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Poverty attributions in Guyana: Between self-interest, resentment, and ideology
- Koen Abts, Troy Thomas, Arno Van Hootegem
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- Journal:
- Journal of International and Comparative Social Policy / Volume 39 / Issue 2 / July 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 07 November 2023, pp. 147-169
- Print publication:
- July 2023
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This study examines which poverty attributions are present in Guyana, a developing country in South America, and tests which variables explain these attributions in a non-Western context by linking them to structural characteristics, feelings of resentment, and values. First, using survey data from the Values and Poverty Study in Guyana (N = 1,557), we find that the traditional three-tier model does not adequately capture Guyanese attributions of poverty. Instead, confirmatory factor analysis identifies some subdimensions of structural attributions that refer to both social and economic structure, a hybrid dimension linking poverty to family breakup, and explanations related to social and individual fate. Second, we examine the impact of feelings of resentment on poverty attributions. In particular, experiences of powerlessness foster structural, fatalistic, and family attributions of poverty, illustrating the role of a lack of external locus of control. Finally, our study shows that ideological values and egalitarianism have the strongest predictive power.
Erosion by Design: Rethinking Innovation, Sea Defense, and Credibility in Guyana
- Sarah E. Vaughn
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- Journal:
- Comparative Studies in Society and History / Volume 64 / Issue 4 / October 2022
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 05 August 2022, pp. 849-877
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This essay explores the intersecting socio-material and ethical demands that engineers confront in adapting sea defenses to climate change in Guyana. It focuses on the tensions in climate adaptation that create the possibilities for theorizing innovation as a key theme of counter-modernities in the Anthropocene. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork, oral histories, and archival research, I show that engineers’ decision-making regarding whether or not to innovate sea defenses is a fraught process dependent upon processes of erosion and the ontological (in)stability of specific infrastructures known as groynes. To cope, engineers produce what I call “innovation narratives” to describe how obstacles to climate adaptation are created by combinations of neocolonial empire, shapeshifting ecologies, inconsistent maintenance programs, and fiscal debt. At the same time, their efforts signal an emerging global politics of credibility that is reinforced by desires for more inclusive forms of governance rather than brute power or capitalization.
5 - Resettlement in the European West Indies, to 1865
- Sebastian N. Page, University of Oxford
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- Black Resettlement and the American Civil War
- Published online:
- 21 January 2021
- Print publication:
- 28 January 2021, pp 189-232
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Summary
Few historians have noticed that, from the abolition of slavery in the British West Indies (1834) to the same milestone in the United States (1865), the planters of the British colonies of Jamaica, Trinidad, and Guiana made repeated attempts to entice over the black Americans whose white rulers seemed so eager to expel them. The planters’ offer divided abolitionists, who heard echoes of the prejudicial premise of Liberian colonization, but who also saw an opportunity to boost the free-labor British Caribbean. The 2,000 black Americans and Canadians who immigrated to the British West Indies at the turn of the 1840s found many things to commend in their new home – and many things to condemn. Such ambivalence about the entire venture was shared by the British government, which forever feared that colonial canvassers would jeopardize Anglo-American relations by accepting fugitive slaves. Latterly joined by the other European powers with West Indian colonies, namely, France, the Netherlands, and Denmark, Britain approached the matter gingerly during the American Civil War, when the prospect of benefiting from wholesale emancipation, but under the fraught auspices of the US military, offered unimaginable risk and reward.
7 - Conclusion: The Implications of Nationalization
- Paasha Mahdavi, University of California, Santa Barbara
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- Book:
- Power Grab
- Published online:
- 31 March 2020
- Print publication:
- 02 April 2020, pp 212-225
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Summary
This concluding chapter discusses the scholarly and policy implications of the book’s findings. Leaders that pursue predatory and opportunistic behavior are not as likely to fail as the conventional wisdom suggests; these leaders have little option to survive in power other than by seizing assets instead of building growth-enhancing institutions. This chapter then provides a policy roadmap to how extractive resources will be managed in the future for oil and for commodities that have thus far avoided nationalization. The examination of the possibility of future oil nationalizations in Lebanon and Guyana will be particularly relevant for states considering their ownership options in light of new discoveries. Rare-earth minerals and advanced materials involved in the production of renewable energy facilities and energy storage--namely cobalt, lithium, and palladium--have largely been produced by private firms. If and when the production of these materials is nationalized, it will have profound impacts not only on the leaders of producing countries, but also on the world that relies upon these resources to sustain the coming industrial revolution in clean energy.
