58 results
The People of Print
- Seventeenth-Century England
- Rachel Stenner, Kaley Kramer, Adam James Smith, Georgina E. M. Wilson, Joe Saunders, William Clayton, Jennifer Young, Alan B. Farmer, Benjamin Woodring, Michael Durrant, Verônica Calsoni Lima, Rosalind Johnson
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- 18 May 2023
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- 08 June 2023
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This collection profiles understudied figures in the book and print trades of the seventeenth century. With an equal balance between women and men, it intervenes in the history of the trades, emphasising the broad range of material, cultural, and ideological work these people undertook. It offers a biographical introduction to each figure, placing them in their social, professional, and institutional settings. The collection considers varied print trade roles including that of the printer, publisher, paper-maker, and bookseller, as well as several specific trade networks and numerous textual forms. The biographies draw on extensive new archival research, with details of key sources for further study on each figure. Chronologically organised, this Element offers a primer both on numerous individual figures, and on the tribulations and innovations of the print trade in the century of revolution.
A report of Bilharziella polonica cercariae in Knowsley Safari, Prescot, United Kingdom, with notes on other trematodes implicated in human cercarial dermatitis
- A. Juhász, S.E.J. Barlow, H. Williams, B. Johnson, N. Davies Walsh, L. C. Cunningham, S. Jones, E. J. LaCourse, J. R. Stothard
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- Journal of Helminthology / Volume 96 / 2022
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 28 October 2022, e79
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As part of surveillance of snail-borne trematodiasis in Knowsley Safari (KS), Prescot, United Kingdom, a collection was made in July 2021 of various planorbid (n = 173) and lymnaeid (n = 218) snails. These were taken from 15 purposely selected freshwater habitats. In the laboratory emergent trematode cercariae, often from single snails, were identified by morphology with a sub-set, of those most accessible, later characterized by cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) DNA barcoding. Two schistosomatid cercariae were of special note in the context of human cercarial dermatitis (HCD), Bilharziella polonica emergent from Planorbarius corneus and Trichobilharzia spp. emergent from Ampullacaena balthica. The former schistosomatid was last reported in the United Kingdom over 50 years ago. From cox1 analyses, the latter likely consisted of two taxa, Trichobilharzia anseri, a first report in the United Kingdom, and a hitherto unnamed genetic lineage having some affiliation with Trichobilharzia longicauda. The chronobiology of emergent cercariae from P. corneus was assessed, with the vertical swimming rate of B. polonica measured. We provide a brief risk appraisal of HCD for public activities typically undertaken within KS educational and recreational programmes.
Risk factors for severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) seropositivity among nursing home staff
- Avnika B. Amin, Joseph T. Kellogg, Carly Adams, William C. Dube, Matthew H. Collins, Benjamin A. Lopman, Theodore M. Johnson II, Joshua Weitz, Scott K. Fridkin
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- Journal:
- Antimicrobial Stewardship & Healthcare Epidemiology / Volume 1 / Issue 1 / 2021
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 28 October 2021, e35
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Objectives:
To estimate prior severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection among skilled nursing facility (SNF) staff in the state of Georgia and to identify risk factors for seropositivity as of fall 2020.
Design:Baseline survey and seroprevalence of the ongoing longitudinal Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) Prevention in Nursing Homes study.
Setting:The study included 14 SNFs in the state of Georgia.
Participants:In total, 792 SNF staff employed or contracted with participating SNFs were included in this study. The analysis included 749 participants with SARS-CoV-2 serostatus results who provided age, sex, and complete survey information.
Methods:We estimated unadjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for potential risk factors and SARS-CoV-2 serostatus. We estimated adjusted ORs using a logistic regression model including age, sex, community case rate, SNF resident infection rate, working at other facilities, and job role.
Results:Staff working in high-infection SNFs were twice as likely (unadjusted OR, 2.08; 95% CI, 1.45–3.00) to be seropositive as those in low-infection SNFs. Certified nursing assistants and nurses were 3 times more likely to be seropositive than administrative, pharmacy, or nonresident care staff: unadjusted OR, 2.93 (95% CI, 1.58–5.78) and unadjusted OR, 3.08 (95% CI, 1.66–6.07). Logistic regression yielded similar adjusted ORs.
