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Principle-Policy and Principle-Personal Gaps in Americans’ Diversity Attitudes
- Neeraj Rajasekar, Evan Stewart, Douglas Hartmann
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- Journal:
- Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race , First View
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 15 May 2024, pp. 1-27
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Americans generally celebrate the abstract principle of diversity, but research suggests that they have a comparatively lower (1) favorability towards policies that promote diversity and (2) sense of personal closeness with others from diverse backgrounds. The current study analyzes nationally representative survey data to assess such “principle-policy gaps” and “principle-personal gaps” in Americans’ diversity attitudes. We find that these attitudinal gaps indeed exist and are substantial in the general population. We also consider how individual-level factors relate to these attitudinal gaps. Following common findings in previous research, we find that participant racial identity and political partisanship have statistically significant relationships with these attitudinal gaps. But our overall findings illustrate that principle-policy gaps and principle-personal gaps in diversity attitudes are fairly substantial and prevalent across Americans who vary by race, politics, and several other individual-level factors. We consider our findings in the current social and political context, and we discuss directions for future inquiry.
A randomized prospective study of a hybrid rule- and data-driven virtual patient
- Adam Stiff, Michael White, Eric Fosler-Lussier, Lifeng Jin, Evan Jaffe, Douglas Danforth
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- Journal:
- Natural Language Engineering / Volume 30 / Issue 1 / January 2024
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 23 September 2022, pp. 31-72
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Randomized prospective studies represent the gold standard for experimental design. In this paper, we present a randomized prospective study to validate the benefits of combining rule-based and data-driven natural language understanding methods in a virtual patient dialogue system. The system uses a rule-based pattern matching approach together with a machine learning (ML) approach in the form of a text-based convolutional neural network, combining the two methods with a simple logistic regression model to choose between their predictions for each dialogue turn. In an earlier, retrospective study, the hybrid system yielded a nearly 50% error reduction on our initial data, in part due to the differential performance between the two methods as a function of label frequency. Given these gains, and considering that our hybrid approach is unique among virtual patient systems, we compare the hybrid system to the rule-based system by itself in a randomized prospective study. We evaluate 110 unique medical student subjects interacting with the system over 5,296 conversation turns, to verify whether similar gains are observed in a deployed system. This prospective study broadly confirms the findings from the earlier one but also highlights important deficits in our training data. The hybrid approach still improves over either rule-based or ML approaches individually, even handling unseen classes with some success. However, we observe that live subjects ask more out-of-scope questions than expected. To better handle such questions, we investigate several modifications to the system combination component. These show significant overall accuracy improvements and modest F1 improvements on out-of-scope queries in an offline evaluation. We provide further analysis to characterize the difficulty of the out-of-scope problem that we have identified, as well as to suggest future improvements over the baseline we establish here.
Physical Health Monitoring of Patients Prescribed Depot Antipsychotic Medication in North West Edinburgh Community Mental Health Team (CMHT)
- Adrianna Klejnotowska, Robyn Bailey, Alexandra Thompson, Jakub Wojtowicz, Josh Haggart, Hamsi Evans, Hae-young Choi, Adam Mallis, Anna MacLeod, Douglas Murdie, Vikki Argent
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- Journal:
- BJPsych Open / Volume 8 / Issue S1 / June 2022
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 20 June 2022, pp. S149-S150
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Aims
To assess the effect of interventions in the physical health monitoring of patients prescribed depot antipsychotic medications. We hypothesised that compliance with monitoring would improve post-intervention. It is well recognised that patients with severe mental illness have a significantly reduced life expectancy. Depot antipsychotic medication increases the risk of cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, stroke and type 2 diabetes. The SIGN guidelines recommend that all patients on antipsychotic medications should have annual physical health monitoring. Baseline data of patients on depot antipsychotic medication in North West (NW) Edinburgh CMHT in 2019 demonstrated that this was not being achieved. We sought to create interventions to improve compliance with physical health monitoring for patients on depot antipsychotic medication.