Eight new species of Pyrenulaceae from the Neotropics, with a key to 3-septate Pyrgillus species
- André APTROOT, Harrie J. M. SIPMAN, Joel Alejandro MERCADO DIAZ, Cléverton de Oliveira MENDONÇA, Shirley Cunha FEUERSTEIN, Iane Paula Rego CUNHA-DIAS, Thamires Almeida PEREIRA, Marcela Eugenia da Silva CÁCERES
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- Journal:
- The Lichenologist / Volume 50 / Issue 1 / January 2018
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 26 January 2018, pp. 77-87
- Print publication:
- January 2018
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Eight new species of Pyrenulaceae are described as new to science from Brazil, Guyana and Puerto Rico. Pyrenula sanguineomeandrata Aptroot & Mercado Diaz (with a thallus with red, KOH+ purple pigmentation of lines or a reticulum, simple ascomata with vertical ostioles, a deep red inspersed, KOH+ orange hamathecium, and dark brown 3-septate ascospores 25–29×10–12 μm) and P. sanguineostiolata Aptroot & Mercado Diaz (with a thallus with deeply immersed simple ascomata with vertical ostioles, which are superficial and bright red, and 3-septate ascospores 25–28×9–12 μm) are described from submontane evergreen forests in Puerto Rico. Pyrenula biseptata Aptroot & M. Cáceres (with simple ascomata with vertical ostioles, an inspersed hamathecium and 2-septate ascospores 11–12×4·5–5·0 μm) and P. xanthinspersa Aptroot & M. Cáceres (with an ecorticate thallus containing lichexanthone, simple ascomata with vertical ostioles, not inspersed hamathecium and 3-septate ascospores 14–17×6·0–7·5 μm) are described from rainforest in Amazonian Brazil. Pyrenula subvariabilis Aptroot & Sipman (with fused ascomata with lateral ostioles and submuriform ascospores 17–20(–25)×6–9 μm) and Sulcopyrenula biseriata Aptroot & Sipman (with a thallus containing lichexanthone, simple ascomata with lateral ostioles and lozenge-shaped ascospores with 8 locules, (13–)15–17(–20)×8–10 (width)×6–7 (thickness) μm) are described from savannahs in Guyana. Special attention is paid to the genus Pyrgillus: two new species from the 3-septate core group of this small genus are described from Brazil, viz. P. aurantiacus Aptroot & M. Cáceres (with a corticate thallus containing lichexanthone, mazaedium with orange, KOH+ violet, UV+ red pruina and ascospores of 13–16×6·0–7·5 μm) and P. rufus Aptroot & M. Cáceres (with a corticate thallus containing lichexanthone, mazaedium with dark red, KOH+ orange, UV+ red pruina and ascospores of 15·0–17·5×5·0–6·5 μm). An updated key to the 3-septate species of Pyrgillus is provided.
New Trypetheliaceae from northern and southern Atlantic rainforests in Brazil
- André APTROOT, Cléverton de Oliveira MENDONÇA, Danyelly Santos ANDRADE, Jeanne dos Reis SILVA, Suzana Maria de Azevedo MARTINS, Emerson GUMBOSKI, Carlos Augusto Vidigal FRAGA, Júnior, Marcela Eugenia da Silva CÁCERES
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- Journal:
- The Lichenologist / Volume 48 / Issue 6 / November 2016
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 07 December 2016, pp. 713-725
- Print publication:
- November 2016
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The following 16 new species of Trypetheliaceae are described from Brazil: Astrothelium aeneoides Aptroot, differing from A. aeneum by the absence of pigment on the thallus, but medulla of pseudostroma K+ blood red and ascospores 3-septate, lumina diamond-shaped; A. curvatum Aptroot & M. Cáceres with immersed pyriform ascomata with lateral ostioles and bent, muriform ascospores, 74–90×25–34 μm; A. globosum Aptroot & M. Cáceres with immersed ascomata, thallus consisting of nearly globose warts and ascospores 3-septate, 35–40×11–13 μm; A. graphicum Aptroot & S. M. A. Martins with an extended, reticulate pseudostroma, which is lower than the slightly bullate thallus, orange pruina on the thallus and pseudostroma and ascospores muriform, 60–66×12–16 µm; A. longisporum Aptroot, J. R. Silva & M. Cáceres, which differs from A. megaspermum by the eccentric ostioles and the 8 instead of 4 ascospores per ascus; A. macrostomum Aptroot which is similar to A. eustomum (Mont.) Müll. Arg., but differing by the 5–7-septate ascospores 65–85×16–19 μm.; A. megeustomum Aptroot & Fraga Júnior which is similar to Astrothelium eustomum, but with muriform ascospores 117–125×17–21 μm; A. pictum Aptroot with 5-septate ascospores, red crystals in the pseudostroma medulla and lichexanthone in the thallus; A. rubrocrystallinum Aptroot & M. Cáceres which is similar to A. annulare, but with copious red crystals in a thick layer around the ascomata and ascospores 22–27×7–9 μm; A. simplex Aptroot & S. M. A. Martins with 3-septate ascospores and a very rough thallus, differing from A. sinuosum by the lack of lichexanthone; A. sinuosum Aptroot & Gumboski with an ostiolar UV+ yellow reaction, bullate thallus and a wavy gelatinous sheath around the ascospores; A. tetrasporum Aptroot & M. Cáceres which is similar to A. puiggarii, but differs by the non-inspersed hamathecium and the ascus that contains only 4 ascospores; Polymeridium endoflavens Aptroot, D. S. Andrade & M. Cáceres with yellow oil inspersion in the hamathecium and 5–7-septate ascospores 32–37×10–13 μm; P. longiflavens Aptroot, Mendonça & M. Cáceres with yellow oil inspersion in the hamathecium, an apical ostiole and 9–11-septate ascospores 57–70×12–14 μm; Trypethelium luteolucidum Aptroot, Mendonça & M. Cáceres which is similar to T. regnellii, but differs by the presence of anthraquinone crystals in the pseudostromata; and Viridothelium leptoseptatum Aptroot & M. Cáceres, resembling Astrothelium aeneum but with no pigment on the thallus, a thin to absent thallus cover on the ascomata and thin-walled, constricted ascospores with lumina of a similar shape to the ascospore cell walls. Most are known only from Brazil, but a few are also known from Mexico, Puerto Rico, and/or Guyana. North-eastern Brazil is the centre of diversity of the genus Polymeridium, with 33 species now known.