Conclusions:Working at high-infection SNFs was a risk factor for SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity. Even after accounting for resident infections, certified nursing assistants and nurses had a 3-fold higher risk of SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity than nonclinical staff. This knowledge can guide prioritized implementation of safer ways for caregivers to provide necessary care to SNF residents.
Seedbank Persistence of Palmer Amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) and Waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus) across Diverse Geographical Regions in the United States
- Nicholas E. Korres, Jason K. Norsworthy, Bryan G. Young, Daniel B. Reynolds, William G. Johnson, Shawn P. Conley, Reid J. Smeda, Thomas C. Mueller, Douglas J. Spaunhorst, Karla L. Gage, Mark Loux, Greg R. Kruger, Muthukumar V. Bagavathiannan
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- Journal:
- Weed Science / Volume 66 / Issue 4 / July 2018
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 02 July 2018, pp. 446-456
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Knowledge of the effects of burial depth and burial duration on seed viability and, consequently, seedbank persistence of Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson) and waterhemp [Amaranthus tuberculatus (Moq.) J. D. Sauer] ecotypes can be used for the development of efficient weed management programs. This is of particular interest, given the great fecundity of both species and, consequently, their high seedbank replenishment potential. Seeds of both species collected from five different locations across the United States were investigated in seven states (sites) with different soil and climatic conditions. Seeds were placed at two depths (0 and 15 cm) for 3 yr. Each year, seeds were retrieved, and seed damage (shrunken, malformed, or broken) plus losses (deteriorated and futile germination) and viability were evaluated. Greater seed damage plus loss averaged across seed origin, burial depth, and year was recorded for lots tested at Illinois (51.3% and 51.8%) followed by Tennessee (40.5% and 45.1%) and Missouri (39.2% and 42%) for A. palmeri and A. tuberculatus, respectively. The site differences for seed persistence were probably due to higher volumetric water content at these sites. Rates of seed demise were directly proportional to burial depth (α=0.001), whereas the percentage of viable seeds recovered after 36 mo on the soil surface ranged from 4.1% to 4.3% compared with 5% to 5.3% at the 15-cm depth for A. palmeri and A. tuberculatus, respectively. Seed viability loss was greater in the seeds placed on the soil surface compared with the buried seeds. The greatest influences on seed viability were burial conditions and time and site-specific soil conditions, more so than geographical location. Thus, management of these weed species should focus on reducing seed shattering, enhancing seed removal from the soil surface, or adjusting tillage systems.
A new 122 mm electromechanical drill for deep ice-sheet coring (DISC): 5. Experience during Greenland field testing
- Jay A. Johnson, William P. Mason, Alexander J. Shturmakov, Scott T. Haman, Paul J. Sendelbach, Nicolai B. Mortensen, Laurent J. Augustin, Kristina R. Dahnert
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- Journal:
- Annals of Glaciology / Volume 47 / 2007
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 14 September 2017, pp. 54-60
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The Deep Ice Sheet Coring (DISC) drill developed by Ice Coring and Drilling Services under contract with the US National Science Foundation is an electromechanical ice-drill system designed to take 122mm ice cores to depths of 4000 m. The new drill system was field-tested near Summit camp in central Greenland during the spring/summer of 2006. Testing was conducted to verify the performance of the DISC drill system and its individual components and to determine the modifications required prior to the system’s planned deployment for coring at the WAIS Divide site in Antarctica in the following year. The experiments, results and the drill crew’s experiences with the DISC drill during testing are described and discussed.