MethodsBaseline data were collected in 2019 for all patients under NW Edinburgh CMHT receiving depot antipsychotic medication (60 patients). The data addressed 9 domains including smoking status, blood monitoring, BMI and physical monitoring.
Following the baseline data collection interventions were put in place to increase compliance with monitoring. These interventions included a physical health questionnaire and training of staff in the CMHT to perform phlebotomy and ECGs.
Following these interventions the data (74 patients) were re-audited in 2020 following the same domains.
After this initial re-audit a physical health monitoring clinic was implemented in order to specifically target this patient population. The data (66 patients) were then re-audited in 2021.
ResultsBaseline data identified that domains were reached between 8% (Lipid monitoring) and 51% (glucose monitoring). Following the initial interventions 77% of domains improved in compliance. Between the two periods, notable improvements were observed in the monitoring of Blood Pressure (9% to 37%), ECG (20% to 43%) and lipids (29% to 46%). There was however a decline in all domains between the 2020 and 2021 data, with 66% of domains still having improved compared to 2019 data.
ConclusionOverall, interventions have improved compliance with monitoring of physical health for patients on depot antipsychotic medications. It is likely that continuing effects of the COVID-19 pandemic contributed to the decline between the 2020 and 2021 data. As a result of this audit a weekly physical health monitoring clinic has been set up and once formally established it is hoped that compliance with physical health monitoring will continue to improve. Limitations include effects of COVID-19 pandemic, inconsistency in documentation and patient non-attendance to the monitoring clinic. We recommend further audit cycles, with additional interventions being implemented as identified.
7 Day Follow-Up Arrangements Following Discharge From Psychiatric Hospital; How Do We Perform?
- Jemima Alston, Rozet Balliou, Naomi Erlebach, Zach Evans, Anna Grieve, Silas Hand, Shreya Jindal, Phei Yi Lim, Matt Shaw, Chukyi Wama, Ben Meadowcroft, Douglas Murdie
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- Journal:
- BJPsych Open / Volume 8 / Issue S1 / June 2022
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 20 June 2022, p. S141
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The first 7 days following discharge from inpatient to community psychiatric services is a period that is associated with an increased risk of suicide. NICE Guideline 53 recommends that patients discharged from inpatient psychiatric services should be reviewed by relevant community services within 7 days. We aim to determine how different teams in NHS Lothian performed in meeting this recommendation, and to ascertain the outcome of a specific intervention in North-West Edinburgh (NW).
MethodsWe collected data of NW, North-East (NE), South-West (SW), South-East (SE) Edinburgh, East Lothian and Midlothian patients discharged from General Adult Psychiatry wards in the Royal Edinburgh Hospital for the calendar year of 2021. East and Midlothian were used as a comparison to Edinburgh services as the former have an integrated inpatient and community team.
The data focused on the percentage of patients followed-up within 7 days of discharge. We also collected data for all NW CMHT patients discharged between January 2018 and November 2021 to analyse the intervention of using ‘Estimated Discharge Dates’ in ward rounds implemented in June 2020. Data were collected from NHS Lothian Analytical Services and anonymised in line with NHS Information Governance Policy.
Furthermore, qualitative data were collected anonymously from staff within NHS Lothian in the form of an online questionnaire to ascertain strengths and weaknesses of the current systems.
ResultsOver the calendar year of 2021, 1,398 patients were discharged. The average age was 41 years old.
Regarding percentage of patients receiving 7 day follow-up, East Lothian (n = 191/249; 76.7%) and Midlothian (n = 95/122; 77.9%) performed better than Edinburgh services; NW (n = 173/268; 64.6%), NE (n = 172/301, 57.1%), SW (n = 155/247, 62.8%), SE (n = 123/211; 58.3%).
The intervention in NW in June 2020 did not have a significant impact on 7 day follow-up.