A revisionary synopsis of the Trypetheliaceae (Ascomycota: Trypetheliales)‡
- André APTROOT, Robert LÜCKING
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- Journal:
- The Lichenologist / Volume 48 / Issue 6 / November 2016
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 07 December 2016, pp. 763-982
- Print publication:
- November 2016
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A revisionary synopsis is presented for the family Trypetheliaceae, based on a separately published phylogenetic analysis of a large number of species, morpho-anatomical and chemical study of extensive material, and revision of numerous type specimens. A total of 418 species is formally accepted in this synopsis, distributed among 15 genera as follows: Aptrootia (3), Architrypethelium (7), Astrothelium (242), Bathelium (16), Bogoriella (29), Constrictolumina (9), Dictyomeridium (7), Distothelia (3), Marcelaria (3), Nigrovothelium (2), Novomicrothelia (1), Polymeridium (50), Pseudopyrenula (20), Trypethelium (16), and Viridothelium (10). All accepted genera, including new genera described separately in this issue, are keyed out and briefly described and discussed, and keys are provided for all accepted species within each genus. Entries with full synonymy and brief descriptions, and in part also discussions, are provided for all accepted species, except those newly described elsewhere in this issue, which are cross-referenced in the corresponding keys. The description of the newly defined genera takes into account phylogeny in combination with morpho-anatomical features with the result that they are mostly recognizable by a combination of thallus, ascoma and ascospore features. Most species previously assigned to the genera Astrothelium, Campylothelium, Cryptothelium, and Trypethelium, based on a schematic concept of ascoma morphology and ascospore septation, are now included in a single genus, Astrothelium, with highly variable ascoma morphology and ascospore septation but invariably with astrothelioid ascospores (at least when young), that is diamond-shaped lumina, and a well-developed, corticate, usually olive-green thallus that often covers the ascomata. While the genera Aptrootia (large, brown, muriform ascospores), Architrypethelium (large, mostly 3-septate ascospores), and Pseudopyrenula (ecorticate, white thalli and astrothelioid ascospores) are maintained, Trypethelium is redefined to include species with raised, pseudostromatic ascomata and multiseptate ascospores with thin septa. The sister group of Trypethelium is the genus Marcelaria, with brightly coloured pseudostromata and muriform ascospores. Bathelium is now limited to species with strongly raised, fully exposed pseudostromata and septate to muriform ascospores with thin septa. Several genera are recognized for more basal lineages with mostly ecorticate, white thalli and solitary, exposed ascomata previously assigned to Arthopyrenia, Mycomicrothelia and Polymeridium, viz. Bogoriella, Constrictolumina, Dictyomeridium, and Novomicrothelia. In addition, separate genera are accepted for the Trypethelium tropicum (Nigrovothelium) and T. virens (Viridothelium) groups. In addition, a refined species concept resulting from phylogenetic studies is employed which pays particular attention to morphological features of the thallus and ascomata. Of a total of 526 names checked, 107 remain synonyms of accepted names and a further eight are newly excluded from the family. Based on these redispositions, the following 146 new combinations are proposed, including reinstatement of numerous names previously subsumed into synonymy: Architrypethelium columbianum (Nyl.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. grande (Kremp.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., Astrothelium aeneum (Eschw.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. alboverrucum (Makhija & Patw.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. amazonum (R. C. Harris) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. ambiguum (Malme) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. andamanicum (Makhija & Patw.) Aptroot comb. nov., A. annulare (Spreng.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. aurantiacum (Makhija & Patw) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. auratum (R. C. Harris) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. aureomaculatum (Vain.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. basilicum (Kremp.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. bicolor (Taylor) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. buckii (R. C. Harris) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. calosporum (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. cartilagineum (Fée) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. cecidiogenum (Aptroot & Lücking) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. ceratinum (Fée) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. chapadense (Malme) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. chrysoglyphum (Vain.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. chrysostomum (Vain.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. cinereorosellum (Kremp.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. cinereum (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. et stat. nov., A. confluens (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. consimile (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. deforme (Fée) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. defossum (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. degenerans (Vain.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. dissimilum (Makhija & Patw.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. effusum (Aptroot & Sipman) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. endochryseum (Vain.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. exostemmatis (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. feei (C. F. W. Meissn.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. ferrugineum (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. galligenum (Aptroot) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. gigantosporum (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. indicum (Upreti & Ajay Singh) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. infossum (Nyl.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. infuscatulum (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. irregulare (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. keralense (Upreti & Ajay Singh) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. kunzei (Fée) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. leioplacum (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. lugescens (Nyl.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. luridum (Zahlbr.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. macrocarpum (Fée) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. macrosporum (Makhija & Patw.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. marcidum (Fée) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. megaleium (Kremp.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. megalophthalmum (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. megalostomum (Vain.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. megaspermum (Mont.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. meiophorum (Nyl.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. meristosporoides (P. M. McCarthy & Vongshew.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. meristosporum (Mont. & Bosch) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. neogalbineum (R. C. Harris) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. nigratum (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. et stat. nov., A. nigrorufum (Makhija & Patw.