in the long-term follow-up of such patients, especially when the shunted lung is hypertensive.
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- By Derek Barrett, Mark C. Bellamy, Andrew R. Bodenham, Pieter A.J. Borg, Ian Calder, Tim Cook, Joy E. Curran, Philippa Evans, Andrew D. Farmery, Chris Frerk, Priya Gauthama, Ankie E.W. Hamaekers, John Henderson, Eric Hodgson, Jeremy A. Langton, Andrew D.M. McLeod, Abhiram Mallick, Viki Mitchell, James Nicholson, Anil Patel, Adrian Pearce, Will Peat, John Picard, Mansukh Popat, Brian Prater, Mridula Rai, Om Sanehi, Jane Stanford, Richard Vanner, Peter J.H. Venn, Steven M. Yentis
- Edited by Ian Calder, Adrian Pearce
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- Core Topics in Airway Management
- Published online:
- 10 January 2011
- Print publication:
- 16 December 2010, pp vii-viii
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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. Chapman, James H. Charlesworth, Kenneth R. Chase, Chen Zemin, Luciano Chianeque, Philip Chia Phin Yin, Francisca H. Chimhanda, Daniel Chiquete, John T. Chirban, Soobin Choi, Robert Choquette, Mita Choudhury, Gerald Christianson, John Chryssavgis, Sejong Chun, Esther Chung-Kim, Charles M. A. Clark, Elizabeth A. Clark, Sathianathan Clarke, Fred Cloud, John B. Cobb, W. Owen Cole, John A Coleman, John J. Collins, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Paul K. Conkin, Beth A. Conklin, Sean Connolly, Demetrios J. Constantelos, Michael A. Conway, Paula M. Cooey, Austin Cooper, Michael L. Cooper-White, Pamela Cooper-White, L. William Countryman, Sérgio Coutinho, Pamela Couture, Shannon Craigo-Snell, James L. Crenshaw, David Crowner, Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Elizabeth Mason Currier, Emmanuel Cutrone, Mary L. Daniel, David D. Daniels, Robert Darden, Rolf Darge, Isaiah Dau, Jeffry C. Davis, Jane Dawson, Valentin Dedji, John W. de Gruchy, Paul DeHart, Wendy J. Deichmann Edwards, Miguel A. De La Torre, George E. Demacopoulos, Thomas de Mayo, Leah DeVun, Beatriz de Vasconcellos Dias, Dennis C. Dickerson, John M. Dillon, Luis Miguel Donatello, Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, Susanna Drake, Jonathan A. Draper, N. Dreher Martin, Otto Dreydoppel, Angelyn Dries, A. J. Droge, Francis X. D'Sa, Marilyn Dunn, Nicole Wilkinson Duran, Rifaat Ebied, Mark J. Edwards, William H. Edwards, Leonard H. Ehrlich, Nancy L. Eiesland, Martin Elbel, J. Harold Ellens, Stephen Ellingson, Marvin M. Ellison, Robert Ellsberg, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Eldon Jay Epp, Peter C. Erb, Tassilo Erhardt, Maria Erling, Noel Leo Erskine, Gillian R. Evans, Virginia Fabella, Michael A. Fahey, Edward Farley, Margaret A. Farley, Wendy Farley, Robert Fastiggi, Seena Fazel, Duncan S. Ferguson, Helwar Figueroa, Paul Corby Finney, Kyriaki Karidoyanes FitzGerald, Thomas E. FitzGerald, John R. Fitzmier, Marie Therese Flanagan, Sabina Flanagan, Claude Flipo, Ronald B. Flowers, Carole Fontaine, David Ford, Mary Ford, Stephanie A. Ford, Jim Forest, William Franke, Robert M. Franklin, Ruth Franzén, Edward H. Friedman, Samuel Frouisou, Lorelei F. Fuchs, Jojo M. Fung, Inger