The questionnaire identified difficulties in transitions from inpatient to community care, particularly communication between teams.
ConclusionThe performance of East and Midlothian versus Edinburgh services is interesting given their integrated model. This appears to support the findings of the questionnaire.
The lack of impact of the intervention in NW will need explored further with the team to identify difficulties.
Rather than complete service remodelling, perhaps moving towards a more integrated approach such as allocated discharge-coordinating community and inpatient nurses would be worthwhile. We will involve the NHS Lothian Quality Improvement team in exploring this to improve patient outcomes.
Ediacara growing pains: modular addition and development in Dickinsonia costata
- Scott D. Evans, James G. Gehling, Douglas H. Erwin, Mary L. Droser
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- Journal:
- Paleobiology / Volume 48 / Issue 1 / February 2022
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 13 September 2021, pp. 83-98
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Constraining patterns of growth using directly observable and quantifiable characteristics can reveal a wealth of information regarding the biology of the Ediacara biota—the oldest macroscopic, complex community-forming organisms in the fossil record. However, these rely on individuals captured at an instant in time at various growth stages, and so different interpretations can be derived from the same material. Here we leverage newly discovered and well-preserved Dickinsonia costata Sprigg, 1947 from South Australia, combined with hundreds of previously described specimens, to test competing hypotheses for the location of module addition. We find considerable variation in the relationship between the total number of modules and body size that cannot be explained solely by expansion and contraction of individuals. Patterns derived assuming new modules differentiated at the anterior result in numerous examples in which the oldest module(s) must decrease in size with overall growth, potentially falsifying this hypothesis. Observed polarity as well as the consistent posterior location of defects and indentations support module formation at this end in D. costata. Regardless, changes in repeated units with growth share similarities with those regulated by morphogen gradients in metazoans today, suggesting that these genetic pathways were operating in Ediacaran animals.
11 - Towards a Twin Peak Regulatory Architecture for Hong Kong?
- from Part III - Different Topographies
- Edited by Andrew Godwin, Andrew Schmulow
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- The Cambridge Handbook of Twin Peaks Financial Regulation
- Published online:
- 24 June 2021
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- 15 July 2021, pp 191-214
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Summary
This chapter argues that a Twin Peaks model designed around financial stability and market conduct regulators supervising all financial sectors would overcome the sectoral model’s limitations. This regulatory change supports the evolution and competitiveness of Hong Kong as an international centre for finance and technology. The proposed reform agenda concludes that technological developments, cost-effective and proportionate regulatory reforms, and a modern regulatory architectural design for setting internationally recognised standards of smart regulation enabled by regulatory technology or RegTech must be the path forward.
Physical health monitoring of patients prescribed depot antipsychotic medication in north west Edinburgh community mental health team
- Douglas Murdie, Jakub Wojtowicz, Alexandra Thompson, Anne MacLeod, Adam Mallis, Hamsi Evans, Joshua Haggart, Hae Choi, Vikki Argent
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- Journal:
- BJPsych Open / Volume 7 / Issue S1 / June 2021
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 18 June 2021, pp. S336-S337
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To monitor the quality of physical health monitoring of patients prescribed depot antipsychotic medication in the North West Edinburgh Community Mental Health Team (CMHT). We also evaluated the completeness of prescriptions and Mental Health Act (Scotland) (Act) 2003 paperwork where relevant.
BackgroundAntipsychotic medications are medicines for treating conditions such as Schizophrenia, but some may be associated with an increased risk of Metabolic Syndrome. Moreover, evidence indicates that patients with major mental disorder have a reduced life expectancy in comparison to those without such diagnoses. These two factors illustrate the importance of the physical health of this patient cohort being monitored on a regular basis. This project will evaluate how a local CMHT is performing, with the possibility of enacting service improvements if required.