Purple Deadnettle (Lamium purpureum) and Soybean Cyst Nematode Response to Cold Temperature Regimes
- J. Earl Creech, Judith B. Santini, Shawn P. Conley, Andreas Westphal, William G. Johnson
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- Weed Science / Volume 55 / Issue 6 / December 2007
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 20 January 2017, pp. 592-598
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An experiment was conducted in growth chambers to determine the influence of cold temperature regimes, designed to simulate winter temperature conditions and spring recovery, on the interaction between purple deadnettle and soybean cyst nematode (SCN). The study was a factorial arrangement of treatments with five levels of temperature (20, 15, 10, 5, or 0 C), two levels of exposure time to the temperature (10 or 20 d), and two levels of recovery time at 20 C following exposure (0 or 20 d). In general, purple deadnettle shoot and root growth increased with temperature and time. The ability of purple deadnettle to recover from cold temperatures declined as the length of time that the plant was subjected to the cold temperature increased. SCN juveniles per gram of root at the conclusion of the temperature treatment declined as the temperature increased from 0 to 15 C, likely a result of continued purple deadnettle root growth and the inhibition of SCN hatch, growth, or development at those temperatures. SCN female, cyst, and egg production per gram of root generally increased with temperature and occurred under all temperature regimes. The results of this research indicate that, after hatching, SCN juveniles can survive a period of cold temperature inside the roots of a winter annual and continue development when transferred to warmer temperatures. Therefore, in a field environment, where fall or spring alone may not be sufficient for SCN to complete a reproductive cycle on a winter annual weed, the nematode may be able to reproduce by combining the fall and spring developmental periods.
Influence of Stem-boring Insects on Common Lambsquarters (Chenopodium album) Control in Soybean with Glyphosate
- Dana B. Harder, Christy L. Sprague, Christina D. Difonzo, Karen A. Renner, Eric J. Ott, William G. Johnson
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- Weed Technology / Volume 21 / Issue 1 / March 2007
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 20 January 2017, pp. 241-248
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Control of common lambsquarters with glyphosate in Michigan soybean fields has been inconsistent. Stem-boring insects and evidence of insect tunneling were found inside the stems of common lambsquarters plants not controlled with glyphosate. In 2004 and 2005, field surveys and studies were conducted to identify and evaluate the prevalence of stem-boring insects in common lambsquarters in Michigan and Indiana soybean fields to determine whether tunneling by insects occurred before or following POST glyphosate applications and to evaluate the effect of glyphosate rate, application timing, and insect tunneling on the control of common lambsquarters with glyphosate. Two insect species, the beet petiole borer (Cosmobaris americana) from the Curculionidae family and an unidentified leafminer fly larvae from the Agromyzidae family were found inside common lambsquarters stems. Leafminer larvae were present in Michigan soybean fields in mid- to late-June, when most POST glyphosate applications are made in Michigan and Indiana; however, beet petiole borer larvae were not found in common lambsquarters stems until mid-July and would only be present in common lambsquarters plants if glyphosate applications occurred at that time. Results from three field experiments in East Lansing, MI, demonstrated the variability in common lambsquarters control. Control ranged from 79 to 98%, 75 to 99%, and 49 to 97% from glyphosate applied at 0.84 kgae/ha to 10-, 25-, and 46-cm common lambsquarters, respectively. In general, applying glyphosate to common lambsquarters plants 10 cm or less, or increasing the glyphosate rate beyond 0.84 kgae/ha, improved common lambsquarters control. Insect tunneling by leafminer and beet petiole borer larvae did not contribute to reduced common lambsquarters control with glyphosate applied to 10- and 25-cm common lambsquarters.
Fate of Glyphosate-Resistant Giant Ragweed (Ambrosia trifida) in the Presence and Absence of Glyphosate
- Chad B. Brabham, Corey K. Gerber, William G. Johnson
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- Weed Science / Volume 59 / Issue 4 / December 2011
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 20 January 2017, pp. 506-511
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Glyphosate-resistant giant ragweed has become an increasing problem, and the potential spread of these biotypes is a threat to production agriculture and to the long-term utility of glyphosate and glyphosate-resistant crops. The fate of glyphosate resistance in a giant ragweed population is dependent on the fitness of the resistant biotype. Our objective was to determine the fitness of glyphosate-resistant giant ragweed in the absence and presence of glyphosate. We compared the growth and seed production of glyphosate-resistant (GR) and glyphosate-susceptible (GS) giant ragweed under field conditions in the absence of glyphosate. A greenhouse study was also conducted to determine the survival of GR and GS giant ragweed and their open-pollinated progeny from the field study under glyphosate-induced selection pressure. In the absence of glyphosate, GR giant ragweed displayed rapid, early season growth, but 50 d after planting, the biotypes were similar in height, shoot weight, and leaf area. During reproduction, the GR biotype flowered earlier and produced 25% less seed than the GS biotype. In the presence of glyphosate, an outcrossing rate of 31% was detected between GR and GS biotypes because 61% of progeny were resistant to glyphosate at 840 g ae ha−1. A second application 14 d later at 2,520 g ae ha−1 completely removed the GS alleles from the population, whereas several homozygous and heterozygous GR plants survived and produced seed. These results indicate GR will persist in the population when subjected to glyphosate and that glyphosate resistance in giant ragweed has the potential to spread rapidly in our current agricultural ecosystem.
