Ashton-Miller, JA, Delancey, JO. On the biomechanics of vaginal birth and common sequelae. Annu Rev Biomed Eng. 2009;11:163–76.Google Scholar

Moloy, HC. Studies on head molding during labor. Am J Obstetr Gynecol. 1942;44(5):762–82.Google Scholar

Sorbe, B, Dahlgren, S. Some important factors in the molding of the fetal head during vaginal delivery–a photographic study. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 1983;21(3):205–12.Google Scholar

Rempen, A, Kraus, M. Pressures on the fetal head during normal labor. J Perinat Med. 1991;19(3):199–206.Google Scholar

Svenningsen, L, Lindemann, R, Eidal, K. Measurements of fetal head compression pressure during bearing down and their relationship to the condition of the newborn. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1988;67(2):129–33.Google Scholar

Ami, O, Maran, JC, Gabor, P, Whitacre, EB, Musset, D, Dubray, C, et al. Three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging of fetal head molding and brain shape changes during the second stage of labor. PLoS One. 2019;14(5):e0215721.Google Scholar

Bamberg, C, Deprest, J, Sindhwani, N, Teichgraberg, U, Guttler, F, Dudenhausen, JW, et al. Evaluating fetal head dimension changes during labor using open magnetic resonance imaging. J Perinat Med. 2017;45(3):305–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Buchmann, EJ, Libhaber, E. Sagittal suture overlap in cephalopelvic disproportion: blinded and non-participant assessment. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2008;87(7):731–7.Google Scholar

De Souza, SW, Ross, J, Milner, RDG. Alterations in head shape of newborn infants after caesarean section or vaginal delivery. Arch Dis Child. 1976;51(8):624–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kriewall, TJ, Stys, SJ, McPherson, GK. Neonatal head shape after delivery: an index of molding. J Perinat Med. 1977;5(6):260–7.Google Scholar

Hobson, S, Cassell, K, Windrim, R, No, Cargill Y.. 381-assisted vaginal birth. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2019;41(6):870–82.Google Scholar

Doumouchtsis, SK, Arulkumaran, S. Head trauma after instrumental births. Clin Perinatol. 2008;35(1):69–83.Google Scholar

Wen, SW, Liu, S, Kramer, MS, Marcoux, S, Ohlsson, A, Sauve, R, et al. Comparison of maternal and infant outcomes between vacuum extraction and forceps deliveries. Am J Epidemiol. 2001;153(2):103–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

McQuivey, RW. Vacuum-assisted delivery: a review. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2004;16(3):171–80.Google Scholar

Ehrenfest, H. The causation of intracranial hemorrhages in the new-born. Am J Dis Child. 1923;26(6):503–14.Google Scholar

Vlasyuk, VV. Birth Trauma and Perinatal Brain Damage. Cham, Switzerland: Springer; 2019. p. 283.Google Scholar

Lipschuetz, M, Cohen, SM, Ein-Mor, E, Sapir, H, Hochner-Celnikier, D, Porat, S, et al. A large head circumference is more strongly associated with unplanned cesarean or instrumental delivery and neonatal complications than high birthweight. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2015;213(6):833 e1–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Lipschuetz, M, Cohen, SM, Israel, A, Baron, J, Porat, S, Valsky, DV, et al. Sonographic large fetal head circumference and risk of cesarean delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2018;218(3):339 e1–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hughes, CA, Harley, EH, Milmoe, G, Bala, R, Martorella, A. Birth trauma in the head and neck. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1999;125(2):193–9.Google Scholar

O’Mahony, F, Settatree, R, Platt, C, Johanson, R. Review of singleton fetal and neonatal deaths associated with cranial trauma and cephalic delivery during a national intrapartum-related confidential enquiry. BJOG. 2005;112(5):619–26.Google ScholarPubMed

Pollanen, MS. Subdural hemorrhage in infancy: keep an open mind. Forensic Sci Med Pathol. 2011;7(3):298–300.Google Scholar

Patonay, BC, Oliver, WR. Can birth trauma be confused for abuse? J Forensic Sci. 2010;55(4):1123–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Lear-Kaul, KC. Manifestations of birth trauma at the forensic pediatric autopsy. Acad Forensic Pathol. 2012;2(4):309–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Tolhurst, DE, Carstens, MH, Greco, RJ, Hurwitz, DJ. The surgical anatomy of the scalp. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1991;87(4):603–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Tremolada, C, Candiani, P, Signorini, M, Vigano, M, Donati, L. The surgical anatomy of the subcutaneous fascial system of the scalp. Ann Plast Surg. 1994;32(1):8–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Sundaresan, M, Wright, M, Price, AB. Anatomy and development of the fontanelle. Arch Dis Child. 1990;65(4 Spec No):386–7.Google Scholar

