To determine whether an educational strategy using a handheld, multimedia computer (iPod™) is practical and sustainable for routine office-based patient educational tasks.

With the limited amount of time allotted to the office encounter and the growing number of patient educational tasks, new strategies are needed to improve the efficiency of patient education. Education of patients anticoagulated with warfarin is considered critical to preventing complications. Despite the dangers associated with the use of warfarin, educational practices are variable and often haphazard

During a four-month period, we examined the implementation of a three-part series of iPod™-based patient educational modules delivered to anticoagulated patients at the time of routine INR (International Normalized Ratio) blood tests for outpatients on the anticoagulation registry at an urban community health center.

A total of 141 computer module presentations were delivered to 91 patients during the four-month period. In all, 44 patients on the registry had no INR checkups, and thus no opportunity to view the modules, and 32 patients had at least three INR checkups but no modules were documented. Of the 130 patients with at least one INR performed during the study period, 22 (16.9%) patients completed all three modules, 91 (70.0%) patients received at least one module, and nine (7.6%) patients refused to view at least one module. Neither of the two handheld computers was lost or stolen, and no physician time was used in this routine educational activity. Patients reported that the audio and visual quality was very good, (9.0/10); the educational experience of the patient was helpful (7.4/10) compared with the patient's previous warfarin education (6.3/10), and the computer strategy extended the INR visit duration by 1–5 min at most.

The computer-assisted patient educational strategy was well received by patients, and uptake of the intervention by the clinic was successful and durable. The iPod™strategy standardized the educational message, improved clinic efficiency, and helped this busy clinic meet its educational goals for patient education.

This paper describes the methods, strategies and technologies used to conduct a scoping literature review examining primary care (PC) and public health (PH) collaboration. It presents challenges encountered as well as recommendations and ‘lessons learned’ from conducting the review with a large geographically distributed team comprised of researchers and decision-makers using an integrated knowledge translation approach.

Scoping studies comprehensively map literature in a specific area guided by general research questions. This methodology is especially useful in researching complex topics. Thus, their popularity is growing. Stakeholder consultations are an important strategy to enhance study results. Therefore, information about how best to involve stakeholders throughout the process is necessary to improve quality and uptake of reviews.

This review followed Arksey and O'Malley's five stages: identifying research questions; identifying relevant studies; study selection; charting the data; and collating, summarizing and reporting results. Technological tools and strategies included: citation management software (Reference Manager®), qualitative data analysis software (NVivo 8), web conferencing (Elluminate Live!) and a PH portal (eHealthOntario), teleconferences, email and face-to-face meetings.

Of 6125 papers identified, 114 were retained as relevant. Most papers originated in the United Kingdom (38%), the United States (34%) and Canada (19%). Of 80 papers that reported on specific collaborations, most were descriptive reports (51.3%). Research studies represented 34 papers: 31% were program evaluations, 9% were literature reviews and 9% were discussion papers. Key strategies to ensure rigor in conducting a scoping literature review while engaging a large geographically dispersed team are presented for each stage. The use of enabling technologies was essential to managing the process. Leadership in championing the use of technologies and a clear governance structure were necessary for their successful uptake.

The aim of this study was to explore the realities of everyday nursing practice associated with the implementation of a guideline for the assessment and management of cardiovascular risk.

The use of clinical practice guidelines is pivotal to improving health outcomes. However, the implementation of guidelines into practice is complex, unpredictable and, in spite of much investigation, remains resistant to explanation of what works and why. Exploration of the nature of guideline implementation has the potential to illuminate the complexities of guideline implementation by focussing on the nature of practice. Nurses are well placed at the front line of primary health care to contribute to an understanding of how guideline implementation plays out in their everyday practice.

Qualitative description was used, involving focus groups and interviews with 32 participants (20 nurses, four doctors, five managers and three funder/planners), to explore the use of a guideline in everyday primary health-care practice. Thematic analysis of data was managed through an inductive process of familiarisation, coding, categorising and generation of themes.

Four themes were generated from the data portraying the realities of guideline implementation for primary health-care nurses: self-managing patient, everyday nursing practice, developing new relationships in the health team and impact on health-care delivery. The findings reveal that, even with the best of intentions to implement the guideline, health professionals were frustrated and at a loss as to how to achieve that in practice. Consequently, cardiovascular risk assessment and management was uneven and fragmented. Primary health-care practice environments vary so much that solutions to the difficulties of implementing evidence into practice requires context-specific solution-finding through collaborative teamwork. Furthermore, the attention of guideline developers, health-care policymakers, funders and researchers requires direct focus on the ‘how’ and the ‘what’ of evidence implementation.

To understand the effects of Nurse Case Managers (NCMs) working in primary care in the English National Health Service (NHS) from multiple perspectives and how this new role impacts on social workers, this paper reports and discusses findings from a multi-level study of the role of NCMs working in primary care in the English NHS.

Case management as understood by the NHS is equivalent to key-worker type care management as understood by social workers. However, English health and social services are separately organised with different organisational principles; health services are free at the time of need, whereas social services are means-tested and access is restricted.

The study included reviews of evaluations and policy, a national survey of nurse case management in Primary Care Trusts (PCTs) and case studies in three purposively selected PCTs. The views and experiences of patients were collected through face-to-face and telephone interviews with 51 older people and their carers, and these experiences are illustrated. In this paper, we further draw on data reporting the views of NCMs and stakeholders from other disciplines and services.

The opinions of older people receiving nurse case management reveal the value of high intensity support to individuals with major health and social needs. The NCMs’ clinical expertise, the improved continuity of care they provided and the psychosocial support they offered, were all emphasised by older people or their carers. NCMs substituted for social workers in some cases, when the older person would not have been eligible for publicly funded social care or had declined it. In other cases, they supplemented social services by identifying unmet needs. In a third category of cases, they may have curtailed social services’ involvement by preventing hospital admission and social services’ involvement as a consequence. The implications of this from the viewpoint of other study participants are discussed.

To identify characteristics of the services and support women want to enable them to eat healthily during pregnancy to make a potential future service acceptable to this population.

An unhealthy diet during pregnancy may have a significant influence on pregnancy outcome, either directly through nutrient deficiencies or indirectly through maternal weight gain. Many pregnant women in the United Kingdom gain too much weight in pregnancy, and this weight gain may lead to an increased risk of preeclampsia, gestational diabetes and having an obese child. Thus, there is a need for interventions aimed at improving healthy eating in pregnancy. It is crucial in developing successful interventions to understand how participation can be maximised by optimising intervention acceptability.

Four focus groups were conducted; two with prenatal women (n = 9) and two with postnatal women (n = 14). Discussion focused on identifying relevant characteristics of a service targeting prenatal and postnatal women's eating to ensure that a future service was acceptable to the women.

The participants’ responses were clustered into three broad themes: (1) early information leading to routine formation of healthier eating habits, (2) the delivery of practical sessions to increase information and (3) health professionals providing support and signposting to services. The participants reported wanting a practical service held in a convenient location, preferably led by women who have been pregnant themselves. The participants also reported wanting to be offered this service in pregnancy to help them get into a routine before they gave birth. Several suggestions for how this service should be marketed were mentioned, including through midwives and the internet. This research provides practical information for how to design support for prenatal women to increase their knowledge and practical skills regarding eating healthily during their pregnancy.

The purpose of this scoping literature review was to determine what is known about: 1) structures and processes required to build successful collaborations between primary care (PC) and public health (PH); 2) outcomes of such collaborations; and 3) markers of their success.

Collaboration between PC and PH is believed to enable more effective individual and population services than what might be achieved by either alone.

The study followed established methods for a scoping literature review and was guided by a framework that identifies systemic, organizational and interactional determinants for collaboration. The review was restricted to articles published between 1988 and 2008. Published quantitative and qualitative primary studies, evaluation research, systematic and other types of reviews, as well as descriptive accounts without an explicit research design, were included if they addressed either the structures or processes to build collaboration or the outcomes or markers of such collaboration, and were published in English.

The combined search strategy yielded 6125 articles of which 114 were included. Systemic-level factors influencing collaboration included: government involvement, policy and fit with local needs; funding and resource factors, power and control issues; and education and training. Lack of a common agenda; knowledge and resource limitations; leadership, management and accountability issues; geographic proximity of partners; and shared protocols, tools and information sharing were influential at the organizational level. Interpersonal factors included having a shared purpose; philosophy and beliefs; clear roles and positive relationships; and effective communication and decision-making strategies. Reported benefits of collaboration included: improved chronic disease management; communicable disease control; and maternal child health. More research is needed to explore the conditions and contexts in which collaboration between PC and PH makes most sense and potential gains outweigh the associated risks and costs.