MethodThe records of the 60 patients prescribed depot antipsychotic medication administered by this CMHT were reviewed. A check-list was created consisting of 14 categories analysing the quality of physical health monitoring, as well as compliance with prescription standards and, where relevant, Mental Health Act (Scotland) (Act) 2003 paperwork. We compared patient records against our checklist for the calendar year of 2019. The Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN) 131 (Management of Schizophrenia) section 5.2 was used as the gold standard for physical health monitoring against which the data we collected was compared.
ResultWe identified a wide range of flaws with the current system and implementation of monitoring, and difficulty in locating the required information. There was no consistent monitoring of physical observations on electronic record, nor an accepted alternative way in which this was documented. Furthermore, blood tests were not consistently obtained either by the service or GP practices in a reproducible manner. This led to discussions within the CMHT regarding creation of a new pathway for the monitoring of this patient cohort using a Quality Improvement model, with the ultimate goal to establish a regular physical health clinic.
ConclusionThere is significant evidence that patients with major mental disorder do not access healthcare as consistently as those without, leading to a disparity in life expectancy. In light of the fact that antipsychotic medications can be associated with Metabolic Syndrome, we have an even greater responsibility to tackle this marked health inequality by appropriately monitoring our patients. This was not done well in this particular CMHT, but this project will lead to improvements in the service and ultimately patient care.
Runaway companions of supernova remnants with Gaia
- Douglas Boubert, Morgan Fraser, N. Wyn Evans
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- Journal:
- Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union / Volume 12 / Issue S330 / April 2017
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 07 March 2018, pp. 321-322
- Print publication:
- April 2017
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It is expected that most massive stars have companions and thus that some core-collapse supernovae should have a runaway companion. The precise astrometry and photometry provided by Gaia allows for the systematic discovery of these runaway companions. We combine a prior on the properties of runaway stars from binary evolution with data from TGAS and APASS to search for runaway stars within ten nearby supernova remnants. We strongly confirm the existing candidate HD 37424 in S147, propose the Be star BD+50 3188 to be associated with HB 21, and suggest tentative candidates for the Cygnus and Monoceros Loops.
Intrapreneurship in Australian Firms
- Jason R. Fitzsimmons, Evan J. Douglas, Bostjan Antoncic, Robert D. Hisrich
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- Journal:
- Journal of the Australian and New Zealand Academy of Management / Volume 11 / Issue 1 / January 2005
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 25 February 2016, pp. 17-27
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This paper reports on the nature and extent of intrapreneurship (or corporate entrepreneurship) practiced by Australian businesses. We examined the relationship between measures of corporate entrepreneurship and finn growth and profitability. and utilised measures devised by earlier researchers attempting to assess corporate entrepreneurship, viz: new business venturing, innovativeness, self-renewal, and proactiveness. Control variables included industry, finn age, and finn size. Interestingly, we found that the items measuring corporate entrepreneurship loaded onto not four but five factors, effectively splitting the self-renewal measure into two distinct elements, Profitability was significantly correlated with self-renewal (negative) and organisational support (positive) while growth was found to be significantly and positively related to both new business venturing and environmental munificence.