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. nitidiusculum (Nyl.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. octosporum (Vain.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. oligocarpum (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. olivaceofuscum (Zenker) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. papillosum (P. M. McCarthy) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. papulosum (Nyl.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. peranceps (Kremp.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. phaeothelium (Nyl.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. phlyctaenua (Fée) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. porosum (Ach.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. praetervisum (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. pseudoplatystomum (Makhija & Patw.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. pseudovariatum (Upreti & Ajay Singh) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. puiggarii (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. pulcherrimum (Fée) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. pupula (Ach.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. purpurascens (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. pustulatum (Vain.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. rufescens (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. et stat. nov., A. sanguinarium (Malme) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. santessonii (Letr.-Gal.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. saxicola (Malme) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. scoria (Fée) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. scorizum (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. sierraleonense (C. W. Dodge) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. sikkimense (Makhija & Patw.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. spectabile (Aptroot & Ferraro) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. sphaerioides (Mont.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. stramineum (Malme) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. straminicolor (Nyl.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. subcatervarium (Malme) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. subdiscretum (Nyl.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. subdisjunctum (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. subdissocians (Nyl. ex Vain.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. et stat. nov., A. superbum (Fr.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. tenue (Aptroot) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. thelotremoides (Nyl.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. trypethelizans (Nyl.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. tuberculosum (Vain.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. ubianense (Vain.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. variatum (Nyl.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. vezdae (Makhija & Patw.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., Bathelium austroafricanum (Zahlbr.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., B. nigroporum (Makhija & Patw.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., Bogoriella alata (Groenh. ex Aptroot) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., B. annonacea (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., B. apposita (Nyl.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., B. captiosa (Kremp.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., B. collospora (Vain.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., B. confluens (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., B. conothelena (Nyl.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., B. decipiens (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., B. exigua (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., B. fumosula (Zahlbr.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., B. hemisphaerica (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., B. lateralis (Sipman) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., B. leuckertii (D. Hawksw. & J. C. David) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., B. macrocarpa (Komposch, Aptroot & Hafellner) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., B. megaspora (Aptroot & M. Cáceres) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., B. miculiformis (Nyl. ex Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., B. minutula (Zahlbr.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., B. modesta (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., B. nonensis (Stirt.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., B. obovata (Stirt.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., B. pachytheca (Sacc. & Syd.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., B. punctata (Aptroot) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., B. queenslandica (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., B. socialis (Zahlbr.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., B. striguloides (Sérus. & Aptroot) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., B. subfallens (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., B. thelena (Ach.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., B. triangularis (Aptroot) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., B. xanthonica (Komposch, Aptroot & Hafellner) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., Constrictolumina esenbeckiana (Fée) Lücking, M. P. Nelsen & Aptroot comb. nov., C. leucostoma (Müll. Arg.) Lücking, M. P. Nelsen & Aptroot comb. nov., C. lyrata (R. C. Harris) Lücking, M. P. Nelsen & Aptroot comb. nov., C. majuscula (Nyl.) Lücking, M. P. Nelsen & Aptroot comb. nov., C. malaccitula (Nyl.) Lücking, M. P. Nelsen & Aptroot comb. nov., C. porospora (Vain.) Lücking, M. P. Nelsen & Aptroot comb. nov., Dictyomeridium amylosporum (Vain.) Aptroot, M. P. Nelsen & Lücking comb. nov., D. campylothelioides (Aptroot & Sipman) Aptroot, M. P. Nelsen & Lücking comb. nov., D. immersum (Aptroot, A. A. Menezes & M. Cáceres) Aptroot, M. P. Nelsen & Lücking comb. nov., D. isohypocrellinum (Xavier-Leite, M. Cáceres & Aptroot) Aptroot, M. P. Nelsen & Lücking comb. nov., D. paraproponens (Aptroot, M. Cáceres & E. L. Lima) Aptroot, M. P. Nelsen & Lücking comb. nov., Distothelia rubrostoma (Aptroot) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., Phyllobathelium chlorogastricum (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., Pseudopyrenula cubana (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., Viridothelium cinereoglaucescens (Vain.) Lücking, M. P. Nelsen & Aptroot comb. nov., V. indutum (Stirt.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., and V. megaspermum (Makhija & Patw.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov. In addition, six replacement names are proposed: Astrothelium campylocartilagineum Aptroot & Lücking nom. nov., A. grossoides Aptroot & Lücking nom. nov., A. octosporoides Aptroot & Lücking nom. nov., A. scoriothelium Aptroot & Lücking nom. nov., A. pyrenastrosulphureum Aptroot & Lücking nom. nov., and Bathelium pruinolucens Aptroot & Lücking nom. et stat. nov. Along with this, 57 lectotypes are newly designated. Most species (392 out of 418) are illustrated, with a total of 697 images in 59 plates, including 406 type specimens. Where appropriate, taxa are briefly discussed. New country or continental records are listed for many species in their revised circumscription. A checklist of taxa described or placed in genera belonging in Trypetheliaceae but previously excluded from the family, and their current names, is also provided.