A transient ischaemic attack (TIA) is a strong predictor of future stroke. Stroke is the most common cause of mortality in the United Kingdom. Management of risk factors can reduce the possibility of future strokes; however, these are often difficult to achieve optimally. Current evidence suggests that beliefs about causal attributions, severity and perceived risk of stroke may influence uptake of secondary prevention activities amongst this patient group.

To explore the illness beliefs of patients about TIAs and future risk of stroke, and to determine whether these beliefs determine secondary stroke prevention activities.

A qualitative study comprising face-to-face, semi-structured interviews conducted in the homes of participants. Sampling was purposive and drawn from a single North London General Practice. A thematic framework analysis method was followed.

Eleven participants took part in the study (aged 46–86 years, three female participants and eight male participants). Time since diagnosis ranged from 2 to 25 years. There was a commonly held belief that TIAs are ‘short-lived events’ associated with full recovery, whereas strokes always lead to permanent ‘disability’. Only those who believed their TIAs to be ‘serious’ undertook activities to prevent further recurrence. Concordance with medication was the most popular prevention activity.

The traditional medical definition of TIA and stroke do not reflect the views of patients who have had TIAs. One's perception of the severity of the initial TIA event and the risk of future stroke episodes may influence the uptake of secondary stroke prevention activities. Post TIA stroke prevention interventions should include tailored discussions focussing on the importance of the acute event and its implications for long-term health and future stroke risk.

Annual physical health checks are recommended for patients with severe mental illness (SMI) as this group has a higher risk of developing cardiovascular disease than the rest of the general population. There is little guidance for healthcare professionals to assist them in encouraging patients to attend a health check.

To explore whether an invitation appointment letter is effective in prompting patients with SMI to attend a physical health check in primary care compared with those with diabetes.

A retrospective audit comparing the response rate of patients with SMI and diabetes to an appointment letter inviting them to attend a primary care health check.

Two-thirds (n = 61, 66%) of the patients with SMI (n = 92) and three-quarters (n = 338, 81%) of those with diabetes (n = 416) attended the practice on the date and time stipulated in the letter. Patients with diabetes were 2.2 times more likely to attend a health check compared with those with SMI (OR = 2.20, 95% CI = 1.13–3.62).

Although attendance rates were lower than in patients with diabetes, they were higher than expected from the SMI group. An invitation appointment letter is an effective way of ensuring that patients with SMI have a physical health check.

This study set out to examine how Primary Care Organisations (PCOs) in England manage, organise and deliver their safeguarding children responsibilities.

In the light of changing organisational configurations across primary care, a wealth of policy directives and a climate of extensive media attention around child protection, this paper focuses on how PCOs respond to national policy and deliver safeguarding children services.

This study, based in England, United Kingdom (UK), used a telephone survey method incorporating semi-structured qualitative interviews with Designated Child Protection Nurses. A maximum variation sampling strategy was used to identify two to three PCOs within each of the original 28 Strategic Health Authority sites. From the 64 PCOs approached, 60 Designated Nurses or their representatives agreed to participate in the research, with a response rate of 94%. Data analysis was informed primarily by Lincoln and Guba's (1985) three stages of a) unitising, b) categorising and c) pattern search.

The findings outline how and to what extent PCOs respond to the national policy and organise and deliver their child protection services. The paper highlights some of the key challenges facing PCOs, in particular, safeguarding moving off the primary care agenda, child protection staff recruitment difficulties, a proliferation and overload of policy, resource implications for additional staff training, challenges to collaborative working, high referral thresholds to social care services and cutbacks in public health nursing services. This paper concludes by offering some suggestions about how child protection services could be improved as primary care faces another major reorganisation with the demise of Primary Care Trusts in April 2013.

We wanted to pinpoint any differences in treatment between participating nursing homes, investigate which drugs are currently prescribed most frequently for long-term patients in nursing homes, estimate prevalence of administration for the following drug groups: neuroleptics, antidepressants, antidementia agents, opioids and the neuroleptics/anti-Parkinson's drug combination, and study comorbidity correlations. We also wanted to study differences in the administration of medications to patients with reduced cognitive functions in relation to those with normal cognition.

Information about 513 patients was collected from seven nursing homes in the city of Bergen, Norway, during the period March–April 2008. This consisted of copying personal medication records, weighing, recording the previous weight from records, electrocardiography, anamnestic particulars of any stroke suffered, recording if there is cognitive impairment or not and analyzing a standardized set of blood samples.

Considerable treatment differences existed between nursing homes, both percentage patients and Defined Daily Dosages. Patients with reduced cognitive functions were prescribed less drugs in general, except neuroleptics. Of all patients, 41.5% were given antidepressants, 24.4% neuroleptics, 22.0% benzodiazepines, 8.0% anticholinesterases and 5.0% memantine. The ratio of traditional to atypical neuroleptics was 122:23. In all, 30.0% of the patients taking neuroleptics were on more than one drug and 35.0% of the patients had opioids by way of regular or as-needed drugs, ratio 14.6%:28.7%. Of 146 patients on neuroleptics, five patients had anti-Parkinson's drugs too. The average use of regular drugs for patient with intact cognition was 7.1 drugs, and for patients with reduced cognitive functions 5.7 drugs.

There are differences in treatment with psychoactive drugs between nursing homes. Patients with reduced cognitive functions receive less cardiovascular drugs than patients with normal cognition. The reason for this still remains unclear. Improvement strategies are needed. The proportion of patients per institution on selected drugs can serve as a feedback parameter in quality systems.

This qualitative study explored the professional and practice-based factors affecting the role legitimacy and adequacy of practice nurses in managing obese patients.

There are strong clinical, financial and practical reasons for tackling obesity in UK general practice. Although practice nurses may seem to be in an ideal position to manage obesity, there remain questions about their role adequacy (sense of self-efficacy in responding to patients’ problems) and role legitimacy (their perceived boundaries of professional responsibility and right to intervene).

Semi-structured face-to-face interviews were conducted with 22 practice nurses in Lambeth, Southwark and Lewisham in South London. Interviews were digitally recorded and transcribed. Key themes were identified following coding of the data.

Factors that positively affected nurses’ role adequacy and legitimacy were: their belief that obesity management was part of their chronic disease management and health promotion remit; their confidence in their own communication skills and ability to build rapport with patients; having attended training and being supported to take extra time for obesity management. Factors negatively affecting their role legitimacy and adequacy were: their low awareness and use of guidance; lack of knowledge of referral options; limited knowledge and use of non-medical and non-persuasive approaches; perceived lack of expertise in motivating patients, as well as in nutrition, child obesity and assessment; belief that there were some contexts in which it was more appropriate to raise the issue than others; lack of culturally appropriate materials and language barriers; belief that they had limited impact on outcome and that the patient is responsible for lack of success. Other factors negatively affecting their role adequacy and legitimacy included their ambivalence about the effectiveness of the interventions offered; perceived lack of priority for obesity management within practices; lack of time; workload and lack of clarity on protocols and roles within the practice.

This study applied a theory-based questionnaire to examine the behaviours and beliefs of all practice staff who may be involved in offering chlamydia screens to young people aged 15–25 years old. We aimed to identify potential influencing factors and examine the organisational constraints, which may be amenable to change.

The National Chlamydia Screening Programme offers opportunistic screening to men and women between 15 and 25 years old who have ever had sexual intercourse and primary care is the second largest source of screens. In England 15.9% of the target group were screened against a target of 17% in 2008. Interventions to improve the frequency of offers have shown effects with volunteer practices.

A survey of 85 General Practices was completed by 55 doctors, nurses and receptionists. Interviews were conducted with 12 staff from three practices.

Respondents were unable to identify the national screening target. Only half record if a patient is sexually active. Half the sample had some recollection of the frequency of offers they made, with a mean of 4 per month. These were predominantly in consultations concerning sexual health. Perceived social norms are favourable to screening and respondents have strong perceived control over offering screens, including to those under 16 who are sexually active. Attitudes towards screening were positive but disadvantages and barriers related to increased pressure on practice resources for longer consultations and contact tracing. There were no differences in beliefs and practice behaviours between medical and nursing staff.

Future interventions should be targeted at increasing the range of consultations in which offers are made, demonstrating how to make offers without increasing consultation time, providing more complete records of sexual activity, screens and results, and encouraging audit and review within the practice to promote practice wide approaches to increasing opportunistic screening.

Insomnia is commonly associated with chronic health problems. Behavioural and cognitive factors often perpetuate a vicious cycle of anxiety and sleep disturbance, leading to long-term insomnia. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence currently recommends behavioural approaches before prescribing hypnotics. Behavioural approaches aim to treat underlying causes, but are not widely available. Research usually includes patients diagnosed with insomnia rather than secondary, co-morbid sleep- related problems.

To examine the effectiveness of autogenic training (AT) as a non-drug approach to sleep-related problems associated with chronic ill health.

Prospective pre- and post-treatment cohort study.

AT centre, Royal London Hospital for Integrated Medicine, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust.

All patients referred for AT from April 2007 to April 2008 were invited to participate. Participants received standard 8-week training, with no specific focus on sleep. Sleep questionnaires were administered at four time points, ‘Measure Your Medical Outcome Profile’ (MYMOP) and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, before and after treatment. Results before and after treatment were compared. Camden and Islington Community Local Research and Ethics Committee approved the study.

The AT course was completed by 153 participants, of whom 73% were identified as having a sleep-related problem. Improvements in sleep patterns included: sleep onset latency (P = 0.049), falling asleep quicker after night waking (P < 0.001), feeling more refreshed (P < 0.001) and more energised on waking (P = 0.019). MYMOP symptom, well-being, anxiety and depression scores significantly improved (all P < 0.001).

This study suggests that AT may improve sleep patterns for patients with various health conditions and reduce anxiety and depression, both of which may result from and cause insomnia. Improvements in sleep patterns occurred despite, or possibly due to, not focusing on sleep during training. AT may provide an approach to insomnia that could be incorporated into primary care.

This paper aims to present a conceptual analysis of patients’ experience of general practice in relation to their persistent non-specific low back pain (PLBP).

PLBP accounts for a considerable amount of the daily workload of the general practitioner (GP). GPs need to maintain a good relationship with their patient while following guidelines for best practice. The biomedical model can contribute to the tensions experienced by a person with PLBP and a shift in the prevailing model may facilitate the resolution of these tensions. Qualitative research can help clinicians to understand this process and thus facilitate the best possible outcome.

We conducted a series of three in-depth interviews over a period of one year with 20 patients with PLBP who had been invited to attend a pain management programme. We used the methods of constructivist grounded theory to analyse the data.

Several themes emerged that provide a deeper understanding of the context in which patient and GP negotiate their relationship. Patients describe how they have been fobbed off by a GP who is just a general practitioner and not an expert. This allowed patients to continue to use the biomedical model; I have something real but the GP lacks knowledge. To think that ‘nothing can be done’, would involve accepting the limits of medical knowledge. We also found that over time, as diagnosis and cure is not achieved, patient began to question the concept of the medical expert. This tension opens up the possibility for a shift away from the biomedical towards a biopsychosocial explanatory model.

Historically, epilepsy care has been documented as poor. The New Contract introduced epilepsy as a quality indicator from April 2004.

To measure the unmet clinical needs in patients with epilepsy, following an audit, with educational intervention and the introduction of the New Contract.

Prospective audit.

Thirteen general practices (population 68 240).

The case notes of 388 patients receiving treatment for epilepsy were reviewed in the two years before, and four years after, the introduction of the New Contract in April 2004. An intervention took place, which consisted of (a) a letter to each practice summarising the main findings; (b) the provision of a comprehensive template; (c) an individualised categorisation for each patient; (d) a single educational session led by a Neurologist with an interest in epilepsy in March 2004; and (e) the introduction of the New Contract in April 2004.

The audit was completed in 267 cases. There was a significant increase in the annual review rate and documentation of seizure frequency. This happened after the New Contract was introduced, and has been sustained. The number of patients under shared care fell significantly from 22% to 16%. Thirty of the 62 (48%) patients with poor control were not receiving shared care. There were 13 referrals and 32 practice interventions related to the audit, with 39 positive outcomes. There was one death in a poorly controlled patient who was not under shared care, nor had been seen regularly by their general practitioner.

The unmet needs of some patients were highlighted by the audit resulting in appropriate management of these patients. However, despite the significantly improved review rates in primary care, and the availability of specialist services locally, we remain concerned about the proportion of patients with refractory epilepsy who do not seem to be receiving coordinated shared care.

To explore whether changes in parenting self-efficacy after attending a parenting programme are related to changes in parenting stress and child behaviour.

Adverse parenting is a risk factor in the development of a range of health and behavioural problems in childhood and is predictive of poor adult outcomes. Strategies for supporting parents are recognised as an effective way to improve the health, well-being and development of children. Parenting is influenced by many factors including the behaviour and characteristics of the child, the health and psychological well-being of the parent and the contextual influences of stress and support. Parenting difficulties are a major source of stress for parents, and parenting self-efficacy has been shown to be an important buffer against parenting stress.

In all, 63 parents who had a child under the age of 10 years took part in the research. Of those, 58 returned completed measures of parenting self-efficacy, parenting stress and child behaviour at the start of a parenting programme and 37 at three-month follow-up.

Improvements in parenting self-efficacy and parenting stress were found at follow-up, but there was less evidence for improvements in child behaviour. The findings clearly suggest a relationship between parenting self-efficacy and parenting stress; parents who are feeling less efficacious experience higher levels of stress, whereas greater parenting self-efficacy is related to less stress. This study adds to the evidence that parent outcomes may be a more reliable measure of programme effectiveness than child outcomes at least in the short term.

The aim was to identify similarities and differences between private practice and the National Health Service (NHS) in practitioners’ experiences of delivering acupuncture to treat pain. We wished to identify differences that could affect patients’ experiences and inform our understanding of how trials conducted in private clinics relate to NHS clinical practice.

Acupuncture is commonly used in primary care for lower back pain and is recommended in the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence's guidelines. Previous studies have identified differences in patients’ accounts of receiving acupuncture in the NHS and in the private sector. The major recent UK trial of acupuncture for back pain was conducted in the private sector.

Semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted with 16 acupuncturists who had experience of working in the private sector (n = 7), in the NHS (n =3), and in both the sectors (n = 6). The interviews lasted between 24 and 77 min (median=49 min) and explored acupuncturists’ experiences of treating patients in pain. Inductive thematic analysis was used to identify similarities and differences across private practice and the NHS.

The perceived effectiveness of acupuncture was described consistently and participants felt they did (or would) deliver acupuncture similarly in NHS and in private practice. In both the sectors, patients sought acupuncture as a last resort and acupuncturist–patient relationships were deemed important. Acupuncture availability differed across sectors: in the NHS it was constrained by Trust policies and in the private sector by patients’ financial resources. There were greater opportunities for autonomous practice in the private sector and regulation was important for different reasons in each sector. In general, NHS practitioners had Western-focussed training and also used conventional medical techniques, whereas private practitioners were more likely to have Traditional Chinese training and to practise other complementary therapies in addition to acupuncture. Future studies should examine the impact of these differences on patients' clinical outcomes.

To explore general practitioners’ (GPs) management of osteoarthritis (OA).

OA represents a large burden on primary care. Little is known about GPs’ current management of OA, especially influences on their prescribing quality care and the barriers they face while doing so.

A total of 1006 GPs were randomly selected and invited to participate in an online survey on assessment and treatment of OA, on factors influencing their management, burden on their practice, and on the need for improving care.

There were 232 respondents (23%). National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) guidance (65%) and professional experience (64%) were the biggest influences on OA management. When assessing patients, pain and mobility were most frequently assessed, with quality of life, independent living, sleep and depression addressed by over half of them. In all, 52% did not use educational materials; only a third of users rated their current educational material as good or very good. Treatments employed were largely in line with NICE recommendations. Prescription review was reported by a high proportion (74%). Achieving adequate pain control and lack of time were the most frequently cited challenges, whereas more time with patients, collaboration with specialist colleagues and improved communication tools were the most common needs identified to improve OA management. In summary, national guidelines are an important influence for GP treatment of OA. This survey has highlighted issues about the adequacy of information available for OA, about GPs’ need for more time with OA patients and their interaction with specialist colleagues.