Furseth, Richard R. Gaillardetz, Brandon Gallaher, China Galland, Mark Galli, Ismael García, Tharscisse Gatwa, Jean-Marie Gaudeul, Luis María Gavilanes del Castillo, Pavel L. Gavrilyuk, Volney P. Gay, Metropolitan Athanasios Geevargis, Kondothra M. George, Mary Gerhart, Simon Gikandi, Maurice Gilbert, Michael J. Gillgannon, Verónica Giménez Beliveau, Terryl Givens, Beth Glazier-McDonald, Philip Gleason, Menghun Goh, Brian Golding, Bishop Hilario M. Gomez, Michelle A. Gonzalez, Donald K. Gorrell, Roy Gottfried, Tamara Grdzelidze, Joel B. Green, Niels Henrik Gregersen, Cristina Grenholm, Herbert Griffiths, Eric W. Gritsch, Erich S. Gruen, Christoffer H. Grundmann, Paul H. Gundani, Jon P. Gunnemann, Petre Guran, Vidar L. Haanes, Jeremiah M. Hackett, Getatchew Haile, Douglas John Hall, Nicholas Hammond, Daphne Hampson, Jehu J. Hanciles, Barry Hankins, Jennifer Haraguchi, Stanley S. Harakas, Anthony John Harding, Conrad L. Harkins, J. William Harmless, Marjory Harper, Amir Harrak, Joel F. Harrington, Mark W. Harris, Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Van A. Harvey, R. Chris Hassel, Jione Havea, Daniel Hawk, Diana L. Hayes, Leslie Hayes, Priscilla Hayner, S. Mark Heim, Simo Heininen, Richard P. Heitzenrater, Eila Helander, David Hempton, Scott H. Hendrix, Jan-Olav Henriksen, Gina Hens-Piazza, Carter Heyward, Nicholas J. Higham, David Hilliard, Norman A. Hjelm, Peter C. Hodgson, Arthur Holder, M. Jan Holton, Dwight N. Hopkins, Ronnie Po-chia Hsia, Po-Ho Huang, James Hudnut-Beumler, Jennifer S. Hughes, Leonard M. Hummel, Mary E. Hunt, Laennec Hurbon, Mark Hutchinson, Susan E. Hylen, Mary Beth Ingham, H. Larry Ingle, Dale T. Irvin, Jon Isaak, Paul John Isaak, Ada María Isasi-Díaz, Hans Raun Iversen, Margaret C. Jacob, Arthur James, Maria Jansdotter-Samuelsson, David Jasper, Werner G. Jeanrond, Renée Jeffery, David Lyle Jeffrey, Theodore W. Jennings, David H. Jensen, Robin Margaret Jensen, David Jobling, Dale A. Johnson, Elizabeth A. Johnson, Maxwell E. Johnson, Sarah Johnson, Mark D. Johnston, F. Stanley Jones, James William Jones, John R. Jones, Alissa Jones Nelson, Inge Jonsson, Jan Joosten, Elizabeth Judd, Mulambya Peggy Kabonde, Robert Kaggwa, Sylvester Kahakwa, Isaac Kalimi, Ogbu U. Kalu, Eunice Kamaara, Wayne C. Kannaday, Musimbi Kanyoro, Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, Frank Kaufmann, Léon Nguapitshi Kayongo, Richard Kearney, Alice A. Keefe, Ralph Keen, Catherine Keller, Anthony J. Kelly, Karen Kennelly, Kathi Lynn Kern, Fergus Kerr, Edward Kessler, George Kilcourse, Heup Young Kim, Kim Sung-Hae, Kim Yong-Bock, Kim Yung Suk, Richard King, Thomas M. King, Robert M. Kingdon, Ross Kinsler, Hans G. Kippenberg, Cheryl A. Kirk-Duggan, Clifton Kirkpatrick, Leonid Kishkovsky, Nadieszda Kizenko, Jeffrey Klaiber, Hans-Josef Klauck, Sidney Knight, Samuel Kobia, Robert Kolb, Karla Ann Koll, Heikki Kotila, Donald Kraybill, Philip D. W. Krey, Yves Krumenacker, Jeffrey Kah-Jin Kuan, Simanga R. Kumalo, Peter Kuzmic, Simon Shui-Man Kwan, Kwok Pui-lan, André LaCocque, Stephen E. Lahey, John Tsz Pang Lai, Emiel Lamberts, Armando Lampe, Craig Lampe, Beverly J. Lanzetta, Eve LaPlante, Lizette Larson-Miller, Ariel Bybee