D’Antoni, AV, Donaldson, OI, Schmidt, C, Macchi, V, De Caro, R, Oskouian, RJ, et al. A comprehensive review of the anterior fontanelle: embryology, anatomy, and clinical considerations. Childs Nerv Syst. 2017;33(6):909–14.Google Scholar

Manzanares, MC, Goret-Nicaise, M, Dhem, A. Metopic sutural closure in the human skull. J Anat. 1988;161:203–15.Google Scholar

Silau, AM, Fischer Hansen, B, Kjaer, I. Normal prenatal development of the human parietal bone and interparietal suture. J Craniofac Genet Dev Biol. 1995;15(2):81–6.Google Scholar

Di Ieva, A, Bruner, E, Davidson, J, Pisano, P, Haider, T, Stone, SS, et al. Cranial sutures: a multidisciplinary review. Childs Nerv Syst. 2013;29(6):893–905.Google Scholar

Dasgupta, K, Jeong, J. Developmental biology of the meninges. Genesis. 2019;57(5):e23288.Google Scholar

Alexander, JM, Leveno, KJ, Hauth, J, Landon, MB, Thom, E, Spong, CY, et al. Fetal injury associated with cesarean delivery. Obstet Gynecol. 2006;108(4):885–90.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Amar, AP, Aryan, HE, Meltzer, HS, Levy, ML. Neonatal subgaleal hematoma causing brain compression: report of two cases and review of the literature. Neurosurgery. 2003;52(6):1470–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Pachman, DJ. Massive hemorrhage in the scalp of the newborn infant: hemorrhagic caput succedaneum. Pediatrics. 1962;29:907–10.Google Scholar

Wigglesworth, JS, Husemeyer, RP. Intracranial birth trauma in vaginal breech delivery: the continued importance of injury to the occipital bone. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1977;84(9):684–91.Google Scholar

Heise, RH, Srivatsa, PJ, Karsell, PR. Spontaneous intrauterine linear skull fracture: a rare complication of spontaneous vaginal delivery. Obstet Gynecol. 1996;87(5 Pt 2):851–4.Google Scholar

Cho, SM, Kim, HG, Yoon, SH, Chang, KH, Park, MS, Park, YH, et al. Reappraisal of neonatal greenstick skull fractures caused by birth injuries: comparison of 3-dimensional reconstructed computed tomography and simple skull radiographs. World Neurosurg. 2018;109:e305–e12.Google Scholar

Dupuis, O, Silveira, R, Dupont, C, Mottolese, C, Kahn, P, Dittmar, A, et al. Comparison of “instrument-associated” and “spontaneous” obstetric depressed skull fractures in a cohort of 68 neonates. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2005;192(1):165–70.Google Scholar

Josephsen, JB, Kemp, J, Elbabaa, SK, Al-Hosni, M. Life-threatening neonatal epidural hematoma caused by precipitous vaginal delivery. Am J Case Rep. 2015;16:50–2.Google Scholar

Kroon, E, Bok, LA, Halbertsma, F. Spontaneous perinatal epidural haemorrhage in a newborn. BMJ Case Rep. 2012;pii:bcr0920114735.Google Scholar

Heyman, R, Heckly, A, Magagi, J, Pladys, P, Hamlat, A. Intracranial epidural hematoma in newborn infants: clinical study of 15 cases. Neurosurgery. 2005;57(5):924–9.Google Scholar

Takagi, T, Nagai, R, Wakabayashi, S, Mizawa, I, Hayashi, K. Extradural hemorrhage in the newborn as a result of birth trauma. Childs Brain. 1978;4(5):306–18.Google Scholar

Mack, J, Squier, W, Eastman, JT. Anatomy and development of the meninges: implications for subdural collections and CSF circulation. Pediatr Radiol. 2009;39(3):200–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Squier, W, Lindberg, E, Mack, J, Darby, S. Demonstration of fluid channels in human dura and their relationship to age and intradural bleeding. Childs Nerv Syst. 2009;25(8):925–31.Google Scholar

O’Rahilly, R, Muller, F. The meninges in human development. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 1986;45(5):588–608.Google Scholar

Clarke, AG. The anatomy of the meninges. Postgrad Med J. 1944;20(220):74–8.Google Scholar

Sakka, L. Anatomy of the cranial and spinal meninges. In: Cinalli, G, Özek, MM, Sainte-Rose, C, editors. Pediatric Hydrocephalus, 2nd edition. New York: Springer; 2019. pp. 197–237.Google Scholar

Rascol, MM, Izard, JY. The subdural neurothelium of the cranial meninges in man. Anat Rec. 1976;186(3):429–36.Google Scholar

Haines, DE. On the question of a subdural space. Anat Rec. 1991;230(1):3–21.Google Scholar

Haines, DE, Harkey, HL, al-Mefty, O. The “subdural” space: a new look at an outdated concept. Neurosurgery. 1993;32(1):111–20.Google Scholar

Cheshire, EC, Malcomson, RDG, Sun, P, Mirkes, EM, Amoroso, JM, Rutty, GN. A systematic autopsy survey of human infant bridging veins. Int J Legal Med. 2018;132(2):449–61.Google Scholar

Kibayashi, K, Shojo, H, Sumida, T. Dural hemorrhage of the tentorium on postmortem cranial computed tomographic scans in children. Forensic Sci Int. 2005;154(2–3):206–9.Google Scholar

Geddes, JF, Tasker, RC, Hackshaw, AK, Nickols, CD, Adams, GG, Whitwell, HL, et al. Dural haemorrhage in non-traumatic infant deaths: does it explain the bleeding in “shaken baby syndrome”? Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 2003;29(1):14–22.Google Scholar

Byard, RW, Blumbergs, P, Rutty, G, Sperhake, J, Banner, J, Krous, HF. Lack of evidence for a causal relationship between hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy and subdural hemorrhage in fetal life, infancy, and early childhood. Pediatr Dev Pathol. 2007;10(5):348–50.Google Scholar

Punt, J, Bonshek, RE, Jaspan, T, McConachie, NS, Punt, N, Ratcliffe, JM. The “unified hypothesis” of Geddes et al. is not supported by the data. Pediatr Rehabil. 2004;7(3):173–84.Google Scholar

Cheshire, EC, Biggs, MJP, Hollingbury, FE, Fitzpatrick-Swallow, VL, Prickett, TRA, Malcomson, RDG. Frequency of macroscopic intradural hemorrhage with and without subdural hemorrhage in early childhood autopsies. Forensic Sci Med Pathol. 2019;15(2):184–90.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Cohen, MC, Scheimberg, I. Histology of the dural membrane supports the theoretical considerations of its role in the pathophysiology of subdural collections in nontraumatic circumstances. Pediatr Radiol. 2009;39(8):880–1.Google Scholar

Cohen, MC, Peres, LC, Al-Adnani, M, Zapata-Vazquez, R. Increased number of fetal nucleated red blood cells in the placentas of term or near-term stillborn and neonates correlates with the presence of diffuse intradural hemorrhage in the perinatal period. Pediatr Dev Pathol. 2014;17(1):1–9.Google Scholar

Cohen, MC, Scheimberg, I. Evidence of occurrence of intradural and subdural hemorrhage in the perinatal and neonatal period in the context of hypoxic Ischemic encephalopathy: an observational study from two referral institutions in the United Kingdom. Pediatr Dev Pathol. 2009;12(3):169–76.Google Scholar

Cohen, MC, Sprigg, A, Whitby, EH. Subdural hemorrhage, intradural hemorrhage and hypoxia in the pediatric and perinatal post mortem: are they related? An observational study combining the use of post mortem pathology and magnetic resonance imaging. Forensic Sci Int. 2010;200(1–3):100–7.Google Scholar

Scheimberg, I, Cohen, MC, Zapata Vazquez, RE, Dilly, S, Adnani, MA, Turner, K, et al. Nontraumatic intradural and subdural hemorrhage and hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy in fetuses, infants, and children up to three years of age: analysis of two audits of 636 cases from two referral centers in the United Kingdom. Pediatr Dev Pathol. 2013;16(3):149–59.Google Scholar

Sirgiovanni, I, Avignone, S, Groppo, M, Bassi, L, Passera, S, Schiavolin, P, et al. Intracranial haemorrhage: an incidental finding at magnetic resonance imaging in a cohort of late preterm and term infants. Pediatr Radiol. 2014;44(3):289–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Holden, KR, Titus, MO, Van Tassel, P. Cranial magnetic resonance imaging examination of normal term neonates: a pilot study. J Child Neurol. 1999;14(11):708–10.Google Scholar

Kelly, P, Hayman, R, Shekerdemian, LS, Reed, P, Hope, A, Gunn, J, et al. Subdural hemorrhage and hypoxia in infants with congenital heart disease. Pediatrics. 2014;134(3):773–81.Google Scholar

Looney, CB, Smith, JK, Merck, LH, Wolfe, HM, Chescheir, NC, Hamer, RM, et al. Intracranial hemorrhage in asymptomatic neonates: prevalence on MR images and relationship to obstetric and neonatal risk factors. Radiology. 2007;242(2):535–41.Google Scholar

Ludwig, B, Becker, K, Rutter, G, Bohl, J, Postmortem, Brand M. CT and autopsy in perinatal intracranial hemorrhage. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1983;4(1):27–36.Google Scholar

Rooks, VJ, Eaton, JP, Ruess, L, Petermann, GW, Keck-Wherley, J, Pedersen, RC. Prevalence and evolution of intracranial hemorrhage in asymptomatic term infants. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2008;29(6):1082–9.Google Scholar

Tavani, F, Zimmerman, RA, Clancy, RR, Licht, DJ, Mahle, WT. Incidental intracranial hemorrhage after uncomplicated birth: MRI before and after neonatal heart surgery. Neuroradiology. 2003;45(4):253–8.Google Scholar

Leviton, A, Gilles, FH, Dooling, EC. The epidemiology of subarachnoid hemorrhages. In: Gilles, FH, Leviton, A, Dooling, EC, editors. The Developing Human Brain Growth and Epidemiologic Neuropathology. Boston: John Wright Inc.; 1983. pp. 217–26.Google Scholar

Del Bigio, MR, Phillips, SM. Retroocular and subdural hemorrhage or hemosiderin deposits in pediatric autopsies. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2017;76(4):313–22.Google Scholar

Wigglesworth, JS, Pape, KE. Pathophysiology of intracranial haemorrhage in the newborn. J Perinat Med. 1980;8(3):119–33.Google Scholar

Towbin, A. Central nervous system damage in the human fetus and newborn infant. Am J Dis Child. 1970;119:529–42.Google Scholar

Brouwer, AJ, Groenendaal, F, Koopman, C, Nievelstein, RJ, Han, SK, de Vries, LS. Intracranial hemorrhage in full-term newborns: a hospital-based cohort study. Neuroradiology. 2010;52(6):567–76.Google Scholar

Gradnitzer, E, Urlesberger, B, Maurer, U, Riccabona, M, Muller, W. Hirnblutung beim reifen Neugeborenen–eine Analyse von 10 Jahren (1989–1999). Wien Med Wochenschr. 2002;152(1–2):9–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Jhawar, BS, Ranger, A, Steven, D, Del Maestro, RF. Risk factors for intracranial hemorrhage among full-term infants: a case-control study. Neurosurgery. 2003;52(3):581–90.Google Scholar

Huang, AH, Robertson, RL. Spontaneous superficial parenchymal and leptomeningeal hemorrhage in term neonates. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2004;25(3):469–75.Google Scholar

Ou-Yang, MC, Huang, CB, Huang, HC, Chung, MY, Chen, CC, Chen, FS, et al. Clinical manifestations of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage in term neonates: 18 years of experience in a medical center. Pediatr Neonatol. 2010;51(4):208–13.Google Scholar

Roessmann, U, Miller, RT. Thrombosis of the middle cerebral artery associated with birth trauma. Neurology. 1980;30(8):889–92.Google Scholar

Baumert, M, Brozek, G, Paprotny, M, Walencka, Z, Sodowska, H, Cnota, W, et al. Epidemiology of peri/intraventricular haemorrhage in newborns at term. J Physiol Pharmacol. 2008;59 Suppl 4:67–75.Google Scholar

Terplan, KL. Histopathologic brain changes in 1152 cases of the perinatal and early infancy period. Biol Neonat. 1967;11:348–66.Google Scholar

Pettersson, K, Ajne, J, Yousaf, K, Sturm, D, Westgren, M, Ajne, G. Traction force during vacuum extraction: a prospective observational study. BJOG. 2015;122(13):1809–16.Google Scholar

Vialle, R, Pietin-Vialle, C, Vinchon, M, Dauger, S, Ilharreborde, B, Glorion, C. Birth-related spinal cord injuries: a multicentric review of nine cases. Childs Nerv Syst. 2008;24(1):79–85.Google Scholar

Bresnan, MJ, Abroms, IF. Neonatal spinal cord transection secondary to intrauterine hyperextension of the neck in breech presentation. J Pediatr. 1974;84(5):734–7.Google Scholar

MacKinnon, JA, Perlman, M, Kirpalani, H, Rehan, V, Sauve, R, Kovacs, L. Spinal cord injury at birth: diagnostic and prognostic data in twenty-two patients. J Pediatr. 1993;122(3):431–7.Google Scholar

Pollard, JJ, Nebesar, RA. Spinal-cord injury at birth. Jama. 1964;188:1078–9.Google Scholar

Menticoglou, SM, Perlman, M, Manning, FA. High cervical spinal cord injury in neonates delivered with forceps: report of 15 cases. Obstet Gynecol. 1995;86(4 Pt 1):589–94.Google Scholar

Babyn, PS, Chuang, SH, Daneman, A, Davidson, GS. Sonographic evaluation of spinal cord birth trauma with pathologic correlation. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1988;151(4):763–6.Google Scholar

Piatt, JH, Jr. Progressive syringomyelia controlled by treatment of associated hydrocephalus in an infant with birth injury. Case report. J Neurosurg. 2005;103(2 Suppl):198–202.Google Scholar

Yamano, T, Fujiwara, S, Matsukawa, S, Aotani, H, Maruo, Y, Shimada, M. Cervical cord birth injury and subsequent development of syringomyelia: a case report. Neuropediatrics. 1992;23(6):327–8.Google Scholar

Del Bigio, MR, Deck, JH, MacDonald, JK. Syrinx extending from conus medullaris to basal ganglia: a clinical, radiological, and pathological correlation. Can J Neurol Sci. 1993;20(3):240–6.Google Scholar

Morota, N, Sakamoto, K, Kobayashi, N. Traumatic cervical syringomyelia related to birth injury. Childs Nerv Syst. 1992;8(4):234–6.Google Scholar

Maekawa, K, Masaki, T, Kokubun, Y. Fetal spinal-cord injury secondary to hyperextension of the neck: no effect of caesarean section. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1976;18(2):229–32.Google Scholar

Young, RS, Towfighi, J, Marks, KH. Focal necrosis of the spinal cord in utero. Arch Neurol. 1983;40(10):654–5.Google Scholar

Sladky, JT, Rorke, LB. Perinatal hypoxic/ischemic spinal cord injury. Pediatr Pathol. 1986;6(1):87–101.Google Scholar

Caird, MS, Reddy, S, Ganley, TJ, Drummond, DS. Cervical spine fracture-dislocation birth injury: prevention, recognition, and implications for the orthopaedic surgeon. J Pediatr Orthop. 2005;25(4):484–6.Google Scholar

Tekes, A, Pinto, PS, Huisman, TA. Birth-related injury to the head and cervical spine in neonates. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 2011;19(4):777–90.Google Scholar

Hiss, J, Kahana, T, Burshtein, I. Accidental fetal decapitation: a case of medical and ethical mishap. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 2011;32(3):245–7.Google Scholar

Richman, F. Retinal haemorrhages in the newborn. Proc R Soc Med. 1937;30(3):277–80.Google Scholar

Hughes, LA, May, K, Talbot, JF, Parsons, MA. Incidence, distribution, and duration of birth-related retinal hemorrhages: a prospective study. J AAPOS. 2006;10(2):102–6.Google Scholar

Jayanthi, K, Aurora, AL. Retinal haemorrhages in the newborn (an autopsy study). Indian J Ophthalmol. 1978;26(1):12–16.Google Scholar

Laghmari, M, Skiker, H, Handor, H, Mansouri, B, Ouazzani Chahdi, K, Lachkar, R, et al. Hemorragies retiniennes liees a l’accouchement chez le nouveau-ne : frequence et relation avec les facteurs maternels, neonataux et obstetricaux. Etude prospective de 2031 cas. J Fr Ophtalmol. 2014;37(4):313–19.Google Scholar

Sezen, F. Retinal haemorrhages in newborn infants. Br J Ophthalmol. 1971;55(4):248–53.Google Scholar

Ehlers, N, Jensen, IK, Hansen, KB. Retinal haemorrhages in the newborn: comparison of delivery by forceps and by vacuum extractor. Acta Ophthalmol. 1974;52(1):73–82.Google Scholar

Svenningsen, L, Eidal, K. Retinal hemorrhages and traction forces in vacuum extraction. Early Hum Dev. 1988;16(2–3):263–9.Google Scholar

Lalka, A, Gralla, J, Sibbel, SE. Brachial plexus birth injury: epidemiology and birth weight impact on risk factors. J Pediatr Orthop. 2020 40(6):e460–e465.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Clark, LP, Taylor, AS, Prout, TP. A study on brachial nerve birth palsy. Am J Med Sci. 1905;130(4):670–707.Google Scholar

Taylor, PE. Traumatic intradural avulsion of the nerve roots of the brachial plexus. Brain. 1962;85:579–602.Google Scholar

Sever, JW. Obstetric paralysis – its cause and treatment. Can Med Assoc J. 1920;10(2):141–61.Google Scholar

Alvord, EC, Jr., Austin, EJ, Larson, CP. Neuropathologic observations in congenital phrenic nerve palsy. J Child Neurol. 1990;5(3):205–9.Google Scholar

Buterbaugh, KL, Shah, AS. The natural history and management of brachial plexus birth palsy. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2016;9(4):418–26.Google Scholar

Schaakxs, D, Bahm, J, Sellhaus, B, Weis, J. Clinical and neuropathological study about the neurotization of the suprascapular nerve in obstetric brachial plexus lesions. J Brachial Plex Peripher Nerve Inj. 2009;4:15.Google Scholar

Malessy, MJ, Pondaag, W. Nerve surgery for neonatal brachial plexus palsy. J Pediatr Rehabil Med. 2011;4(2):141–8.Google Scholar

Nicholson, L. Caput succedaneum and cephalohematoma: the Cs that leave bumps on the head. Neonatal Netw. 2007;26(5):277–81.Google Scholar

Wisser, M, Rothschild, MA, Schmolling, JC, Banaschak, S. Caput succedaneum and facial petechiae–birth-associated injuries in healthy newborns under forensic aspects. Int J Legal Med. 2012;126(3):385–90.Google Scholar

Levin, G, Elchalal, U, Yagel, S, Eventov-Friedman, S, Ezra, Y, Sompolinsky, Y, et al. Risk factors associated with subgaleal hemorrhage in neonates exposed to vacuum extraction. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2019. 98(11):1464–1472.Google Scholar

Swanson, AE, Veldman, A, Wallace, EM, Malhotra, A. Subgaleal hemorrhage: risk factors and outcomes. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2012;91(2):260–3.Google Scholar

Wang, S, Drake, J, Kulkarni, AV. Management and outcome of spontaneous subaponeurotic fluid collections in infants: the Hospital for Sick Children experience and review of the literature. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2016;18(4):442–7.Google Scholar

Tardieu, A. Étude médico-légale sur les sévices et mauvais traitements exercés sur des enfant. Annales d’Hygiène Publique et de Médicine Légale, 1860.Google Scholar

Kempe, CH, Silverman, FN, Steele, BF, Droguemueller, W, Silver, HK. The battered-child syndrome. JAMA. 1962;181:17–24.Google Scholar

Guthkelch, AN. Infantile subdural haematoma and its relationship to whiplash injuries. Br Med J. 1971 2(5759):430–1.Google Scholar

Caffey, J. On the theory and practice of shaking infants. Its potential residual effects of permanent brain damage and mental retardation. Am J Dis Child. 1972;124(2):161–9.Google Scholar

Duhaime, AC, Gennarelli, TA, Thibault, LE, Bruce, DA, Margulies, SS, Wiser, R. The shaken baby syndrome: a clinical, pathological, and biomechanical study. J Neurosurg. 1987;66(3):409–15.Google Scholar

Christian, CW, Block, R, Committee on Child Abuse and Neglect, American Academy of Pediatrics. Abusive head trauma in infants and children. Pediatrics. 2009;123(5):1409–11.Google Scholar

Narang, S, Estrada, C, Greenberg, S, Lindberg, D. Acceptance of shaken baby syndrome and abusive head trauma as medical diagnoses. J Pediatrics. 2016;177:273–8.Google Scholar

Ewigman, B, Kivlahan, C, Land, G. The Missouri child fatality study: underreporting of maltreatment fatalities among children younger than five years of age, 1983 through 1986. Pediatrics. 1993;91(2):330–7.Google Scholar

Overpeck, MD, Brenner, RA, Trumble, AC, Trifiletti, LB, Berendes, HW. Risk factors for infant homicide in the United States. N Engl J Med. 1998 339(17):1211–16.Google Scholar

Herman-Giddens, ME, Brown, G, Verbiest, S, Carlson, PJ, Hooten, EG, Howell, E, Butts, JD. Underascertainment of child abuse mortality in the United States. JAMA. 1999 282(5):463–7.Google Scholar

Palusci, VJ, Wirtz, SJ, Covington, TM. Using capture-recapture methods to better ascertain the incidence of fatal child maltreatment. Child Abuse Negl. 2010;34(6):396–402.Google Scholar

Keenan, HT, Runyan, DK, Marshall, SW, Nocera, MA, Merten, DF, Sinal, SH. A population-based study of inflicted traumatic brain injury in young children. JAMA. 2003 290(5):621–6.Google Scholar

Christian Committee on Child Abuse and Neglect.The evaluation of suspected child physical abuse. Pediatrics. 2015;135(5):e1337–e1354.Google Scholar

Binenbaum, G, Mirza-George, N, Christian, CW, Forbes, BJ. Odds of abuse associated with retinal hemorrhages in children suspected of child abuse. J AAPOS. 2009;13(3):268–72.Google Scholar

Sieswerda-Hoogendoorn, T, Boos, S, Spivack, B, Bilo, RA, van Rijn, RR. Abusive head trauma Part II: radiological aspects. Eur J Pediatr. 2012;171(4):617–23.Google Scholar

Brennan, LK, Rubin, D, Christian, CW, Duhaime, AC, Mirchandani, HG, Rorke-Adams, LB. Neck injuries in young pediatric homicide victims. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2009;3(3):232–9.Google Scholar

Matshes, EW, Evans, RM, Pinckard, JK, Joseph, JT, Lew, EO. Shaken infants die of neck trauma, not of brain trauma. Academic Forensic Pathology 2011;1(1):82–91.Google Scholar

Vester, ME, Bilo, RA, Karst, WA, Daams, JG, Duijst, WL, van Rijn, RR. Subdural hematomas: glutaric aciduria type 1 or abusive head trauma? A systematic review. Forensic Sci Med Pathol. 2015;11(3):405–15.Google Scholar

Christian, CW, Levin, AV, Council on Child Abuse and Neglect, Section on Ophthalmology, American Association of Certified Orthoptists, American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, American Academy of Ophthalmology. The eye examination in the evaluation of child abuse. Pediatrics. 2018;142(2):e20181411.Google Scholar

Binenbaum, G, Christian, CW, Guttmann, K, Huang, J, Ying, GS, Forbes, BJ. Evaluation of temporal association between vaccinations and retinal hemorrhage in children. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2015;133(11):1261–5.Google Scholar

Kinney, HC, Poduri, AH, Cryan, JB, Haynes, RL, Teot, L, Sleeper, LA, Holm, IA, Berry, GT, Prabhu, SP, Warfield, SK, Brownstein, C, Abram, HS, Kruer, M, Kemp, WL, Hargitai, B, Gastrang, J, Mena, OJ, Haas, EA, Dastjerdi, R, Armstrong, DD, Goldstein, RD. Hippocampal formation maldevelopment and sudden unexpected death across the pediatric age spectrum. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2016;75(10):981–97.Google Scholar

www.cdc.gov/sids/index.htm (last reviewed January 3, 2019).Google Scholar

Willinger, M, James, LS, Catz, C. Defining the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS): Deliberations of an expert panel convened by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. Pediatr Pathol. 1991;11(5):677–84.Google Scholar

Shapiro-Mendoza, CK, Parks, S, Lambert, AE, et al. The epidemiology of sudden infant death syndrome and sudden unexpected infant deaths: diagnostic shift and other temporal changes. In: Duncan, JR, Byard, RW, (eds.). SIDS Sudden Infant and Early Childhood Death: The Past, the Present and the Future. Adelaide: University of Adelaide Press; 2018.Google Scholar

Pasquale-Styles, MA, Regensburg, M, Bao, R. Sudden unexpected infant death certification in New York City: Intra-agency guideline compliance and variables that may influence death certification. Acad Forensic Pathol 2017;7:536–50.Google Scholar

Krous, HF, Chadwick, AE, Crandall, L, Nadeau-Manning, JM. Sudden unexpected death in childhood: a report of 50 cases. Pediatr Dev Pathol. 2005;8(3):307–19.Google Scholar

California Department of Public Health, Standardized autopsy protocol for the evaluation of sudden, unexpected infant death. www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/SIDS/Pages/4.5SIDSProtocal.aspx.Google Scholar

Folkerth, RD, Nunez, J. Georgievskaya, Z, McGuone, D. Neuropathologic examination in sudden unexpected deaths in infancy and childhood: recommendations for highest diagnostic yield and cost-effectiveness in forensic settings. Acad Forensic Pathol 2017;7:182–99.Google Scholar

Kinney, HC, Thach, BT. The sudden infant death syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2009 361(8):795–805.Google Scholar

Iyasu, S, Randall, LL, Welty, TK, Hsia, J, Kinney, HC, Mandell, F, McClain, M, Randall, B, Habbe, D, Wilson, H, Willinger, M. Risk factors for sudden infant death syndrome among northern plains Indians. JAMA. 2002 288(21):2717–23. Erratum in: JAMA. 2003 289(3):303. PubMed PMID: 12460095.Google Scholar

Kinney, HC, Hefti, MM, Goldstein, RD, Haynes, RL. Sudden infant death syndrome. In: Adle-Biassette, H, Harding, BN, Golden, JA, (eds.). Developmental Neuropathology, 2nd ed. Hoboken: Wiley Blackwell, 2018, pp. 269–80.Google Scholar

Trachtenberg, FL, Haas, EA, Kinney, HC, Stanley, C, Krous, HF. Risk factor changes for sudden infant death syndrome after initiation of Back-to-Sleep campaign. Pediatrics. 2012;129(4):630–8.Google Scholar

Crandall, L, Devinsky, O. Sudden unexplained death in children. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2017;1(1):8–9.Google Scholar

Holm, IA, Poduri, A, Crandall, L, Haas, E, Grafe, MR, Kinney, HC, Krous, HF. Inheritance of febrile seizures in sudden unexplained death in toddlers. Pediatr Neurol. 2012;46(4):235–9.Google Scholar

Ackerman, MJ, Siu, BL, Sturner, WQ, Tester, DJ, Valdivia, CR, Makielski, JC, Towbin, JA. Postmortem molecular analysis of SCN5A defects in sudden infant death syndrome. JAMA. 2001 286(18):2264–9.Google Scholar

Moro, PL, Arana, J, Cano, M, Lewis, P, Shimabukuro, TT. Deaths reported to the vaccine adverse event reporting system, United States, 1997–2013. Clin Infect Dis. 2015 61(6):980–7.Google Scholar

Institute of Medicine (US) Immunization Safety Review Committee, Stratton, K, Almario, DA, Wizemann, TM, McCormick, MC, editors. Immunization Safety Review: Vaccinations and Sudden Unexpected Death in Infancy. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US); 2003.Google Scholar

Vennemann, MM, Butterfass-Bahloul, T, Jorch, G, Brinkmann, B, Findeisen, M, Sauerland, C, Bajanowski, T, Mitchell, EA; GeSID Group. Sudden infant death syndrome: no increased risk after immunisation. Vaccine. 2007 25(2):336–40.Google Scholar

Haynes, RL, Frelinger, AL, III, Giles, EK, Goldstein, RD, Tran, H, Kozakewich, HP, Haas, EA, Gerrits, AJ, Mena, OJ, Trachtenberg, FL, Paterson, DS, Berry, GT, Adeli, K, Kinney, HC, Michelson, AD. High serum serotonin in sudden infant death syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2017 114(29):7695–7700.Google Scholar

Randall BB, Wadee SA, Sens MA, Kinney HC, Folkerth RD, Odendaal HJ, Dempers JJ. A practical classification schema incorporating consideration of possible asphyxia in cases of sudden unexpected infant death. Forensic Sci Med Pathol. 2009;5(4):254–60.Google Scholar