New Trypetheliaceae from the Amazon basin in Rondônia (Brazil), the centre of diversity of the genus Astrothelium
- André APTROOT, Marcela Eugenia da Silva CÁCERES
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- Journal:
- The Lichenologist / Volume 48 / Issue 6 / November 2016
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 07 December 2016, pp. 693-712
- Print publication:
- November 2016
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The following 24 new species of Trypetheliaceae are described after three weeks of fieldwork in an area with a radius of 50 km around Porto Velho in Rondônia: Astrothelium bivelum with astrothelioid ascomata, 5-septate ascospores with polar gelatinous caps, and a thallus without lichexanthone; A. curvisporum with bent, 5-septate ascospores of 115–135×29–36 μm with a 17–22 μm thick gelatinous layer; A. decemseptatum with pseudostroma that are essentially black and look like breaking through the bark, with anthraquinones mostly on the pseudostromata but also on some parts of the thallus, best seen under UV light as the colour of the pruina is not very strong, and ascospores (7–)9–11-septate, fusiform, 50–65×11–17 μm; A. disjunctum with black pseudostroma and ascospores 3-septate, (27–)29–33×(8–)12–14 μm; A. duplicatum which is similar to A. mesoduplex, but pseudostroma are only yellowish inside and ascospores 45–55×11–15 μm; A. eumultiseptatum which is similar to A. eustomum, but with 9–11-septate ascospores of 65–70×15–17 μm; A. eustomurale which is also similar to A. eustomum, but with submuriform ascospores of 37–45×15–19 μm; A. flavoduplex which is similar to A. mesoduplex, but with ascospores 110–350×20–27 μm and the thallus containing lichexanthone; A. flavomurisporum with deeply immersed ascomata with muriform ascospores of 165–200×28–35 μm, with a distinctly thickened central septum and yellow oil; A. flavostromatum which is close to A. aeneoides and mainly differs by the bullate thallus and the cream pseudostromata; A. flavum which is similar to A. aeneum, but differs in the contrast between the linear to reticulate yellow stromata and the unpigmented thallus, and the ascospores of 16–18×6–7 μm; A. mesoduplex which is similar to A. flavoduplex, but with ascospores 90–100×20–23 μm and a thallus without lichexanthone; A. nigrum with mostly conical black pseudostromata that contrast sharply with the thallus, superficially resembling Pyrenula infraleucotrypa; A. novemseptatum which is similar to A. eumultiseptatum, but without lichexanthone anywhere in the thallus or pseudostroma; A. ochroleucoides which is similar to A. corallinum, but with lichexanthone on the thallus and pseudostromata; A. octoseptatum which is similar to A. eumultiseptatum, but with the whole pseudostroma, not just the ostioles, containing lichexanthone, and ascospores somewhat asymmetrical, which is highlighted by the unusual dominant even number of septa (eight) and the asymmetrically placed central septum in the case of uneven septum numbers; A. quatuorseptatum which is similar to A. octoseptatum Aptroot & M. Cáceres, but without lichexanthone, ascospores somewhat asymmetrical, which is highlighted by the unusual dominant even number of septa (four) and the asymmetrically placed central septum in the case of uneven septum numbers; A. robustosporum with solitary ascomata with an eccentric ostiole, and ascospores 11–15-septate, 90–125×20–27 μm; A. solitarium which is similar to A. ceratinum (Fée) Aptroot & Lücking, but with ascospores 33–36×10–11 μm; A. stromatofluorescens which is close to A. phlyctaena, but with lichexanthone only on the pseudostroma, not on the thallus; A. supraclandestinum is close to A. subclandestinum, but the hamathecium is not inspersed; A. testudineum with solitary ascomata with an eccentric ostiole, an inspersed hamathecium, and ascospores 8 per ascus, muriform, 50–65×23–27 μm; A. xanthosuperbum which is similar to A. disjunctum, but with muriform ascospores, 130–160×28–35 μm; and Pseudopyrenula flavoreagens which is similar to P. subgregaria, but with lichexanthone in the thallus. Only a few species were also found elsewhere, such as other areas of Brazil, or in Venezuela, Colombia, Guyana, Panama, Australia and/or Papua New Guinea. Currently, 55 species of Trypetheliaceae are known from this spot, including 46 species of Astrothelium. The Amazon basin is the centre of diversity for the family, at least for Astrothelium, the largest genus in the family.
Peanut farming in the rural interior of Guyana
- A.H. Cho, G.E. MacDonald, J.T. Williams, E.D. Isele
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- Journal:
- Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems / Volume 31 / Issue 1 / February 2016
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 02 October 2015, pp. 9-11
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Farmers of Aranaputa Valley village in the rural interior of Guyana rely on peanut as their primary cash crop. The focus of this study was to document current peanut farming practices in this community. Household surveys and informal interviews were conducted in 2012 to evaluate the 2011 farming season. Farmers relied on distant markets or the community development council for agricultural inputs. More than half of farmers were selling their peanut crop to truck drivers who pass through their community, while 35% sold their peanut crop to the local peanut butter cottage industry. Interviewees indicated the desire for new peanut varieties to produce in their farming systems, suggesting the potential for adoption of new varieties recently evaluated in the region. These results suggest a need for additional agricultural research in the region and development projects that can assist in closing the gap of market accessibility; both for inputs and farm sales.
A world key to species of the genera Topelia and Thelopsis (Stictidaceae), with the description of three new species from Brazil and Argentina
- André APTROOT, Cléverton de Oliveira MENDONÇA, Lidia Itati FERRARO, Marcela Eugenia da Silva CÁCERES
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- Journal:
- The Lichenologist / Volume 46 / Issue 6 / November 2014
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 23 October 2014, pp. 801-807
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- November 2014
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The following new corticolous species are described. Thelopsis cruciata Aptroot & M. Cáceres, with an olive-green thallus, immersed red-brown perithecia and c. 50–100 cruciate ascospores per ascus, 7–10×4–7 µm, from Brazil. Topelia argentinensis Aptroot, L. I. Ferraro & M. Cáceres, with a verrucose, partly almost isidiate, greenish grey thallus, immersed pinkish perithecia and 8 uniseriate muriform ascospores per ascus, 12–17×7–11 µm, from Argentina. Topelia tetraspora Aptroot & M. Cáceres, with a c. 0·1–0·6 mm thick layer of coralloid to usually flattened, irregularly palmately branched isidia c. 0·05 mm diam., ascospores 15–19×2–6-septate, muriform, ellipsoid, 39–50×11–16 µm, only up to 4 per ascus maturing, from Brazil. Thelopsis inordinata is reported for the first time from South America, from Guyana. A key is given to all currently known species of Topelia and Thelopsis. The distinction between these genera has become arbitrary with the recent addition of more or less intermediate species.
A world key to Stirtonia (Arthoniaceae), with three new Stirtonia species and one new Crypthonia species from the Neotropics
- André APTROOT, Harrie J. M. SIPMAN, Marcia KÄFFER, Suzana M. MARTINS, Lidia Itatí FERRARO, Marcela Eugenia da Silva CÁCERES
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- Journal:
- The Lichenologist / Volume 46 / Issue 5 / September 2014
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 07 August 2014, pp. 673-679
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- September 2014
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A world key to the 21 species of Stirtonia is presented. Three new Stirtonia species are described from the Neotropics: Stirtonia ibirapuitensis Aptroot, Käffer & S. M. Martins, with whitish to cream amoeboid ascigerous areas with lichexanthone on a greenish thallus without lichexanthone and ascospores of 27–32×9·5–12·5 µm; Stirtonia punctiformis Aptroot & Sipman, with ascigerous structures of thallus colour, consisting of one or more brown asci with brown walls with surrounding tissue, in groups or irregular lines and brown ascospores 61–73×27–35 µm; and Stirtonia viridis Aptroot, L. I. Ferraro, Sipman & M. Cáceres, with ascigerous structures mostly linear, branched and anastomosing, whitish, and contrasting with the often greenish thallus and with ascospores 50–58×15–22 µm. In addition, a specimen of S. neotropica is reported that contains some patches of lichexanthone, S. curvata is reported new to the Neotropics from Brazil and the Netherlands Antilles, and S. nivea is reported new to the Northern Hemisphere from Puerto Rico. Also, Crypthonia divaricatica Aptroot & Sipman, with an irregular, thick thallus with divaricatic and usnic acids and flat white ascigerous areas and macrocephalic 5–9-septate ascospores 20–27×9·5–12·5 µm is described from Mexico. While only one Stirtonia species was known from the Neotropics as recently as 2009, the total number of Stirtonia species known from the Neotropics is now 12, an equal number to the 12 species that are known from the Palaeotropics.
The effects of man made gaps on germination, early survival, and morphology of Chlorocardium rodiei seedlings in Guyana
- Hans Ter Steege, Carla Bokdam, Miranda Boland, Jose Dobbelsteen, Ivo Verburg
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- Journal of Tropical Ecology / Volume 10 / Issue 2 / May 1994
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 10 July 2009, pp. 245-260
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Germination success of Chlorocardium rodiei is low in large gaps. High light levels, however are beneficial for the survival of seedlings. (Partial) removal of cotyledons has a large negative impact on survival especially under low light conditions. Seedlings from large gaps are larger but not taller than those from the understorey, due to differential internode growth. Although growth of seedlings is improved by higher light levels caused for example by logging, great care should be taken with logging intensity, which may increase seed mortality.
Pre-dispersal and early post-dispersal demography, and reproductive litter production, in the tropical tree Dicymbe altsonii in Guyana
- Roderick J. Zagt
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- Journal of Tropical Ecology / Volume 13 / Issue 4 / July 1997
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 10 July 2009, pp. 511-526
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The demographic history of a flower-cohort of the tropical tree Dicymbe altsonii (Caesalpiniaceae) was studied by collecting litter from flowers, fruits and seeds, and by monitoring seedling survival. Flower production was estimated at 137 to 172 m−2 in a plot of 1 ha. Four percent of the flowers yielded a pod, which contained an average of 2.0 seeds. Post-dispersal mortality over 3 mo was 39% of the initial number of dispersed seeds. Most flowers and fruits were aborted. Insect and vertebrate predation in the tree and on the ground was very low. Reproductive litter production of this species was estimated to be equal to leaf litter production. The amount of phosphorus lost in litter from fruits and flowers was much larger than in leaf litter. This implies that the impact of the biennial flowering events on the nutrient dynamics of the trees and of the ecosystem may be large. It is argued that the reproductive cycle and the pre-dispersal demography of Dicymbe seem to be determined by a scarcity of nutrient resources, and possibly by pollinator limitation.
Distribution and ecology of epiphytic bryophytes and lichens in dry evergreen forest of Guyana
- J. H. C. Cornelissen, H. Ter Steege
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- Journal of Tropical Ecology / Volume 5 / Issue 2 / May 1989
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- 10 July 2009, pp. 131-150
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A floristic and ecological study of epiphytic bryophytes and lichens on standing mature Eperua trees was carried out in dry evergreen (walaba) forest in Guyana, South America. The trees were sampled from their base up to the highest canopy twigs, using mountaineering techniques. Clear vertical distribution patterns of epiphytic species and life-forms were found. Many species, particularly foliose lichens, appear to be preferential or exclusive to either Eperua grandiflora or E. falcata (Leguminosae), which are the dominant trees in the walaba forest. Special attention is given to the species-rich epiphyte vegetation on the upper canopy twigs, which include two categories of species: the sun epiphytes and the pioneers (facultative epiphylls).
Patterns of community composition in two tropical tree frog assemblages: separating spatial structure and environmental effects in disturbed and undisturbed forests
- Raffael Ernst, Mark-Oliver Rödel
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- Journal:
- Journal of Tropical Ecology / Volume 24 / Issue 2 / March 2008
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 March 2008, pp. 111-120
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An on-going controversy in community ecology involves the debate about the many factors that affect the assembly and composition of a given species assemblage. Theory suggests that community composition is influenced by environmental gradients or biotic processes. This study examines patterns of community composition in two tropical tree frog assemblages of primary and exploited lowland rain-forest sites in the Guiana Shield area of central Guyana, South America and the Upper Guinean rain-forest block of south-western Côte d'Ivoire, West Africa. We tested community composition and species abundance data of two adult tree frog communities collected on 21 standardized transects during a period of 5 y for evidence of spatial correlation in community composition. We applied simple and partial Mantel tests to separate the effects of environmental variables, spatial distance and spatial autocorrelation on community composition. Whenever environmental effects were accounted for, we found significant positive spatial correlation of community composition. All assemblages appeared to be spatially structured, i.e. sites in close proximity had similar species assemblages. However, spatially structured environmental variation (autocorrelation) did not account for the spatial structure of species incidence. Environmental factors did not prove to be significant predictors of species incidence in any of the assemblages analysed, even if we controlled for spatial effects. Observed correlation patterns of species composition were consistent within respective realms and disturbance regimes. Moreover, general correlation patterns were consistent between geographic regions. These results are in contrast to previously published results from a study on leaf-litter anurans and indicate that group-specific differences must not be neglected when analysing patterns of species composition in anurans as they may drastically alter the outcome of the analysis.
Molecular and biological characterization of Toxoplasma gondii isolates from free-range chickens from Guyana, South America, identified several unique and common parasite genotypes
- J. P. DUBEY, L. APPLEWHAITE, N. SUNDAR, G. V. VELMURUGAN, L. A. BANDINI, O. C. H. KWOK, R. HILL, C. SU
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- Journal:
- Parasitology / Volume 134 / Issue 11 / October 2007
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 18 June 2007, pp. 1559-1565
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The prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in free-ranging chickens (Gallus domesticus) is a good indicator of the prevalence of T. gondii oocysts in the soil because chickens feed from the ground. The prevalence of T. gondii in 76 free-range chickens from Guyana, South America was determined. Antibodies to T. gondii were assayed by the modified agglutination test (MAT), and found in 50 (65·8%) of 76 chickens with titres of 1:5 in four, 1:10 in one, 1:20 in five, 1:40 in seven, 1:80 in six, 1:160 in eight, 1:320 in four, 1:640 or higher in 15. Hearts and brains of 26 chickens with titres of <1:5 were pooled in 5 batches and bioassayed in mice. Hearts and brains of 50 chickens with titres of 1:5 or higher were bioassayed in mice. Toxoplasma gondii was isolated by bioassay in mice from 35 chickens with MAT titres of 1:20 or higher. All mice inoculated with tissues of 30 infected chickens remained asymptomatic. Toxoplasma gondii isolates from 35 chickens were genotyped using 11 PCR-RFLP markers including SAG1, SAG2, SAG3, BTUB, GRA6, c22-8, c29-2, L358, PK1, a new SAG2, and Apico. A total of 9 genotypes were identified, with 5 genotypes (nos 1, 4, 5, 6 and 7) unique to Guyana, 2 genotypes (nos 2 and 3) previously identified in chickens from Brazil, 1 genotype (no. 8) previously identified in chickens from Brazil, Costa Rica and Nicaragua, and 1 genotype (no. 9) belonging to the clonal type III lineage that exists globally. Infection with 2 genotypes was found from 1 chicken. This is the first report of genetic characterization of T. gondii isolates from any host from Guyana.
Improving food provision in a Guyanese home for the elderly: a participatory approach
- Gillian Hewitt, Alizon Draper, Suraiya Ismail, Sybil Patterson
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- Journal:
- Public Health Nutrition / Volume 10 / Issue 6 / June 2007
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 June 2007, pp. 552-558
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Objectives
To conduct a needs assessment of all aspects of food provision in a residential home and to evaluate a subsequent nutrition intervention.
DesignAn intervention study using a before and after design. A participatory approach was adopted and quantitative and qualitative methods used throughout. The intervention involved a revised menu, kitchen equipment, and establishing wholesale shopping and food donations.
SettingA residential home for senior citizens in Guyana.
ResultsMeals at the home were nutritionally inadequate and deeply unpopular with the residents. Intakes of fruits and vegetables were low and the home was heavily reliant on donated soya mince and rice. Meals were served within an eight-hour period to accommodate the staff's hours of work. Cutbacks in the food budget indicated that the financial state of the home explained some of the problems. The intervention was unable to address all problems identified, but led to substantial improvements in the nutritional adequacy of the food provided following the inclusion in the menu of a number of nutrient-dense foods such as chicken liver. The new menu was acceptable to the cooks and largely popular with the residents, although some problems persisted.
ConclusionsThe results show that improvements in the nutrient profile of the diet could be achieved with a flexible, community-based, participatory approach that addressed all elements of a home's food provision system. The changes also proved largely popular with the residents, thus potentially contributing to their quality of life.
Recruitment dynamics and ectomycorrhizal colonization of Dicymbe corymbosa, a monodominant tree in the Guiana Shield
- Krista L. McGuire
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- Journal:
- Journal of Tropical Ecology / Volume 23 / Issue 3 / May 2007
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 24 April 2007, pp. 297-307
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The dynamics of early life-history stages are important for understanding regional diversity patterns in tropical trees. In this study, patterns of seed removal, seedling survival and ectomycorrhizal (ECM) colonization in monodominant and mixed tropical rain forests in Guyana were investigated during a masting event of an ECM monodominant tree, Dicymbe corymbosa. Two seed densities (1 m−2 and 6 m−2) were tested in two forest types (monodominant versus mixed) with 10 plots per treatment (40 plots total). Germination success, seed and seedling survival after 1 y were measured for the monodominant tree, and four non-dominant canopy tree species found in both forest types (Eschweilera sagotiana, Licania laxiflora, Chrysophyllum sanguinolentum and Carapa guianensis). A significant effect of forest type was detected for seed removal and seedling survival. In the mixed forest, seed removal was higher for all species, with 27% average removal compared with 7% average seed removal in the monodominant forest. Germination success was significantly lower for all but one species in the mixed forest, with average germination of 41% compared with 78% germination in the monodominant forest. Seed and seedling survival of the monodominant tree was greatest within the monodominant forest with 93% of seeds germinating and 85% of seedlings surviving after 1 y compared with 65% germination and 15% seedling survival in the mixed forest. Per cent ectomycorrhizal colonization of Dicymbe corymbosa was near 100% in the monodominant forest, but significantly lower (14%) in the mixed forest. These results suggest that seedling survival patterns, rather than seed survival, are more important for recruitment success in this system and that ectomycorrhizal inoculum may limit establishment of Dicymbe corymbosa in the mixed forest.
Edible mushrooms from Guyana
- TERRY W. HENKEL, M. CATHERINE AIME, MIMI CHIN, CHRISTOPHER ANDREW
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- Journal:
- Mycologist / Volume 18 / Issue 3 / August 2004
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 23 September 2004, pp. 104-111
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- August 2004
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Eleven species of mushrooms are currently known to be utilized as a food source by the indigenous Patamona Amerindians of the rain forested Pakaraima Mountains of Guyana. The majority of these fungi are undescribed species; many belong to groups that are infrequently collected for the table by North Americans (e.g. Clavulinaceae, Sarcoscyphaceae, Amanitaceae) whereas groups which contain highly prized culinary mushrooms by north temperate standards (e.g. Cantharellaceae) are traditionally shunned by the Patamona. Here we discuss some of the more commonly collected mushroom species of the Patamona and their methods of preparation as well as some mushrooms that we have discovered to be choice edibles of the region.
Monodominance in the ectomycorrhizal Dicymbe corymbosa (Caesalpiniaceae) from Guyana
- Terry W. Henkel
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- Journal:
- Journal of Tropical Ecology / Volume 19 / Issue 4 / July 2003
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- 04 July 2003, pp. 417-437
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Dominance of primary rain forests by the ectomycorrhizal, leguminous canopy tree Dicymbe corymbosa (Caesalpiniaceae) was investigated in the Pakaraima Mountains of western Guyana. In five 1-ha forest inventory plots in the Upper Ireng and Upper Potaro River drainages basal areas of D. corymbosa ranged from 38.4-52.8 m2 ha-1 (63-85% of total) among all trees ≥10 cm diameter at breast height (dbh), values in the upper range for tropical moist forests worldwide. The high basal areas for D. corymbosa were due to the prevalence of large (>150 cm dbh), multi-stemmed individuals. Stem densities in Dicymbe plots ranged from 276-433 ha-1, with D. corymbosa contributing 24.6-59.8%. In three 1-ha mixed forest plots adjacent to the Dicymbe plots, D. corymbosa was absent. In the mixed forests, stem densities were higher (480-585 ha-1), basal areas were lower (36.7-39.8 m2 ha-1), species diversity was higher, and canopy tree species were more equitably distributed than in the Dicymbe plots. Tree community composition was not qualitatively different between Dicymbe and mixed forests. In the Dicymbe plots, mean sapling and seedling densities of D. corymbosa were significantly higher than most other canopy species, indicating persistent monodominance. Edaphic variation did not account for variation in forest composition. Life history traits are discussed which may contribute to clumping in D. corymbosa, including coppicing and mast-fruiting, and the potential role of litter-trapping physiognomy and ectomycorrhiza-mediated nutrient dynamics in promoting monodominance is noted.