Influence of Winter Annual Weed Management and Crop Rotation on Soybean Cyst Nematode (Heterodera glycines) and Winter Annual Weeds: Years Four and Five
- Valerie A. Mock, J. Earl Creech, Virginia R. Ferris, Jamal Faghihi, Andreas Westphal, Judith B. Santini, William G. Johnson
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- Weed Science / Volume 60 / Issue 4 / December 2012
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 20 January 2017, pp. 634-640
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Certain winter annual weeds have been documented as alternative hosts to soybean cyst nematode (SCN), and infestations by such species are common in no-till production fields in the midwestern United States of Indiana, Ohio, and Illinois. The objective of this research was to determine the influence of crop rotation and winter annual weed management on winter weed growth, SCN population density, and crop yield. Two crop rotations (SS and soybean–corn rotation) and six winter annual weed-management systems (autumn-applied herbicide, spring-applied herbicide, autumn + spring applied herbicides, autumn-seeded Italian ryegrass, autumn-seeded wheat, and a nontreated check) were evaluated in long-term, no-tillage systems at West Lafayette, IN, and Vincennes, IN. In the fourth and fifth years of these experiments, the 2-yr corn–soybean rotation generally resulted in increased soybean yield, decreased winter annual weed growth, and reduced SCN population density compared with SS. Autumn or spring herbicide applications or both were a more effective option than cover crops at reducing winter annual weed density. Cover-crop systems generally did not differ from the nontreated check in winter weed density. Between years three and five, winter annual weed SCN hosts in nontreated check plots increased approximately threefold to levels as high as 102 and 245 plants m−2 at West Lafayette, IN, and Vincennes, IN, respectively, which are infestation levels at or above those commonly observed in production fields. However, controlling winter annual weeds did not influence crop yields or SCN population density. The results of these studies suggest that winter weed management, even at the high levels of weed infestation present in these studies, appears to have little value as a tool for SCN management in corn and soybean production systems in the midwestern United States.
Influence of Winter Annual Weed Management and Crop Rotation on Soybean Cyst Nematode (Heterodera glycines) and Winter Annual Weeds
- J. Earl Creech, Andreas Westphal, Virginia R. Ferris, Jamal Faghihi, Tony J. Vyn, Judith B. Santini, William G. Johnson
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- Weed Science / Volume 56 / Issue 1 / February 2008
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 20 January 2017, pp. 103-111
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Certain winter annual weeds have been documented as alternative hosts to soybean cyst nematode (SCN), and infestations of such species have become common in no-till production fields in the Midwest. This research was conducted to determine the influence of herbicide- and cover-crop-based winter annual weed management systems and crop rotation on winter annual weed growth and seed production, SCN population density, and crop yield. Two crop rotations (continuous soybean and soybean-corn) and six winter annual weed management systems (a nontreated control, fall and spring herbicide applications, spring-applied herbicide, fall-applied herbicide, fall-seeded annual ryegrass, and fall-seeded winter wheat) were evaluated in no-tillage systems from fall 2003 to 2006 at West Lafayette, IN and Vincennes, IN. Fall or spring herbicide treatments generally resulted in lower winter annual weed densities than cover crops. Densities of henbit and purple deadnettle increased over years in the cover crop systems but remained constant in the herbicide systems. Averaged over sites and years, winter annual weed densities were nearly 45% lower in the spring than the fall due to winter mortality. Corn yield was reduced by the cover crops at West Lafayette but not Vincennes. Winter annual weed management system had no influence on soybean yield. SCN population density was reduced by including corn in the crop sequence but was not influenced by winter annual weed management. The density of weedy host species of SCN in the experimental area was relatively low (less than 75 plants m−2) compared to densities that can be observed in production fields. The results of these experiments suggest that inclusion of corn into a cropping sequence is a much more valuable SCN management tool than winter annual weed management. In addition, control of winter annual weeds, specifically for SCN management, may not be warranted in fields with low weed density.