Contributors
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- By Mitchell Aboulafia, Frederick Adams, Marilyn McCord Adams, Robert M. Adams, Laird Addis, James W. Allard, David Allison, William P. Alston, Karl Ameriks, C. Anthony Anderson, David Leech Anderson, Lanier Anderson, Roger Ariew, David Armstrong, Denis G. Arnold, E. J. Ashworth, Margaret Atherton, Robin Attfield, Bruce Aune, Edward Wilson Averill, Jody Azzouni, Kent Bach, Andrew Bailey, Lynne Rudder Baker, Thomas R. Baldwin, Jon Barwise, George Bealer, William Bechtel, Lawrence C. Becker, Mark A. Bedau, Ernst Behler, José A. Benardete, Ermanno Bencivenga, Jan Berg, Michael Bergmann, Robert L. Bernasconi, Sven Bernecker, Bernard Berofsky, Rod Bertolet, Charles J. Beyer, Christian Beyer, Joseph Bien, Joseph Bien, Peg Birmingham, Ivan Boh, James Bohman, Daniel Bonevac, Laurence BonJour, William J. Bouwsma, Raymond D. Bradley, Myles Brand, Richard B. Brandt, Michael E. Bratman, Stephen E. Braude, Daniel Breazeale, Angela Breitenbach, Jason Bridges, David O. Brink, Gordon G. Brittan, Justin Broackes, Dan W. Brock, Aaron Bronfman, Jeffrey E. Brower, Bartosz Brozek, Anthony Brueckner, Jeffrey Bub, Lara Buchak, Otavio Bueno, Ann E. Bumpus, Robert W. Burch, John Burgess, Arthur W. Burks, Panayot Butchvarov, Robert E. Butts, Marina Bykova, Patrick Byrne, David Carr, Noël Carroll, Edward S. Casey, Victor Caston, Victor Caston, Albert Casullo, Robert L. Causey, Alan K. L. Chan, Ruth Chang, Deen K. Chatterjee, Andrew Chignell, Roderick M. Chisholm, Kelly J. Clark, E. J. Coffman, Robin Collins, Brian P. Copenhaver, John Corcoran, John Cottingham, Roger Crisp, Frederick J. Crosson, Antonio S. Cua, Phillip D. Cummins, Martin Curd, Adam Cureton, Andrew Cutrofello, Stephen Darwall, Paul Sheldon Davies, Wayne A. Davis, Timothy Joseph Day, Claudio de Almeida, Mario De Caro, Mario De Caro, John Deigh, C. F. Delaney, Daniel C. Dennett, Michael R. DePaul, Michael Detlefsen, Daniel Trent Devereux, Philip E. Devine, John M. Dillon, Martin C. Dillon, Robert DiSalle, Mary Domski, Alan Donagan, Paul Draper, Fred Dretske, Mircea Dumitru, Wilhelm Dupré, Gerald Dworkin, John Earman, Ellery Eells, Catherine Z. Elgin, Berent Enç, Ronald P. Endicott, Edward Erwin, John Etchemendy, C. Stephen Evans, Susan L. Feagin, Solomon Feferman, Richard Feldman, Arthur Fine, Maurice A. Finocchiaro, William FitzPatrick, Richard E. Flathman, Gvozden Flego, Richard Foley, Graeme Forbes, Rainer Forst, Malcolm R. Forster, Daniel Fouke, Patrick Francken, Samuel Freeman, Elizabeth Fricker, Miranda Fricker, Michael Friedman, Michael Fuerstein, Richard A. Fumerton, Alan Gabbey, Pieranna Garavaso, Daniel Garber, Jorge L. A. Garcia, Robert K. Garcia, Don Garrett, Philip Gasper, Gerald Gaus, Berys Gaut, Bernard Gert, Roger F. Gibson, Cody Gilmore, Carl Ginet, Alan H. Goldman, Alvin I. Goldman, Alfonso Gömez-Lobo, Lenn E. Goodman, Robert M. Gordon, Stefan Gosepath, Jorge J. E. Gracia, Daniel W. Graham, George A. Graham, Peter J. Graham, Richard E. Grandy, I. Grattan-Guinness, John Greco, Philip T. Grier, Nicholas Griffin, Nicholas Griffin, David A. Griffiths, Paul J. Griffiths, Stephen R. Grimm, Charles L. Griswold, Charles B. Guignon, Pete A. Y. Gunter, Dimitri Gutas, Gary Gutting, Paul Guyer, Kwame Gyekye, Oscar A. Haac, Raul Hakli, Raul Hakli, Michael Hallett, Edward C. Halper, Jean Hampton, R. James Hankinson, K. R. Hanley, Russell Hardin, Robert M. Harnish, William Harper, David Harrah, Kevin Hart, Ali Hasan, William Hasker, John Haugeland, Roger Hausheer, William Heald, Peter Heath, Richard Heck, John F. Heil, Vincent F. Hendricks, Stephen Hetherington, Francis Heylighen, Kathleen Marie Higgins, Risto Hilpinen, Harold T. Hodes, Joshua Hoffman, Alan Holland, Robert L. Holmes, Richard Holton, Brad W. Hooker, Terence E. Horgan, Tamara Horowitz, Paul Horwich, Vittorio Hösle, Paul Hoβfeld, Daniel Howard-Snyder, Frances Howard-Snyder, Anne Hudson, Deal W. Hudson, Carl A. Huffman, David L. Hull, Patricia Huntington, Thomas Hurka, Paul Hurley, Rosalind Hursthouse, Guillermo Hurtado, Ronald E. Hustwit, Sarah Hutton, Jonathan Jenkins Ichikawa, Harry A. Ide, David Ingram, Philip J. Ivanhoe, Alfred L. Ivry, Frank Jackson, Dale Jacquette, Joseph Jedwab, Richard Jeffrey, David Alan Johnson, Edward Johnson, Mark D. Jordan, Richard Joyce, Hwa Yol Jung, Robert Hillary Kane, Tomis Kapitan, Jacquelyn Ann K. Kegley, James A. Keller, Ralph Kennedy, Sergei Khoruzhii, Jaegwon Kim, Yersu Kim, Nathan L. King, Patricia Kitcher, Peter D. Klein, E. D. Klemke, Virginia Klenk, George L. Kline, Christian Klotz, Simo Knuuttila, Joseph J. Kockelmans, Konstantin Kolenda, Sebastian Tomasz Kołodziejczyk, Isaac Kramnick, Richard Kraut, Fred Kroon, Manfred Kuehn, Steven T. Kuhn, Henry E. Kyburg, John Lachs, Jennifer Lackey, Stephen E. Lahey, Andrea Lavazza, Thomas H. Leahey, Joo Heung Lee, Keith Lehrer, Dorothy Leland, Noah M. Lemos, Ernest LePore, Sarah-Jane Leslie, Isaac Levi, Andrew Levine, Alan E. Lewis, Daniel E. Little, Shu-hsien Liu, Shu-hsien Liu, Alan K. L. Chan, Brian Loar, Lawrence B. Lombard, John Longeway, Dominic McIver Lopes, Michael J. Loux, E. J. Lowe, Steven Luper, Eugene C. Luschei, William G. Lycan, David Lyons, David Macarthur, Danielle Macbeth, Scott MacDonald, Jacob L. Mackey, Louis H. Mackey, Penelope Mackie, Edward H. Madden, Penelope Maddy, G. B. Madison, Bernd Magnus, Pekka Mäkelä, Rudolf A. Makkreel, David Manley, William E. Mann (W.E.M.), Vladimir Marchenkov, Peter Markie, Jean-Pierre Marquis, Ausonio Marras, Mike W. Martin, A. P. Martinich, William L. McBride, David McCabe, Storrs McCall, Hugh J. McCann, Robert N. McCauley, John J. McDermott, Sarah McGrath, Ralph McInerny, Daniel J. McKaughan, Thomas McKay, Michael McKinsey, Brian P. McLaughlin, Ernan McMullin, Anthonie Meijers, Jack W. Meiland, William Jason Melanson, Alfred R. Mele, Joseph R. Mendola, Christopher Menzel, Michael J. Meyer, Christian B. Miller, David W. Miller, Peter Millican, Robert N. Minor, Phillip Mitsis, James A. Montmarquet, Michael S. Moore, Tim Moore, Benjamin Morison, Donald R. Morrison, Stephen J. Morse, Paul K. Moser, Alexander P. D. Mourelatos, Ian Mueller, James Bernard Murphy, Mark C. Murphy, Steven Nadler, Jan Narveson, Alan Nelson, Jerome Neu, Samuel Newlands, Kai Nielsen, Ilkka Niiniluoto, Carlos G. Noreña, Calvin G. Normore, David Fate Norton, Nikolaj Nottelmann, Donald Nute, David S. Oderberg, Steve Odin, Michael O’Rourke, Willard G. Oxtoby, Heinz Paetzold, George S. Pappas, Anthony J. Parel, Lydia Patton, R. P. Peerenboom, Francis Jeffry Pelletier, Adriaan T. Peperzak, Derk Pereboom, Jaroslav Peregrin, Glen Pettigrove, Philip Pettit, Edmund L. Pincoffs, Andrew Pinsent, Robert B. Pippin, Alvin Plantinga, Louis P. Pojman, Richard H. Popkin, John F. Post, Carl J. Posy, William J. Prior, Richard Purtill, Michael Quante, Philip L. Quinn, Philip L. Quinn, Elizabeth S. Radcliffe, Diana Raffman, Gerard Raulet, Stephen L. Read, Andrews Reath, Andrew Reisner, Nicholas Rescher, Henry S. Richardson, Robert C. Richardson, Thomas Ricketts, Wayne D. Riggs, Mark Roberts, Robert C. Roberts, Luke Robinson, Alexander Rosenberg, Gary Rosenkranz, Bernice Glatzer Rosenthal, Adina L. Roskies, William L. Rowe, T. M. Rudavsky, Michael Ruse, Bruce Russell, Lilly-Marlene Russow, Dan Ryder, R. M. Sainsbury, Joseph Salerno, Nathan Salmon, Wesley C. Salmon, Constantine Sandis, David H. Sanford, Marco Santambrogio, David Sapire, Ruth A. Saunders, Geoffrey Sayre-McCord, Charles Sayward, James P. Scanlan, Richard Schacht, Tamar Schapiro, Frederick F. Schmitt, Jerome B. Schneewind, Calvin O. Schrag, Alan D. Schrift, George F. Schumm, Jean-Loup Seban, David N. Sedley, Kenneth Seeskin, Krister Segerberg, Charlene Haddock Seigfried, Dennis M. Senchuk, James F. Sennett, William Lad Sessions, Stewart Shapiro, Tommie Shelby, Donald W. Sherburne, Christopher Shields, Roger A. Shiner, Sydney Shoemaker, Robert K. Shope, Kwong-loi Shun, Wilfried Sieg, A. John Simmons, Robert L. Simon, Marcus G. Singer, Georgette Sinkler, Walter Sinnott-Armstrong, Matti T. Sintonen, Lawrence Sklar, Brian Skyrms, Robert C. Sleigh, Michael Anthony Slote, Hans Sluga, Barry Smith, Michael Smith, Robin Smith, Robert Sokolowski, Robert C. Solomon, Marta Soniewicka, Philip Soper, Ernest Sosa, Nicholas Southwood, Paul Vincent Spade, T. L. S. Sprigge, Eric O. Springsted, George J. Stack, Rebecca Stangl, Jason Stanley, Florian Steinberger, Sören Stenlund, Christopher Stephens, James P. Sterba, Josef Stern, Matthias Steup, M. A. Stewart, Leopold Stubenberg, Edith Dudley Sulla, Frederick Suppe, Jere Paul Surber, David George Sussman, Sigrún Svavarsdóttir, Zeno G. Swijtink, Richard Swinburne, Charles C. Taliaferro, Robert B. Talisse, John Tasioulas, Paul Teller, Larry S. Temkin, Mark Textor, H. S. Thayer, Peter Thielke, Alan Thomas, Amie L. Thomasson, Katherine Thomson-Jones, Joshua C. Thurow, Vzalerie Tiberius, Terrence N. Tice, Paul Tidman, Mark C. Timmons, William Tolhurst, James E. Tomberlin, Rosemarie Tong, Lawrence Torcello, Kelly Trogdon, J. D. Trout, Robert E. Tully, Raimo Tuomela, John Turri, Martin M. Tweedale, Thomas Uebel, Jennifer Uleman, James Van Cleve, Harry van der Linden, Peter van Inwagen, Bryan W. Van Norden, René van Woudenberg, Donald Phillip Verene, Samantha Vice, Thomas Vinci, Donald Wayne Viney, Barbara Von Eckardt, Peter B. M. Vranas, Steven J. Wagner, William J. Wainwright, Paul E. Walker, Robert E. Wall, Craig Walton, Douglas Walton, Eric Watkins, Richard A. Watson, Michael V. Wedin, Rudolph H. Weingartner, Paul Weirich, Paul J. Weithman, Carl Wellman, Howard Wettstein, Samuel C. Wheeler, Stephen A. White, Jennifer Whiting, Edward R. Wierenga, Michael Williams, Fred Wilson, W. Kent Wilson, Kenneth P. Winkler, John F. Wippel, Jan Woleński, Allan B. Wolter, Nicholas P. Wolterstorff, Rega Wood, W. Jay Wood, Paul Woodruff, Alison Wylie, Gideon Yaffe, Takashi Yagisawa, Yutaka Yamamoto, Keith E. Yandell, Xiaomei Yang, Dean Zimmerman, Günter Zoller, Catherine Zuckert, Michael Zuckert, Jack A. Zupko (J.A.Z.)
- Edited by Robert Audi, University of Notre Dame, Indiana
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- The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy
- Published online:
- 05 August 2015
- Print publication:
- 27 April 2015, pp ix-xxx
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- By Brittany L. Anderson-Montoya, Heather R. Bailey, Carryl L. Baldwin, Daphne Bavelier, Jameson D. Beach, Jeffrey S. Bedwell, Kevin B. Bennett, Richard A. Block, Deborah A. Boehm-Davis, Corey J. Bohil, David B. Boles, Avinoam Borowsky, Jessica Bramlett, Allison A. Brennan, J. Christopher Brill, Matthew S. Cain, Meredith Carroll, Roberto Champney, Kait Clark, Nancy J. Cooke, Lori M. Curtindale, Clare Davies, Patricia R. DeLucia, Andrew E. Deptula, Michael B. Dillard, Colin D. Drury, Christopher Edman, James T. Enns, Sara Irina Fabrikant, Victor S. Finomore, Arthur D. Fisk, John M. Flach, Matthew E. Funke, Andre Garcia, Adam Gazzaley, Douglas J. Gillan, Rebecca A. Grier, Simen Hagen, Kelly Hale, Diane F. Halpern, Peter A. Hancock, Deborah L. Harm, Mary Hegarty, Laurie M. Heller, Nicole D. Helton, William S. Helton, Robert R. Hoffman, Jerred Holt, Xiaogang Hu, Richard J. Jagacinski, Keith S. Jones, Astrid M. L. Kappers, Simon Kemp, Robert C. Kennedy, Robert S. Kennedy, Alan Kingstone, Ioana Koglbauer, Norman E. Lane, Robert D. Latzman, Cynthia Laurie-Rose, Patricia Lee, Richard Lowe, Valerie Lugo, Poornima Madhavan, Leonard S. Mark, Gerald Matthews, Jyoti Mishra, Stephen R. Mitroff, Tracy L. Mitzner, Alexander M. Morison, Taylor Murphy, Takamichi Nakamoto, John G. Neuhoff, Karl M. Newell, Tal Oron-Gilad, Raja Parasuraman, Tiffany A. Pempek, Robert W. Proctor, Katie A. Ragsdale, Anil K. Raj, Millard F. Reschke, Evan F. Risko, Matthew Rizzo, Wendy A. Rogers, Jesse Q. Sargent, Mark W. Scerbo, Natasha B. Schwartz, F. Jacob Seagull, Cory-Ann Smarr, L. James Smart, Kay Stanney, James Staszewski, Clayton L. Stephenson, