The excavation of a stratified sequence of deposits spanning the Initial Late Formative period (250 BC–AD 120) at Iruhito, in the upper Desaguadero Valley of Bolivia, provides insight into this previously unrecognized, four-century period separating the well-documented Middle Formative (800–250 BC) from the Late Formative (~AD 120–590) period. By tracking subtle shifts in ceramic, architectural, lithic, and faunal data, we can explore tempos of change in social life during this dynamic time. These data lead us to suggest that, rather than being a “transitional” period or a “hiatus” in regional occupation, the Initial Late Formative period was a distinct mode of sociality characterized by the realignment and expansion of interaction networks, on the one hand, and rejection of the decorative aesthetics, monumentality, and public-oriented performances of earlier periods, on the other. We argue that the Late Formative period centers emerging after ~AD 120 intentionally cited architecture and aesthetics that were distant in time and space, constituting a sophisticated political strategy. Finally, these data suggest that the chronological schemata we use to build regional histories often obscure social variability.

A statistical model for verbal learning is presented and tested against experimental data. The model describes a Markov process with a realizable absorbing state, allowing complete learning on some finite trial as well as imperfect retention prior to this trial.

The global population and status of Snowy Owls Bubo scandiacus are particularly challenging to assess because individuals are irruptive and nomadic, and the breeding range is restricted to the remote circumpolar Arctic tundra. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) uplisted the Snowy Owl to “Vulnerable” in 2017 because the suggested population estimates appeared considerably lower than historical estimates, and it recommended actions to clarify the population size, structure, and trends. Here we present a broad review and status assessment, an effort led by the International Snowy Owl Working Group (ISOWG) and researchers from around the world, to estimate population trends and the current global status of the Snowy Owl. We use long-term breeding data, genetic studies, satellite-GPS tracking, and survival estimates to assess current population trends at several monitoring sites in the Arctic and we review the ecology and threats throughout the Snowy Owl range. An assessment of the available data suggests that current estimates of a worldwide population of 14,000–28,000 breeding adults are plausible. Our assessment of population trends at five long-term monitoring sites suggests that breeding populations of Snowy Owls in the Arctic have decreased by more than 30% over the past three generations and the species should continue to be categorised as Vulnerable under the IUCN Red List Criterion A2. We offer research recommendations to improve our understanding of Snowy Owl biology and future population assessments in a changing world.

Tape rolls are often used for multiple patients despite recommendations by manufacturers for single-patient use. We developed a survey to query Health Care Personnel about their tape use practices and beliefs and uncovered behaviors that put patients at risk for hospital-acquired infections due to tape use.

Evidence-based insertion and maintenance bundles are effective in reducing the incidence of central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSI) in intensive care unit (ICU) settings. We studied the adoption and compliance of CLABSI prevention bundle programs and CLABSI rates in ICUs in a large network of acute care hospitals across Canada.

Chronic low protein intake can negatively affect human growth, cardiovascular function, metabolic profiles, immunity and exacerbate deficiencies of other nutrients including iron(1). It’s widely accepted that athletes and active individuals have an increased requirement for dietary protein, however to date little is known about the prevalence of low protein intake or protein supplementation practices within this population in Ireland.

This study aimed to examine the following in an Irish population of athletes and active adults: (i) the prevalence, frequency, and reasons for using protein supplements and protein-fortified foods; and (ii) the proportion of those at risk of consuming less than 1.0g of protein/kilogram bodyweight/day.

Participants, aged ≥18 years, residing in Ireland, and engaging in competitive sport or structured physical activities at least twice weekly, completed a self-administered, web-based questionnaire. A validated protein intake screening tool(2) was included to estimate the risk of low protein intake based on self-reported food consumption over the previous 4-weeks. Data collection occurred in April 2024 and descriptives and Chi-squared tests were performed (IBM SPSS v29).

The questionnaire yielded 885 (median age=40yrs, range=18-77yrs; 57.6% female) completed responses. More than half (54.5%) of this population were athletes competing at either local (34.3%), regional (24.3%), national (25.8%) or international (15.4%) level, while the remaining 45.5% engaged in regular exercise only. Overall, 50.2% of this population used protein supplements, with a greater prevalence among men (55.5% vs 46.3%, P<0.01) than women. There was no difference in the use of protein supplementation between athletes (55.5%) and active adults (53.7%, P = 0.595). The main reasons participants provided for using protein supplements were: 1) they found it difficult to meet daily protein requirements through diet alone (59.4%), 2) their training goals required higher intakes (47.7%), and 3) convenience (41.1%). Based on data from the protein intake screening tool, 36.5% of this population were at risk of low protein intakes from food alone, with no difference between athletes and active individuals (P = 0.909), but a higher risk among men (47.7% vs 28.2%, P<0.01) than women. Those who were at risk of low protein intakes were no more likely to use protein supplements (P =0.972) or protein-fortified foods (P = 0.956) than those not at risk. Of those at risk, 49.1% and 4.5% did not consume any protein supplements or protein-fortified foods respectively, while only 14.4% took protein supplements daily and 7.7% consumed proteinfortified foods daily.

Up to a third of this population may not consume adequate protein through their diet alone. While protein-fortified foods and supplements may be helpful, athletes and active adults should attempt to meet their daily protein requirements through a balanced whole food diet, where possible.

Food choice determinants in the general population are influenced by sociocultural, sensory, nutritional, and economic factors, among others(1). For athletes, these choices are further complicated by additional sporting and nutritional demands(2). The objective of this study is to conduct the first large-scale analysis of the determinants of food choice in athletes and active individuals, and to conduct comparison of these determinants across competition levels and sporting categories.

Participants, aged over 18, residing in Ireland, and engaged in competitive sport or structured physical activity at least twice weekly, completed an online survey via Qualtrics. The survey included the previously validated Athlete Food Choice Questionnaire (AFCQ)(3,4). The AFCQ comprises of 32 statements divided into 9 categories where athletes rate the frequency that their food choice is affected by various factors. Data were collected in February 2024, analysed using SPSS V28.0, with statistical significance set at P<0.05.

A total of 1,148 athletes (38% male, 62% female), median [IQR] age 26 years [21-40 years], reported participating in 7 hours [5-10 hours] of structured physical activity per week, spanning 32 sports. Participation levels ranged from non-competitive (32%) to those involved in international competitions (6%). Sensory appeal was highlighted as the most influential factor on food choices (P<0.01), followed by food and health awareness (P<0.01)—encompassing cooking ability, nutrition knowledge, and food planning. Performance-related factors were joint second most influential, with no significant difference with food and health awareness (P = 0.30). This included statements related to choosing food that enhances fuelling for competition, recovery and feeling energetic during training.

Ordinal logistic regressions showed variables such as age, gender, education level, and sporting variables such as competition level, sport type and average hours of exercise per week showed distinct impacts on food choice. For example, the nutritional attributes of a food impacts choice more as participants got older (Odds Ratio (OR) 1.02, 95% CI [1.01, 1.04], P = 0.01). However, the nutritional attributes had less influence if the participant was born in the USA (OR 0.37, 95% CI [0.16, 0.86], P = 0.02) or the rest of the world (OR 0.38, 95% CI [0.18, 0.81], P = 0.01) compared with those born in Ireland, and if the participant was a team sport athlete rather than an endurance athlete (OR 0.55, 95% CI [0.37, 0.81], P<0.01).

The determinants of food choice for athletes are multifaceted and more complex than those of the general population, attributed to additional exercise-related factors. Despite this complexity, sensory appeal remains the predominant influence across all sport types and competition levels. Understanding the dynamics of this food choice matrix in athletes allows for more personalised nutrition advice and identification of those at risk of poor dietary practices that may negatively impact upon their performance and health.

Excluding all animal-sourced foods may be associated with increased risks of nutrient deficiencies. As indispensable amino acids (IAAs) cannot be stored or endogenously produced, consistent protein consumption throughout the day is important to improve protein quality for optimal metabolic function(1). Assessment of protein adequacy needs to be undertaken at the meal rather than daily intake level because food combinations within each meal can be complementary and influence the overall amino acid profile of the meal(2).

Outcomes of our previous review found that among plant-sourced foods, soy, legumes, nuts and seeds provide greater protein content and quality(3). We hypothesise that variation in protein intake will exist both between vegan individuals and between observation days for the same individuals. Previous investigations of the relationship between meals and nutrient intake based on specified time windows for eating may have been subject to researcher bias in the definition of these windows. The main outcome of this study is to utilise time series clustering to determine the impact of dietary patterns on protein distribution, across the day.

Intake data was obtained using a four-day food diary from a cross-sectional survey of 193 New Zealand vegans (Ethical approval: HDEC 2022 EXP 12312). The inclusion criteria required participants to have followed an exclusive vegan diet for at least two years. A kernel density contour estimation was used to visualise protein distribution across eating occasions for all participants over four days. Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) was then used to align two temporal sequences (time series) to compute an output of distance(4) which was used for hierarchical clustering using the Ward.D2 method. An optimal cluster of 3 was identified using silhouette coefficient and domain knowledge.

Participants had a mean age of 39.4 years (SD=12.3), with 90.1% having attained a tertiary-level education or higher. Overall, mean protein intake was 1.11 g/kg/d (SD=0.39), with 8.29% of participants below the Estimated Average Requirements (EAR) and 24.3% of participants below the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for adults. The mean Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) for protein is 15.5% (SD=4.16), with 96.9% of participants within the recommended AMDR range (10-35%). Peak protein consumption was observed at 1230 and 1900. Sequential colour scale representing density found higher distribution of data points representing protein intake of less than 10g per eating occasion. Time series similar in shape and amplitude were assigned to the same cluster. Preliminary findings identified three different protein intake profiles across the day.

A small percentage of participants has protein intake below the daily requirements for adults. More occasions with lower protein intake per eating moment was observed. This approach classifies dietary patterns objectively for analysis of daily protein and IAA intake.

Suboptimal feeding practices in the first two years of life are risk factors for poor child growth and development(1). Sociodemographic predictors of infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices are well documented (maternal age, education, marital status, sociodemographic status)(2). However, psychosocial factors have received less attention, and few studies have considered complementary feeding practices. Therefore, this study aimed to explore associations between maternal depression, exposure to intimate partner violence, perceived social support, and stimulating home environments, and IYCF practices among mother-infant dyads in Malawi.

Khula is a longitudinal birth cohort that aims to characterise brain development across the first 1,000 days of life(3). At the third study visit, when infants were approximately 10–16 months of age, mothers completed a series of psychosocial questionnaires: Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS; score 0–30), Intimate Partner Violence Questionnaire (IPV), Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS). The Family Care Indicators (FCI) was used to assess stimulation and support for early learning within the home (score 0–17). Information on infant’s dietary intakes during the previous 24 hours was used to determine the WHO IYCF indicators: minimum dietary diversity (MDD), minimum meal frequency (MMF) and minimum acceptable diet (MAD)(4). Logistic regression modelling was used to identify significant associations between maternal psychosocial measures and IYCF indicators.

Data were analysed for 153 dyads. Mean maternal age was 27.0 ± 6.0 years, 84.1% were married, 52.8% had some/completed secondary education, and the majority were either employed (45.1%) or housewives (41.7%). The median (Q1, Q3) EPDS score was 2 (0, 6), 12% of women had been exposed to IPV in the previous 12 months, and mothers reported medium levels of perceived social support. The median FCI total score was 6 (5, 8). Among infants (mean age 13.3 ± 1.7 months), 97.4% were still being breastfed, and 54.2%, 73.2% and 45.1% achieved MDD, MMF and MAD, respectively. Women with higher EPDS scores were less likely to breastfeed at around 1 year (OR 0.53, 95% CI 0.29, 0.96; p = 0.04). However, this relationship was not significant after controlling for maternal age, education, marital status, and socioeconomic status. Exposure to IPV in the previous 12 months, MSPSS score and FCI total score were not associated with any IYCF indicators. Stimulation within the home environment was positively associated with dietary diversity score in unadjusted multiple regression (β 0.17, 95% CI −0.002, 0.15; p = 0.05), although this was no longer significant in adjusted analyses.

In this study, we found little evidence of associations between psychosocial factors and IYCF practices. Early screening for postnatal depression may benefit women and infants and should potentially be considered during infant feeding counselling in low-resource settings. The indications of improved dietary diversity with greater familial interactions should be examined in larger, diverse populations.

By coupling long-range polymerase chain reaction, wastewater-based epidemiology, and pathogen sequencing, we show that adenovirus type 41 hexon-sequence lineages, described in children with hepatitis of unknown origin in the United States in 2021, were already circulating within the country in 2019. We also observed other lineages in the wastewater, whose complete genomes have yet to be documented from clinical samples.

In Georgia plasticulture vegetable production, a single installation of plastic mulch is used for up to five cropping cycles over an 18-mo period. Preplant applications of glyphosate and glufosinate ensure fields are weed-free before transplanting, but recent data suggest that residual activity of these herbicides may pose a risk to transplanted vegetables. Glyphosate and glufosinate were applied preplant in combination with three different planting configurations, including 1) a new plant hole into new mulch, 2) a preexisting plant hole, 3) or a new plant hole spaced 15 cm from a preexisting plant hole (adjacent). Following herbicide application, overhead irrigation was used to remove residues from the mulch before punching transplanting holes for tomato, cucumber, or squash. Visible injury; widths; biomass; and yield of tomato, cucumber, or squash were not influenced by herbicide in the new mulch or adjacent planting configurations. When glyphosate was applied at 5.0 kg ae ha−1 and the new crop was planted into preexisting holes, tomato was injured by 45%, with reduced heights, biomass, and yields; at 2.5 kg ae ha−1 injury of 8% and a biomass reduction was observed. Cucumber and squash were injured by 23% to 32% by glyphosate at 5.0 kg ae ha−1, with reductions in growth and early-season yield; lower rates did not influence crop growth or production when the crop was placed into a preexisting plant hole. Glufosinate applied at the same rates did not affect tomato growth or yield when planted into preexisting plant holes. Cucumber, when planted into preexisting plant holes, was injured by 43% to 75% from glufosinate, with reductions in height and biomass, and yield losses of 1.3 to 2.6 kg ai ha−1; similar results from glufosinate were observed in squash. In multi-crop plasticulture production, growers should ensure vegetable transplants are placed a minimum of 15 cm away from soil exposed to these herbicides.

We present the Pilot Survey Phase 2 data release for the Wide-field ASKAP L-band Legacy All-sky Blind surveY (WALLABY), carried-out using the Australian SKA Pathfinder (ASKAP). We present 1760 H i detections (with a default spatial resolution of 30′′) from three pilot fields including the NGC 5044 and NGC 4808 groups as well as the Vela field, covering a total of $\sim 180$ deg$^2$ of the sky and spanning a redshift up to $z \simeq 0.09$. This release also includes kinematic models for over 126 spatially resolved galaxies. The observed median rms noise in the image cubes is 1.7 mJy per 30′′ beam and 18.5 kHz channel. This corresponds to a 5$\sigma$ H i column density sensitivity of $\sim 9.1\times10^{19}(1 + z)^4$ cm$^{-2}$ per 30′′ beam and $\sim 20$ km s$^{-1}$ channel and a 5$\sigma$ H i mass sensitivity of $\sim 5.5\times10^8 (D/100$ Mpc)$^{2}$ M$_{\odot}$ for point sources. Furthermore, we also present for the first time 12′′ high-resolution images (“cut-outs”) and catalogues for a sub-sample of 80 sources from the Pilot Survey Phase 2 fields. While we are able to recover sources with lower signal-to-noise ratio compared to sources in the Public Data Release 1, we do note that some data quality issues still persist, notably, flux discrepancies that are linked to the impact of side lobes associated with the dirty beams due to inadequate deconvolution. However, in spite of these limitations, the WALLABY Pilot Survey Phase 2 has already produced roughly a third of the number of HIPASS sources, making this the largest spatially resolved H i sample from a single survey to date.