Weed Management and Economic Returns in No-Tillage Herbicide-Resistant Corn (Zea mays)
- Kaleb B. Hellwig, William G. Johnson, Raymond E. Massey
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- Weed Technology / Volume 17 / Issue 2 / June 2003
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 20 January 2017, pp. 239-248
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Field studies were conducted to evaluate corn vigor reduction, weed control, corn yield, and economic returns in a no-till system with various herbicide strategies using full and reduced rates of acetochlor and atrazine with glyphosate, glufosinate, or imazethapyr + imazapyr in their respective type of herbicide-resistant, no-tillage corn. Crop vigor reduction due to herbicide injury was 10% or less with all treatments. A burndown plus a full label rate of a residual herbicide applied early preplant (EPP) generally provided less than 80% control of giant foxtail, common waterhemp, and common cocklebur but usually greater than 85% control of common ragweed and common lambsquarters. Two-pass strategies generally provided greater than 85% control of all species evaluated. Early postemergence, mid-postemergence (MPOST), and late postemergence strategies generally provided inconsistent and poor overall weed control. EPP–MPOST strategies generally provided lower weed control than strategies using acetochlor or atrazine EPP followed by a postemergence application. Corn yield and net economic returns followed a similar trend as weed control, with strategies that provided greater than 80% weed control showing minimal crop vigor reduction and high grain yields. Two-pass strategies with residual herbicides generally provided the highest yields, economic returns, and low coefficients of variation (CV) of net income. Although EPP strategies provided similar economic returns as some of the two-pass strategies, they had higher CVs, implying greater risk to economic return.
Grass weed interference and nitrogen accumulation in no-tillage corn
- Kaleb B. Hellwig, William G. Johnson, Peter C. Scharf
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- Weed Science / Volume 50 / Issue 6 / December 2002
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- 20 January 2017, pp. 757-762
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No-tillage field studies were conducted in 1999 and 2000 at Columbia, MO, to determine the interaction of grass weed interference and side-dressed N fertilization on corn and weed growth, corn yield, and the N content of the soil and plant biomass at various intervals early in the growing season and at harvest. Ammonium nitrate (112 kg N ha−1) was applied before planting. A herbicide was applied to the entire experimental area before planting to control winter vegetation and to reduce broadleaf weed emergence. A mixture of large crabgrass, giant foxtail, and barnyardgrass was allowed to reinfest the experiment after corn planting and was sprayed with glyphosate when the weeds were 8, 15, 23, or 31 cm tall. Each removal date treatment was duplicated; one series received 45 kg N ha−1 side-dressed when the corn was approximately 60 cm tall, and the other series received no additional N. Corn dry weight and the N content of the corn biomass early in the growing season were similar between the weed-free control and treatments with grass interference up to 23-cm height. Side-dressed N applications before grass weeds were controlled did not increase the early-season N content of the corn biomass in 1999, but the N content of the grass weeds increased by 11 kg ha−1. In 2000, side-dressed N increased the N content of the corn and grass biomass by 13 and 18 kg ha−1, respectively. This suggests that grass weeds should be controlled before the side-dressed N applications to ensure that the N applied can be used by the corn rather than by the grass weeds. Grass weed interference beyond 15-cm height reduced corn yield by at least 1.13 Mg ha −1 and N content in the corn biomass at corn harvest by at least 30 kg ha−1.
Tolerance of Foxtail Millet to Combinations of Bromoxynil, Clopyralid, Fluroxypyr, and MCPA
- William E. May, Eric N. Johnson, Dan J. Ulrich, Christopher B. Holzapfel, Guy P. Lafond
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- Weed Technology / Volume 23 / Issue 1 / March 2009
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- 20 January 2017, pp. 94-98
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When solid stands of foxtail millet are cut for swath grazing, the grazing season for cattle is extended and winter feeding costs reduced. The economic success of this practice depends on inexpensive weed control. Eight single- and double-rate herbicide combinations (g ai/ha) were evaluated and compared to a weed-free check: MCPA + bromoxynil (280 + 280 or 560 + 560); MCPA + clopyralid (560 + 100 or 1120 + 200); MCPA + fluroxypyr (562 + 108 or 1124 + 216); and MCPA + clopyralid + fluroxypyr (560 + 100 + 144 or 1120 + 200 + 288). This study was conducted at Indian Head, Saskatchewan (SK) in 2004, 2005, 2006, and 2007 and at Scott, SK, in 2006 and 2007. Crop injury and dry matter yield were measured. Results of the study indicate that crop injury exceeded 20% at only one out of six sites at 7 to 14 d after herbicide treatment. Double-rate MCPA + bromoxynil treatments had higher injury ratings than the weed-free check 7 to 14 d after treatment in all site years. As the growing season progressed, injury ratings tended to decline except at Scott in 2007, where injury ratings at the 21 to 35 d period were numerically greater than the other two rating periods. There were no differences among treatments for crop biomass production. We conclude that all four herbicide combinations at the labeled rate are safe to use on foxtail millet in Saskatchewan, and probably in other areas with similar environmental growing conditions.
Evolution of Resistance to Auxinic Herbicides: Historical Perspectives, Mechanisms of Resistance, and Implications for Broadleaf Weed Management in Agronomic Crops
- J. Mithila, J. Christopher Hall, William G. Johnson, Kevin B. Kelley, Dean E. Riechers
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- Weed Science / Volume 59 / Issue 4 / December 2011
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 20 January 2017, pp. 445-457
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Auxinic herbicides are widely used for control of broadleaf weeds in cereal crops and turfgrass. These herbicides are structurally similar to the natural plant hormone auxin, and induce several of the same physiological and biochemical responses at low concentrations. After several decades of research to understand the auxin signal transduction pathway, the receptors for auxin binding and resultant biochemical and physiological responses have recently been discovered in plants. However, the precise mode of action for the auxinic herbicides is not completely understood despite their extensive use in agriculture for over six decades. Auxinic herbicide-resistant weed biotypes offer excellent model species for uncovering the mode of action as well as resistance to these compounds. Compared with other herbicide families, the incidence of resistance to auxinic herbicides is relatively low, with only 29 auxinic herbicide-resistant weed species discovered to date. The relatively low incidence of resistance to auxinic herbicides has been attributed to the presence of rare alleles imparting resistance in natural weed populations, the potential for fitness penalties due to mutations conferring resistance in weeds, and the complex mode of action of auxinic herbicides in sensitive dicot plants. This review discusses recent advances in the auxin signal transduction pathway and its relation to auxinic herbicide mode of action. Furthermore, comprehensive information about the genetics and inheritance of auxinic herbicide resistance and case studies examining mechanisms of resistance in auxinic herbicide-resistant broadleaf weed biotypes are provided. Within the context of recent findings pertaining to auxin biology and mechanisms of resistance to auxinic herbicides, agronomic implications of the evolution of resistance to these herbicides are discussed in light of new auxinic herbicide-resistant crops that will be commercialized in the near future.
Prevalence and Influence of Stalk-Boring Insects on Glyphosate Activity on Indiana and Michigan Giant Ragweed (Ambrosia trifida)
- Eric J. Ott, Corey K. Gerber, Dana B. Harder, Christy L. Sprague, William G. Johnson
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- Weed Technology / Volume 21 / Issue 2 / June 2007
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 20 January 2017, pp. 526-531
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Field surveys were conducted to evaluate the prevalence of stalk-boring insects in giant ragweed in Indiana and Michigan soybean fields. Greenhouse studies were also conducted to determine whether stalk-boring insects had a negative impact on control of giant ragweed with glyphosate. In the June 2005 field surveys, 18 to 30% of all giant ragweed plants sampled contained stalk-boring insects or insect tunnels. Languriidae, Noctuidae, Pyralidae, and Tortricidae families were found most often at the time glyphosate was being applied to soybean fields to control giant ragweed. Cerambycidae and Curculionidae families were typically found later in the season after herbicide applications were completed. In the August field surveys in Indiana, 28 to 62% of the giant ragweed plants that showed evidence of stalk-boring insects were not controlled by POST herbicide applications suggesting that control was compromised by the presence of stalk-boring insects. In greenhouse studies, glyphosate efficacy on 15-cm-tall giant ragweed was enhanced by the presence of stalk-boring insects; however, glyphosate efficacy on 45-cm plants was reduced by the presence of stalk-boring insects. Overall, this research suggests that there is a possibility that stalk-boring insects could reduce glyphosate efficacy on giant ragweed.
Factors associated with longitudinal food record compliance in a paediatric cohort study
- Jimin Yang, Kristian F Lynch, Ulla M Uusitalo, Kristina Foterek, Sandra Hummel, Katherine Silvis, Carin Andrén Aronsson, Anne Riikonen, Marian Rewers, Jin-Xiong She, Anette G Ziegler, Olli G Simell, Jorma Toppari, William A Hagopian, Åke Lernmark, Beena Akolkar, Jeffrey P Krischer, Jill M Norris, Suvi M Virtanen, Suzanne B Johnson, the TEDDY Study Group
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- Public Health Nutrition / Volume 19 / Issue 5 / April 2016
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 19 June 2015, pp. 804-813
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Objective
Non-compliance with food record submission can induce bias in nutritional epidemiological analysis and make it difficult to draw inference from study findings. We examined the impact of demographic, lifestyle and psychosocial factors on such non-compliance during the first 3 years of participation in a multidisciplinary prospective paediatric study.
DesignThe Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young (TEDDY) study collects a 3 d food record quarterly during the first year of life and semi-annually thereafter. High compliance with food record completion was defined as the participating families submitting one or more days of food record at every scheduled clinic visit.
SettingThree centres in the USA (Colorado, Georgia/Florida and Washington) and three in Europe (Finland, Germany and Sweden).
SubjectsFamilies who finished the first 3 years of TEDDY participation (n 8096).
ResultsHigh compliance was associated with having a single child, older maternal age, higher maternal education and father responding to study questionnaires. Families showing poor compliance were more likely to be living far from the study centres, from ethnic minority groups, living in a crowded household and not attending clinic visits regularly. Postpartum depression, maternal smoking behaviour and mother working outside the home were also independently associated with poor compliance.
ConclusionsThese findings identified specific groups for targeted strategies to encourage completion of food records, thereby reducing potential bias in multidisciplinary collaborative research.
Contributors
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- By Mitchell Aboulafia, Frederick Adams, Marilyn McCord Adams, Robert M. Adams, Laird Addis, James W. Allard, David Allison, William P. Alston, Karl Ameriks, C. Anthony Anderson, David Leech Anderson, Lanier Anderson, Roger Ariew, David Armstrong, Denis G. Arnold, E. J. Ashworth, Margaret Atherton, Robin Attfield, Bruce Aune, Edward Wilson Averill, Jody Azzouni, Kent Bach, Andrew Bailey, Lynne Rudder Baker, Thomas R. Baldwin, Jon Barwise, George Bealer, William Bechtel, Lawrence C. Becker, Mark A. Bedau, Ernst Behler, José A. Benardete, Ermanno Bencivenga, Jan Berg, Michael Bergmann, Robert L. Bernasconi, Sven Bernecker, Bernard Berofsky, Rod Bertolet, Charles J. Beyer, Christian Beyer, Joseph Bien, Joseph Bien, Peg Birmingham, Ivan Boh, James Bohman, Daniel Bonevac, Laurence BonJour, William J. Bouwsma, Raymond D. Bradley, Myles Brand, Richard B. Brandt, Michael E. Bratman, Stephen E. Braude, Daniel Breazeale, Angela Breitenbach, Jason Bridges, David O. Brink, Gordon G. 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- The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy
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- 05 August 2015
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- By Tod C. Aeby, Melanie D. Altizer, Ronan A. Bakker, Meghann E. Batten, Anita K. Blanchard, Brian Bond, Megan A. Brady, Saweda A. Bright, Ellen L. Brock, Amy Brown, Ashley Carroll, Jori S. Carter, Frances Casey, Weldon Chafe, David Chelmow, Jessica M. Ciaburri, Stephen A. Cohen, Adrianne M. Colton, PonJola Coney, Jennifer A. Cross, Julie Zemaitis DeCesare, Layson L. Denney, Megan L. Evans, Nicole S. Fanning, Tanaz R. Ferzandi, Katie P. Friday, Nancy D. Gaba, Rajiv B. Gala, Andrew Galffy, Adrienne L. Gentry, Edward J. Gill, Philippe Girerd, Meredith Gray, Amy Hempel, Audra Jolyn Hill, Chris J. Hong, Kathryn A. Houston, Patricia S. Huguelet, Warner K. Huh, Jordan Hylton, Christine R. Isaacs, Alison F. Jacoby, Isaiah M. Johnson, Nicole W. Karjane, Emily E. Landers, Susan M. Lanni, Eduardo Lara-Torre, Lee A. Learman, Nikola Alexander Letham, Rachel K. Love, Richard Scott Lucidi, Elisabeth McGaw, Kimberly Woods McMorrow, Christopher A. Manipula, Kirk J. Matthews, Michelle Meglin, Megan Metcalf, Sarah H. Milton, Gaby Moawad, Christopher Morosky, Lindsay H. Morrell, Elizabeth L. Munter, Erin L. Murata, Amanda B. Murchison, Nguyet A. Nguyen, Nan G. O’Connell, Tony Ogburn, K. Nathan Parthasarathy, Thomas C. Peng, Ashley Peterson, Sarah Peterson, John G. Pierce, Amber Price, Heidi J. Purcell, Ronald M. Ramus, Nicole Calloway Rankins, Fidelma B. Rigby, Amanda H. Ritter, Barbara L. Robinson, Danielle Roncari, Lisa Rubinsak, Jennifer Salcedo, Mary T. Sale, Peter F. Schnatz, John W. Seeds, Kathryn Shaia, Karen Shelton, Megan M. Shine, Haller J. Smith, Roger P. Smith, Nancy A. Sokkary, Reni A. Soon, Aparna Sridhar, Lilja Stefansson, Laurie S. Swaim, Chemen M. Tate, Hong-Thao Thieu, Meredith S. Thomas, L. Chesney Thompson, Tiffany Tonismae, Angela M. Tran, Breanna Walker, Alan G. Waxman, C. Nathan Webb, Valerie L. Williams, Sarah B. Wilson, Elizabeth M. Yoselevsky, Amy E. Young
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Sustained Improvement in Hand Hygiene Adherence: Utilizing Shared Accountability and Financial Incentives
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- Thomas R. Talbot, James G. Johnson, Claudette Fergus, John Henry Domenico, William Schaffner, Titus L. Daniels, Greg Wilson, Jennifer Slayton, Nancye Feistritzer, Gerald B. Hickson
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- Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology / Volume 34 / Issue 11 / November 2013
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- 02 January 2015, pp. 1129-1136
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Objective.
To evaluate the impact of an institutional hand hygiene accountability program on healthcare personnel hand hygiene adherence.
Design.Time-series design with correlation analysis.
Setting.Tertiary care academic medical center, including outpatient clinics and procedural areas.
Participants.Medical center healthcare personnel.
Methods.A comprehensive hand hygiene initiative was implemented in 2 major phases starting in July 2009. Key facets of the initiative included extensive project planning, leadership buy-in and goal setting, financial incentives linked to performance, and use of a system-wide shared accountability model. Adherence was measured by designated hand hygiene observers. Adherence rates were compared between baseline and implementation phases, and monthly hand hygiene adherence rates were correlated with monthly rates of device-associated infection.
Results.A total of 109,988 observations were completed during the study period, with a sustained increase in hand hygiene adherence throughout each implementation phase (P<.0001) as well as from one phase to the next (P < .0001), such that adherence greater than 85% has been achieved since January 2011. Medical center departments were able to reclaim some rebate dollars allocated through a self-insurance trust, but during the study period, departments did not achieve full reimbursement. Hand hygiene adherence rates were inversely correlated with device-associated standardized infection ratios (R2 = 0.70).
Conclusions.Implementation of this multifaceted, observational hand hygiene program was associated with sustained improvement in hand hygiene adherence. The principles of this program could be applied to other medical centers pursuing improved hand hygiene adherence among healthcare personnel.