The ubiquity of social media platforms allows individuals to easily share and curate their personal lives with friends, family, and the world. The selective nature of sharing one’s personal life may reinforce the memories and details of the shared experiences while simultaneously inducing the forgetting of related, unshared memories/experiences. This is a well-established psychological phenomenon known as retrieval-induced forgetting (RIF, Anderson et al.). To examine this phenomenon in the context of social media, two experiments were conducted using an adapted version of the RIF paradigm in which participants either shared experimenter-contrived (Study 1) or personal photographs (Study 2) on social media platforms. Study 1 revealed that participants had more accurate recall of the details surrounding the shared photographs as well as enhanced recognition of the shared photographs. Study 2 revealed that participants had more consistent recall of event details captured in the shared photographs than details captured or uncaptured in the unshared photographs. These results suggest that selectively sharing photographs on social media may specifically enhance the recollection of event details associated with the shared photographs. The novel and ecologically embedded methods provide fodder for future research to better understand the important role of social media in shaping how individuals remember their personal experiences.

Ocean turbulence at meso- and submesocales affects the propagation of surface waves through refraction and scattering, inducing spatial modulations in significant wave height (SWH). We develop a theoretical framework that relates these modulations to the current that induces them. We exploit the asymptotic smallness of the ratio of typical current speed to wave group speed to derive a linear map – the U2H map – between surface current velocity and SWH anomaly. The U2H map is a convolution, non-local in space, expressible as a product in Fourier space by a factor independent of the magnitude of the wavenumber vector. Analytic expressions of the U2H map show how the SWH responds differently to the vortical and divergent parts of the current, and how the anisotropy of the wave spectrum is key to large current-induced SWH anomalies. We implement the U2H map numerically and test its predictions against WAVEWATCH III numerical simulations for both idealised and realistic current configurations.

The recent expansion of cross-cultural research in the social sciences has led to increased discourse on methodological issues involved when studying culturally diverse populations. However, discussions have largely overlooked the challenges of construct validity- ensuring instruments are measuring what they are intended to- in diverse cultural contexts, particularly in developmental research. We contend that cross-cultural developmental research poses distinct problems for ensuring high construct validity, owing to the nuances of working with children and that the standard approach of transporting protocols designed and validated in one population to another risks low construct validity. Drawing upon our own and others’ work, we highlight several challenges to construct validity in the field of cross-cultural developmental research, including 1) lack of cultural and contextual knowledge, 2) dissociating developmental and cultural theory and methods, 3) lack of causal frameworks, 4) superficial and short- term partnerships and collaborations, and 5) culturally inappropriate tools and tests. We provide guidelines to address these challenges, including 1) using ethnographic and observational approaches, 2) developing evidence-based causal frameworks, 3) conducting community-engaged and collaborative research, and 4) culture-specific refinements and training. We discuss the need to balance methodological consistency with culture-specific refinements to improve construct validity in cross-cultural developmental research.

For almost eight decades, productivity in the United States agricultural sector has substantially increased, in large extent due to the adoption of technological innovations. Despite the increased utilization of technology, questions remain regarding which producers are more likely to adopt a greater number of technological innovations. This research seeks to understand how commodity diversification strategies, farm characteristics, producer perceptions of risk, conservation, information sources, climate adaptation, and producer demographic characteristics are associated with technology adoption among beef cattle producers in the Southeast United States. Utilizing data from an online survey and an Ordered Probit model, we show that beef cattle producers who also produce fruit have an increased probability of adopting a greater number of technologies. The opposite effect is found for other commodities such as vegetables, row crops, and other livestock. Policy recommendations are also discussed.

We present the first results from a new backend on the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder, the Commensal Realtime ASKAP Fast Transient COherent (CRACO) upgrade. CRACO records millisecond time resolution visibility data, and searches for dispersed fast transient signals including fast radio bursts (FRB), pulsars, and ultra-long period objects (ULPO). With the visibility data, CRACO can localise the transient events to arcsecond-level precision after the detection. Here, we describe the CRACO system and report the result from a sky survey carried out by CRACO at 110-ms resolution during its commissioning phase. During the survey, CRACO detected two FRBs (including one discovered solely with CRACO, FRB 20231027A), reported more precise localisations for four pulsars, discovered two new RRATs, and detected one known ULPO, GPM J1839 $-$10, through its sub-pulse structure. We present a sensitivity calibration of CRACO, finding that it achieves the expected sensitivity of 11.6 Jy ms to bursts of 110 ms duration or less. CRACO is currently running at a 13.8 ms time resolution and aims at a 1.7 ms time resolution before the end of 2024. The planned CRACO has an expected sensitivity of 1.5 Jy ms to bursts of 1.7 ms duration or less and can detect $10\times$ more FRBs than the current CRAFT incoherent sum system (i.e. 0.5 $-$2 localised FRBs per day), enabling us to better constrain the models for FRBs and use them as cosmological probes.

To investigate the flame acceleration to detonation in 2.0 and 0.5 mm planar glass combustion chambers, the experiments have been conducted utilising ethylene/oxygen mixtures at atmospheric pressure and temperature. The high-speed camera has been used to record the revolution of flame front and pressure inside the combustion chamber. Different equivalence ratios and ignition locations have been considered in the experiments. The results show that the detonation pressure in the 2 mm thick chamber is nearly three times of Chapman-Jouguet pressure, while detonation pressure in the 0.5 mm thick chamber is only 45.7% of the Chapman-Jouguet value at the stoichiometric mixture. This phenomenon is attributed to the larger pressure loss in the thinner chamber during the detonation propagation. As the value of equivalence ratio is 2.2, the detonation cannot be produced in the 2 mm thick chamber, while the detonation can be generated successfully in the 0.5 mm thick chamber. This phenomenon indicates that the deflagration is easily to be accelerated and transformed into the detonation, due to a larger wall friction and reflection. Besides, the micro-obstacle has been added into the combustor can shorten the detonation transition time and reduces the distance of the detonation transition.

Investigations are conducted on the effect of wall proximity on the flow around a cylinder under an axial magnetic field, using the electrical potential probe technology to measure the velocity of liquid metal flow. The study focused on the impact of the inlet velocity of the fluid, the magnetic field and wall proximity on the characteristics of velocity fields, particularly on the vortex-shedding mode. Based on different magnitudes of the magnetic field and the distance from the cylinder to the duct wall, three types of vortex-shedding modes are identified, (I) shear layer oscillation state, (II) quasi-two-dimensional vortex-shedding states and (III) transition of the magnetohydrodynamic to hydrodynamic Kármán street. The transitions between these modes are analysed in detail. The experimental results show that the weak wall-proximity effect leads to the formation of the Kármán vortex street, while a reverse Kármán vortex street and secondary vortices emerge under a strong wall-proximity effect. It is noticed that the Kelvin–Helmholtz instability drives vortex shedding under regime I, leading to an increase in the Strouhal number (St) with stronger magnetic fields. Additionally, under a strong axial magnetic field, the wall-proximity effect (‘Shercliff layer effect’) promotes the instability of shear layers on both sides of the cylinder. These unique coupling effects are validated by variations in modal coefficients and energy proportions under different vortex-shedding regimes using the proper orthogonal decomposition method.

New limit theory is provided for a wide class of sample variance and covariance functionals involving both nonstationary and stationary time series. Sample functionals of this type commonly appear in regression applications and the asymptotics are particularly relevant to estimation and inference in nonlinear nonstationary regressions that involve unit root, local unit root, or fractional processes. The limit theory is unusually general in that it covers both parametric and nonparametric regressions. Self-normalized versions of these statistics are considered that are useful in inference. Numerical evidence reveals interesting strong bimodality in the finite sample distributions of conventional self-normalized statistics similar to the bimodality that can arise in t-ratio statistics based on heavy tailed data. Bimodal behavior in these statistics is due to the presence of long memory innovations and is shown to persist for very large sample sizes even though the limit theory is Gaussian when the long memory innovations are stationary. Bimodality is shown to occur even in the limit theory when the long memory innovations are nonstationary. To address these complications, new self-normalized versions of the test statistics are introduced that deliver improved approximations that can be used for inference.

Tribrachidium heraldicum is an Ediacaran body fossil characterized by triradial symmetry. Previous work has suggested that the anatomy of Tribrachidium was conducive to passive suspension feeding; however, these analyses used an inaccurate model and a relatively simple set of simulations. Using computational fluid dynamics, we explore the functional morphology of Tribrachidium in unprecedented detail by gauging how the presence or absence of distinctive anatomical features (e.g., apical pits and arms) affects flow patterns. Additionally, we map particle pathways, quantify deposition rates at proposed feeding sites, and assess gregarious feeding habits to more fully reconstruct the lifestyle of this enigmatic taxon. Our results provide strong support for interpreting Tribrachidium as a macroscopic suspension feeder, with the apical pits representing loci of particle collection (and possibly ingestion) and the triradial arms representing morphological adaptations for interrupting flow and inducing settling. More speculatively, we suggest that the radial grooves may represent ciliated pathways through which food particles accumulating in the wake of the organism were transported toward the apical pits. Finally, our results allow us to generate new functional hypotheses for other Ediacaran taxa with a triradial body plan. This work refines our understanding of the appearance of suspension feeding in shallow-water paleoenvironments, with implications for the radiation of Metazoa across the Ediacaran/Cambrian boundary.

The present work focuses on a specific bouncing behaviour as a spherical particle settles through a density interface in the absence of a neutral buoyant position. This behaviour was initially discovered by Abaid et al. (Phys. Fluids, vol. 16, issue 5, 2004, pp. 1567–1580) in salinity-induced stratification. Both experimental and numerical investigations are conducted to understand this phenomenon. In our experiments, we employ particle image velocimetry (PIV) to measure the velocity distribution around the particle and to capture the transient wake structure. Our findings reveal that the bouncing process begins after the wake detaches from the particle. The PIV results indicate that an upward jet forms at the central axis behind the particle following wake detachment. By performing a force decomposition procedure, we quantify the contributions from the buoyancy of the wake ($F_{sb}$) and the flow structure ($F_{sj}$) to the enhanced drag. It is observed that $F_{sb}$ contributes primarily to the enhanced drag at the early stage, whereas $F_{sj}$ plays a critical role in reversing the particle's motion. Furthermore, our results indicate that the jet is a necessary condition for the occurrence of the bouncing motion. We also explore the minimum velocities (where negative values denote the occurrence of bouncing) of the particle, while varying the lower Reynolds number $Re_l$, the Froude number $Fr$, and the upper Reynolds number $Re_u$, within the ranges $1 \leqslant Re_l\leqslant 125$, $115 \leqslant Re_u\leqslant 356$ and $2 \leqslant Fr\leqslant 7$. Our findings suggest that the bouncing behaviour is influenced primarily by $Re_l$. Specifically, we observe that the bouncing motion occurs below a critical lower Reynolds number $Re^\ast _{l}=30$ in our experiments. In the numerical simulations, the highest value for this critical number is $Re^\ast _{l}=46.2$, which is limited to the parametric ranges studied in this work.

A set of 68 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were selected from existing databases (including Medicago, soybean, cowpea and peanut) for the purpose of exploiting the transferability of SSRs across species and/or genera within the legume family. Primers were tested for cross-species and cross-genus fragment amplification with an array of 24 different legume accessions. Nearly one-third (30.78%) of the SSR primers screened generated reproducible and cross-genus amplicons. One hundred and seventeen cross-species polymorphic amplicons were identified and could be used as DNA markers. These polymorphic markers are now being used for characterization and evaluation of our collected and donated legume germ- plasm. The transferability of SSRs, mis-/multiple-primings, homologous/heterologous amplifications, single/multiple-amplicons and application of these amplicons as DNA markers are discussed. The transfer of SSR markers across species or across genera can be a very efficient approach for DNA marker development, especially for minor crops.

To enhance the impact resistance capacity and ensure the floatability of aircraft after ditching, the slamming response of three types of aircraft sub-floor structures are investigated including the flat, cylindrical and ellipsoidal under floor. A coupled Finite Element-Smooth Particle Hydrodynamic (FE-SPH) method is employed with focus on non-linear structural collapse in fluid-structure interaction. The material is defined by bilinear elastic plastic law, and the strain rate effect is taken into account. Further, comparison and analyses are performed in terms of acceleration, local pressure and strains at different speeds. Results show that conventional flat sub floor structures perform poorly during ditching due to excessive peak acceleration and pressure. By contrast, the peak acceleration of ellipsoidal under floor is lower at all measured speeds and the pressure on the sides is reduced. Moreover, the ellipsoidal sub-floor with bi-directional curvature generates smaller plastic strain and deflection of skin, demonstrating better mechanical properties in water impact scenarios.

Syphilis remains a serious public health problem in mainland China that requires attention, modelling to describe and predict its prevalence patterns can help the government to develop more scientific interventions. The seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average (SARIMA) model, long short-term memory network (LSTM) model, hybrid SARIMA-LSTM model, and hybrid SARIMA-nonlinear auto-regressive models with exogenous inputs (SARIMA-NARX) model were used to simulate the time series data of the syphilis incidence from January 2004 to November 2023 respectively. Compared to the SARIMA, LSTM, and SARIMA-LSTM models, the median absolute deviation (MAD) value of the SARIMA-NARX model decreases by 352.69%, 4.98%, and 3.73%, respectively. The mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) value decreases by 73.7%, 23.46%, and 13.06%, respectively. The root mean square error (RMSE) value decreases by 68.02%, 26.68%, and 23.78%, respectively. The mean absolute error (MAE) value decreases by 70.90%, 23.00%, and 21.80%, respectively. The hybrid SARIMA-NARX and SARIMA-LSTM methods predict syphilis cases more accurately than the basic SARIMA and LSTM methods, so that can be used for governments to develop long-term syphilis prevention and control programs. In addition, the predicted cases still maintain a fairly high level of incidence, so there is an urgent need to develop more comprehensive prevention strategies.

Background: Despite efforts to advance equity, women face gender-based barriers in research, including fewer senior authorship and grant opportunities. We examined gender disparities in Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) funding for Canadian neurology divisions and departments. Methods: Data on CIHR grant recipients and metrics (duration, quantity, and contribution) within Canadian neurology divisions and departments (2008-2022) were acquired from the CIHR Funding Decisions Database. Gender-based differences in grant prevalence, duration, and contribution amount within neurology were calculated with subgroup analysis for Canadian neurologists and Project Grant awards. Results: 1604 grants were awarded to Canadian neurology divisions and departments between 2008-2022. Women received fewer grants (41.46%), less funding (p<0.0001), and shorter grant durations (p<0.0001) than men annually. Women comprised the minority of recipients (45.47%) and were less likely to be awarded grants (p<0.001) annually relative to men. Differences were consistent in subgroup analyses, except grant durations were equal across genders in Project Grant awards. Conclusions: Gender disparities persist in CIHR grant funding to Canadian neurology divisions and departments. Women receive fewer grants, lower contribution amounts, and are less likely to be recipients compared to men. Future work includes addressing gender differences and continuing to evaluate CIHR funding to provide equitable opportunities for women.

Background: Surgical delays are in common in Canada. Wait times in elective spine surgery and their impact on outcomes remain uncharacterized. Methods: This was a single-center analysis of elective spine surgery data between 2009-2020. Wait times between referral and consultation (T1), consultation and surgical booking (Ti), and booking and surgery (T2) were assessed. Results: 2041 patients were included. Longitudinal analyses were adjusted for age, sex, diagnosis, surgical volume, while outcomes analyses were age and sex-adjusted. Total T1+Ti+T2 increased 8.1% annually (p<0.001). T1 decreased 4.3% annually (p=0.032). It was not associated with adverse events (AEs) or disposition. Every 100 days of T1 was associated with 1.0% longer hospitalization (p=0.001). Ti increased 21.0% annually (p<0.001). Every 100 days of Ti was associated with 2.9% increased odds of an adverse event (p=0.002), 1.8% longer hospitalization (p<0.001), and 15.9% increased likelihood of discharge home (p<0.001). T2 increased 7.0% annually (p<0.001) and was not associated with AEs. Every 100 days of T2 was associated with 11.6% longer hospitalization (p<0.001) and 76.5% increased likelihood of discharge home (p<0.001). Conclusions: Total wait times for elective spine surgery have increased between 2009-2020. Notably, Ti increased ninefold and was associated with AEs. This study highlights areas of delay and targets for healthcare optimization.

Background: Subdural and subgaleal drains are equally effective after burrhole craniostomy for chronic subdural haematoma, however the optimal location of drains after minicraniotomy is not clear. As such we present the first study to assess this. Methods: Consecutive patients undergoing minicraniotomy for cSDH between 2019 and 2023 at a single institution were included. Subgaleal drains were placed exclusively by a single surgeon with the rest of the department utilising standard subdural drains. Cases were stratified by drain location. Primary outcomes included changes in functional status (Modified Rankin Score, mRS) at 3 months from preoperative baseline. Results: A total of 137 patients were included, of which 24.6% received subgaleal drains. Discharge home was higher in the subgaleal group compared to subdural group (79.4% vs 57.3%, p=0.02). Subgaleal drain location (p<0.0001) and better preoperative GCS (p=0.01) were predictors of improved 3 month mRS. Worse premorbid mRS (p=0.002), subdural drain (p=0.004), and decreased consciousness at presentation (p<0.002) were predictors of not being discharged home. Surgical recurrence was lower in the subgaleal group than the subdural group (2.9% vs 13.6%, p=0.12), but not statistically significant. Conclusions: Subgaleal drains are associated with shorter hospitalisation, greater chance of discharge home, and better functional outcomes than subdural drains.

Background: Surgical resection of vestibular schwannoma (VS) is often curative if gross total resection is achieved, however, it is a delicate procedure with high risk to the facial nerve. With retrosigmoid approach for resection, the head is positioned to maximize lateral head rotation and neck flexion in order to optimize the surgical field. However, this may inadvertently occlude cerebral venous drainage, elevating intracranial pressure (ICP) and increasing intraoperative bleeding. Methods: Here, we review relevant literature regarding the effects of head rotation and neck flexion on internal jugular vein (IJV) occlusion and ICP, and highlight the notion that head rotation and flexion may occlude the ipsilateral IJV, increasing ICP. Subsequently, we propose a novel technique using continuous, real-time monitoring of jugular bulb pressure (JBP) to detect obstructions in jugular venous flow and guide optimal head positioning prior to VS resection. Results: As proof of concept, we present a case in which JBP monitoring was employed to optimize head positioning prior to a VS resection, which shows a significant reduction in JBP compared to traditional positioning. Conclusions: This innovative approach offers promise in enhancing the safety and efficacy of intracranial surgery for VS and potentially other neurosurgical procedures.