Laughton, Leonard Lawlor, Bentley Layton, Robin A. Leaver, Karen Lebacqz, Archie Chi Chung Lee, Marilyn J. Legge, Hervé LeGrand, D. L. LeMahieu, Raymond Lemieux, Bill J. Leonard, Ellen M. Leonard, Outi Leppä, Jean Lesaulnier, Nantawan Boonprasat Lewis, Henrietta Leyser, Alexei Lidov, Bernard Lightman, Paul Chang-Ha Lim, Carter Lindberg, Mark R. Lindsay, James R. Linville, James C. Livingston, Ann Loades, David Loades, Jean-Claude Loba-Mkole, Lo Lung Kwong, Wati Longchar, Eleazar López, David W. Lotz, Andrew Louth, Robin W. Lovin, William Luis, Frank D. Macchia, Diarmaid N. J. MacCulloch, Kirk R. MacGregor, Marjory A. MacLean, Donald MacLeod, Tomas S. Maddela, Inge Mager, Laurenti Magesa, David G. Maillu, Fortunato Mallimaci, Philip Mamalakis, Kä Mana, Ukachukwu Chris Manus, Herbert Robinson Marbury, Reuel Norman Marigza, Jacqueline Mariña, Antti Marjanen, Luiz C. L. Marques, Madipoane Masenya (ngwan'a Mphahlele), Caleb J. D. Maskell, Steve Mason, Thomas Massaro, Fernando Matamoros Ponce, András Máté-Tóth, Odair Pedroso Mateus, Dinis Matsolo, Fumitaka Matsuoka, John D'Arcy May, Yelena Mazour-Matusevich, Theodore Mbazumutima, John S. McClure, Christian McConnell, Lee Martin McDonald, Gary B. McGee, Thomas McGowan, Alister E. McGrath, Richard J. McGregor, John A. McGuckin, Maud Burnett McInerney, Elsie Anne McKee, Mary B. McKinley, James F. McMillan, Ernan McMullin, Kathleen E. McVey, M. Douglas Meeks, Monica Jyotsna Melanchthon, Ilie Melniciuc-Puica, Everett Mendoza, Raymond A. Mentzer, William W. Menzies, Ina Merdjanova, Franziska Metzger, Constant J. Mews, Marvin Meyer, Carol Meyers, Vasile Mihoc, Gunner Bjerg Mikkelsen, Maria Inêz de Castro Millen, Clyde Lee Miller, Bonnie J. Miller-McLemore, Alexander Mirkovic, Paul Misner, Nozomu Miyahira, R. W. L. Moberly, Gerald Moede, Aloo Osotsi Mojola, Sunanda Mongia, Rebeca Montemayor, James Moore, Roger E. Moore, Craig E. Morrison O.Carm, Jeffry H. Morrison, Keith Morrison, Wilson J. Moses, Tefetso Henry Mothibe, Mokgethi Motlhabi, Fulata Moyo, Henry Mugabe, Jesse Ndwiga Kanyua Mugambi, Peggy Mulambya-Kabonde, Robert Bruce Mullin, Pamela Mullins Reaves, Saskia Murk Jansen, Heleen L. Murre-Van den Berg, Augustine Musopole, Isaac M. T. Mwase, Philomena Mwaura, Cecilia Nahnfeldt, Anne Nasimiyu Wasike, Carmiña Navia Velasco, Thulani Ndlazi, Alexander Negrov, James B. Nelson, David G. Newcombe, Carol Newsom, Helen J. Nicholson, George W. E. Nickelsburg, Tatyana Nikolskaya, Damayanthi M. A. Niles, Bertil Nilsson, Nyambura Njoroge, Fidelis Nkomazana, Mary Beth Norton, Christian Nottmeier, Sonene Nyawo, Anthère Nzabatsinda, Edward T. Oakes, Gerald O'Collins, Daniel O'Connell, David W. Odell-Scott, Mercy Amba Oduyoye, Kathleen O'Grady, Oyeronke Olajubu, Thomas O'Loughlin, Dennis T. Olson, J. Steven O'Malley, Cephas N. Omenyo, Muriel Orevillo-Montenegro, César Augusto Ornellas Ramos, Agbonkhianmeghe E. Orobator, Kenan B. Osborne, Carolyn Osiek, Javier Otaola Montagne, Douglas F. Ottati, Anna May Say Pa, Irina Paert, Jerry G. Pankhurst, Aristotle Papanikolaou, Samuele F. Pardini, Stefano Parenti, Peter Paris, Sung Bae Park, Cristián G. Parker, Raquel Pastor, Joseph Pathrapankal, Daniel Patte, W. Brown Patterson, Clive Pearson, Keith F. Pecklers, Nancy Cardoso Pereira, David Horace Perkins, Pheme Perkins, Edward N. Peters, Rebecca Todd Peters, Bishop Yeznik Petrossian, Raymond Pfister, Peter C. Phan, Isabel Apawo Phiri, William S. F. Pickering, Derrick G. Pitard, William Elvis Plata, Zlatko Plese, John Plummer, James Newton Poling, Ronald Popivchak, Andrew Porter, Ute Possekel, James M. Powell, Enos Das Pradhan, Devadasan Premnath, Jaime Adrían Prieto Valladares, Anne Primavesi, Randall Prior, María Alicia Puente Lutteroth, Eduardo Guzmão Quadros, Albert Rabil, Laurent William Ramambason, Apolonio M. Ranche, Vololona Randriamanantena Andriamitandrina, Lawrence R. Rast, Paul L. Redditt, Adele Reinhartz, Rolf Rendtorff, Pål Repstad, James N. Rhodes, John K. Riches, Joerg Rieger, Sharon H. Ringe, Sandra Rios, Tyler Roberts, David M. Robinson, James M. Robinson, Joanne Maguire Robinson, Richard A. H. Robinson, Roy R. Robson, Jack B. Rogers, Maria Roginska, Sidney Rooy, Rev. Garnett Roper, Maria José Fontelas Rosado-Nunes, Andrew C. Ross, Stefan Rossbach, François Rossier, John D. Roth, John K. Roth, Phillip Rothwell, Richard E. Rubenstein, Rosemary Radford Ruether, Markku Ruotsila, John E. Rybolt, Risto Saarinen, John Saillant, Juan Sanchez, Wagner Lopes Sanchez, Hugo N. Santos, Gerhard Sauter, Gloria L. Schaab, Sandra M. Schneiders, Quentin J. Schultze, Fernando F. Segovia, Turid Karlsen Seim, Carsten Selch Jensen, Alan P. F. Sell, Frank C. Senn, Kent Davis Sensenig, Damían Setton, Bal Krishna Sharma, Carolyn J. Sharp, Thomas Sheehan, N. Gerald Shenk, Christian Sheppard, Charles Sherlock, Tabona Shoko, Walter B. Shurden, Marguerite Shuster, B. Mark Sietsema, Batara Sihombing, Neil Silberman, Clodomiro Siller, Samuel Silva-Gotay, Heikki Silvet, John K. Simmons, Hagith Sivan, James C. Skedros, Abraham Smith, Ashley A. Smith, Ted A. Smith, Daud Soesilo, Pia Søltoft, Choan-Seng (C. S.) Song, Kathryn Spink, Bryan Spinks, Eric O. Springsted, Nicolas Standaert, Brian Stanley, Glen H. Stassen, Karel Steenbrink, Stephen J. Stein, Andrea Sterk, Gregory E. Sterling, Columba Stewart, Jacques Stewart, Robert B. Stewart, Cynthia Stokes Brown, Ken Stone, Anne Stott, Elizabeth Stuart, Monya Stubbs, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, David Kwang-sun Suh, Scott W. Sunquist, Keith Suter, Douglas Sweeney, Charles H. Talbert, Shawqi N. Talia, Elsa Tamez, Joseph B. Tamney, Jonathan Y. Tan, Yak-Hwee Tan, Kathryn Tanner, Feiya Tao, Elizabeth S. Tapia, Aquiline Tarimo, Claire Taylor, Mark Lewis Taylor, Bishop Abba Samuel Wolde Tekestebirhan, Eugene TeSelle, M. Thomas Thangaraj, David R. Thomas, Andrew Thornley, Scott Thumma, Marcelo Timotheo da Costa, George E. “Tink” Tinker, Ola Tjørhom, Karen Jo Torjesen, Iain R. Torrance, Fernando Torres-Londoño, Archbishop Demetrios [Trakatellis], Marit Trelstad, Christine Trevett, Phyllis Trible, Johannes Tromp, Paul Turner, Robert G. Tuttle, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Peter Tyler, Anders Tyrberg, Justin Ukpong, Javier Ulloa, Camillus Umoh, Kristi Upson-Saia, Martina Urban, Monica Uribe, Elochukwu Eugene Uzukwu, Richard Vaggione, Gabriel Vahanian, Paul Valliere, T. J. Van Bavel, Steven Vanderputten, Peter Van der Veer, Huub Van de Sandt, Louis Van Tongeren, Luke A. Veronis, Noel Villalba, Ramón Vinke, Tim Vivian, David Voas, Elena Volkova, Katharina von Kellenbach, Elina Vuola, Timothy Wadkins, Elaine M. Wainwright, Randi Jones Walker, Dewey D. Wallace, Jerry Walls, Michael J. Walsh, Philip Walters, Janet Walton, Jonathan L. Walton, Wang Xiaochao, Patricia A. Ward, David Harrington Watt, Herold D. Weiss, Laurence L. Welborn, Sharon D. Welch, Timothy Wengert, Traci C. West, Merold Westphal, David Wetherell, Barbara Wheeler, Carolinne White, Jean-Paul Wiest, Frans Wijsen, Terry L. Wilder, Felix Wilfred, Rebecca Wilkin, Daniel H. Williams, D. Newell Williams, Michael A. Williams, Vincent L. Wimbush, Gabriele Winkler, Anders Winroth, Lauri Emílio Wirth, James A. Wiseman, Ebba Witt-Brattström, Teofil Wojciechowski, John Wolffe, Kenman L. Wong, Wong Wai Ching, Linda Woodhead, Wendy M. Wright, Rose Wu, Keith E. Yandell, Gale A. Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
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- Book:
- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
- Published online:
- 05 August 2012
- Print publication:
- 20 September 2010, pp xi-xliv
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From Process Assumptions to Development to Manufacturing
- Theo Standaert, Allen Gabor, Andrew Simon, Anthony Lisi, Carsten Peters, Craig Child, Dimitri Kioussis, Edward Engbrecht, Fen Chen, Frieder Baumann, Gerhard Lembach, Hermann Wendt, Jihong Choi, Joseph Linville, Kaushik Chanda, Kaushik Kumar, Kenneth Davis, Laertis Economikos, Lee Nicholson, Moosung Chae, Naftali Lustig, Oscar Bravo, Paul McLaughlin, Ravi Prakash Srivastava, Ronald Filippi, Sujatha Sankaran, Tibor Bolom, Vinayan Menon, Vincent McGahay, Wai-Kin Li, Wei-Tsu Tseng, William Landers, Youngjin Choi, Glenn Biery, Thom Gow
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- Journal:
- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 1079 / 2008
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 February 2011, 1079-N02-01
- Print publication:
- 2008
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A tool has been developed that can be used to characterize or validate a BEOL interconnect technology. It connects various process assumptions directly to electrical parameters including resistance. The resistance of narrow copper lines is becoming a challenging parameter, not only in terms of controlling its value but also understanding the underlying mechanisms. The resistance was measured for 45nm-node interconnects and compared to the theory of electron scattering. This work will demonstrate how valuable it is to directly link the electrical models to the physical on-wafer dimensions and in turn to the process assumptions. For example, one can generate a tolerance pareto for physical and or electrical parameters that immediately identifies those process sectors that have the largest contribution to the overall tolerance. It also can be used to easily generate resistance versus capacitance plots which provide a good BEOL performance gauge. Several examples for 45nm BEOL will be given to demonstrate the value of these tools.
2 - The regulation of human parturition
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- By Roger Smith, Sam Mesiano, Richard Nicholson, Vicki Clifton, Tamas Zakar, Eng-Cheng Chan, Andrew Bisits, Warwick Giles, Mothers and Babies Research Centre, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia
- Edited by Michael L. Power, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, Washington DC, Jay Schulkin, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, Washington DC
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- Book:
- Birth, Distress and Disease
- Published online:
- 16 October 2009
- Print publication:
- 28 July 2005, pp 74-87
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Summary
Preterm birth accounts for 70% of neonatal mortality and is a common cause for intellectual handicap among survivors. Approximately 50% of cases of cerebral palsy are associated with preterm birth, in turn preterm birth increases the risk of cerebral palsy by 40 times! (Goldenberg, 2002). Preterm labor thus afflicts individuals at the very beginning of their lives, depriving them of opportunities and increasing health and educational costs for families and society in general. Unfortunately the rates of preterm birth have not changed for over 30 years due to an inability to predict the event and lack of effective therapies.
This clinical problem has driven research into the mechanisms that regulate the timing of human birth and the disorders which cause preterm birth.
For reasons of ethics most research in the past has focused on animal work, especially in the sheep. Unfortunately studies have revealed substantial differences between parturition in humans and that in other animals. Thus animal studies provide us with clues as to how systems operate to regulate delivery in mammals but frustrate us with uncertainty as to whether particular mechanisms operate in the human. Experimental in vivo studies provide the strongest evidence for cause and effect, yet the closer we come to the human state in our near relatives the apes, the larger the ethical constraints on experimental studies become.
11 - Byron's prose
- from Part 2 - Textual Contexts
- Edited by Drummond Bone, University of Liverpool
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- Book:
- The Cambridge Companion to Byron
- Published online:
- 28 May 2006
- Print publication:
- 18 November 2004, pp 186-206
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Summary
Byron made a number of statements about prose as a medium of expression, and almost always in its relation to poetry. On 17 November 1813, he confided to his journal: 'I began a comedy and burnt it because the scene ran into reality; - a novel, for the same reason. In rhyme, I can keep more away from facts; but the thought always runs through, through . . . yes, yes, through' (BLJ , iii, 209); six days later he added: 'I have burnt my Roman - as I did the first scenes and sketch of my comedy . . . I ran into realities more than ever; and some would have been recognized and others guessed at' (BLJ , iii, 217). In Beppo on the other hand, he announces: 'I've half a mind to tumble down to prose, / But verse is more in fashion - so here goes!'; and in Don Juan: 'if ever I should condescend to prose, / I'll write poetical commandments' (Beppo, 52, and Don Juan , i, 204). Fashion? Inferiority? An unsatisfactory means of achieving and sustaining creative objectivity? As diverse as these reflections are, one thing they seem to tell us is that, unlike Wordsworth, Byron does perceive an 'essential difference' between poetry and prose, though not necessarily - and here he might agree with Wordsworth - between 'the language of prose and metrical composition'; a difference in kind, in creative discipline. I should like to take these as signposts and to begin with a few remarks about his prose in general before focusing a little more specifically on 'To the Editor of the British Review' (1819) and Some Observations upon an Article in Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine (1820) (hereinafter referred to as 'To the Editor' and Some Observations respectively). The effort as a whole will attempt to suggest some answers to the questions: What is Byron's Prose, what characterizes it, what sort of subjects does it cover, how well does it work as a creative medium?
9 - Byron and the ‘Ariosto of the North’
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- By Andrew Nicholson, Research Fellow in Romantic Studies in the English Department Bristol University
- Edited by Gerard Carruthers, University of Glasgow, Alan Rawes, University of Kent, Canterbury
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- Book:
- English Romanticism and the Celtic World
- Published online:
- 22 September 2009
- Print publication:
- 15 May 2003, pp 130-150
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Summary
With regard to the ‘Ariosto of the North’ surely their themes Chivalry — war — & love were as like as can be — and as to the compliment — if you knew what the Italians think of Ariosto — you would not hesitate about that. — But as to their ‘measures,’ you forget that Ariosto's is an octave stanza — and Scott's anything but a Stanza. — If you think Scot[t] will dislike it — say so — & I expunge. — I do not call him the ‘Scotch Ariosto’ which would be sad provincial eulogy — but the ‘Ariosto of the North’ — meaning of all countries that are not the South.
(Byron to Murray, 17 September 1817)In the Romantic period the two writers who stood above the others in popular estimate were not Southey and Wordsworth or Coleridge, or Moore and Rogers or Campbell or Crabbe, but Scott and Byron. This was recognised by themselves, their critics, publishers and readers. As early as Childe Harold I and II (1812), it was customary for critics to class Byron and Scott together. Throughout their writing lives Byron and Scott were engaged in an unspoken dialogue which cannot be regarded simply as rivalry. True, Scott himself seems to invite such a reading to account for his having relinquished poetry for the novel, especially in the introductions to the 1830 edition of his poetical works and from a number of comments, such as those to Ballantyne in 1813 — ‘James, Byron hits the mark where I don't even pretend to fledge my arrow.
CLINICAL AND COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF DONEPEZIL, RIVASTIGMINE, AND GALANTAMINE FOR ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE: A Systematic Review
- Andrew Clegg, Jackie Bryant, Tricia Nicholson, Linda McIntyre, Sofie De Broe, Karen Gerard, Norman Waugh
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- Journal:
- International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care / Volume 18 / Issue 3 / 22 2002
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 19 December 2002, pp. 497-507
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Objectives: Systematic review of the clinical and cost-effectiveness of donepezil, rivastigmine, and galantamine for people suffering from Alzheimer's disease.
Methods: Sixteen electronic databases (including MEDLINE, the Cochrane Library, and Embase) and bibliographies of related papers were searched for published/unpublished English language studies, and experts and pharmaceutical companies were consulted for additional information. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and economic studies were selected. Clinical effectiveness was assessed on measurement scales assessing progression of Alzheimer's disease on the person's global health, cognition, functional ability, behavior and mood, and quality of life. Cost-effectiveness was presented as incremental cost per year spent in a nonsevere state (by Mini Mental Health State Examination) or quality-adjusted life-year.
Results: Twelve of 15 RCTs included were judged to be of good quality. Although donepezil had beneficial effects in Alzheimer's patients on global health and cognition, rivastigmine on global health, and galantamine on global health, cognition, and functional scales, these improvements were small and may not be clinically significant. Measures of quality of life and behavior and mood were rarely assessed. Adverse effects were usually mild and transient. Cost-effectiveness base case estimates ranged from £2,415 savings to £49,476 additional cost (1997 prices) per unit of effect for donepezil and a small savings for rivastigmine. Estimates were not considered robust or generalizable.
Conclusions: Donepezil, rivastigmine, and galantamine appear to have some clinical effect for people with Alzheimer's disease, although the extent to which these translate into real differences in everyday life remains unclear. Due to the nature of current economic studies, cost-effectiveness remains uncertain and the impact on different care sectors has been inadequately investigated. Further research is needed to establish the actual benefits of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEls) for people with Alzheimer's disease and their caregivers, the relationship of these changes to clinical management, and careful prospective evaluation of resource and budgetary consequences.
The NHS and Community Care Act 1990: Impact on the discharge profile of patients with dementia
- Indra I. Angunawela, Andrew Barker, Simon D. Nicholson
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- Journal:
- Psychiatric Bulletin / Volume 24 / Issue 5 / May 2000
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 02 January 2018, pp. 177-178
- Print publication:
- May 2000
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Aims and Method
The Community Care Act came into effect in April 1993. In order to see what impact this would have on the discharge profile of dementia inpatients, prospective studies of inpatient discharges from a dementia assessment ward before the Act, and five and 41 months after the Act were conducted.
ResultsThe proportion of patients discharged to their own homes and to residential/nursing homecare remained unaffected by the Act. Duration of hospital stay increased after the Act in 1993 and 1996 (P=O.02) largely due to delays in placement into care homes. Placement delay was increased both in 1993 and 1996, but by 1996 the difference was no longer statistically significant. Duration of hospital stay was unaffected by the Act for those patients discharged to their own homes.
Clinical ImplicationsThe new care management process by social services was found to be associated with delayed discharges for people with dementia requiring residential/nursing home placements, thus causing pressures on beds and hig her in-patient costs.
Chapter 10 - Interstitial lung diseases
- Edited by Philip Hasleton, University of Manchester, Douglas B. Flieder, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia
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- Book:
- Spencer's Pathology of the Lung
- Published online:
- 05 June 2014
- Print publication:
- 01 January 2000, pp 366-408
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Summary
Introduction
The diffuse parenchymal lung diseases (DPLD) comprise a large number of inflammatory and fibrosing pulmonary conditions, in which the pathological changes predominantly involve the alveolar parenchyma, alveolar spaces and, to a lesser degree, the peripheral airways. They can show acute, subacute or chronic presentations and can be subclassified into various groups (Figure 1). Of these, the idiopathic interstitial pneumonias are among the most problematic to diagnose for a number of reasons. The basic pathological features of the idiopathic interstitial pneumonias (IIPs) are inflammation and/or fibrosis of varying degrees and distribution. Few cases show typical specific histological features and one pattern may evolve into another over time, so there are inevitable overlaps. Furthermore, the lung parenchyma may be so scarred in advanced disease that the requisite histopathological features are only focal, or not present at all.
The main role of the pathologist in diagnosis is to classify the histological patterns of disease. He/she must then integrate this information with the clinical and imaging data to provide a final clinicopathological diagnosis, typically through multidisciplinary team (MDT) reviews. Some pathologists prefer to integrate such MDT data in their report, thereby providing a final clinicopathological diagnosis, rather than a histological pattern. A surgical lung biopsy (SLB) is generally required to provide suitable diagnostic material. However, in practical terms, where clinical and radiological features are typical of a specific interstitial pneumonia, pathological confirmation is not required for diagnosis and SLB is therefore only performed in a minority (10–20%) of cases. Patients that come to biopsy are generally those with atypical clinical findings and/or imaging at presentation, or those patients in whom there is unexpected longitudinal behavior. As histological patterns of disease may vary within and between lobes, most centers undertaking biopsies now take at least two samples from different sites, normally from different lobes. Biopsies can be from the same lobe but from areas showing different degrees of severity or different high resolution computed tomography (HRCT) appearances. This practice is based on papers showing so-called “discordance”, where different histological patterns may be present in different areas. Furthermore, it reduces the chance of sampling error and obtaining either only normal lung or only end-stage fibrotic lung. This is important as in cases with wholly end-stage fibrosis on biopsy, a diagnosis of a histological pattern of interstitial pneumonia cannot be made with confidence.
The worms of Roman horses and other finds of intestinal parasite eggs from unpromising deposits
- Andrew K.G. Jones, Andrew R. Hutchinson, Colin Nicholson
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The preservation of organic remains and environmental indicators in those soft, damp and colourful deposits that visually indicate ancient excreta is familiar. This note reports a horse parasite, and draws attention to preservation of valuable material in deposits much less promising in nature.
A Further Mathematics investigation: A x B = B
- Gerry Trainor, Esther Ross, Andrew Doherty, Maurice Livingstone, Arthur Nicholson
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- Journal:
- The Mathematical Gazette / Volume 70 / Issue 453 / October 1986
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 August 2016, pp. 192-197
- Print publication:
- October 1986
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Currently in Northern Ireland we have two GCE Syllabuses and examinations at Advanced Level in the mathematical domain—Mathematics and Further Mathematics. In 1982 a Further Mathematics Project began work on an alternative syllabus and examination (Mode 2) for Further Mathematics. A firm proposal has now been submitted to the Northern Ireland Schools Examinations Council and has been approved by the Secondary Examinations Council.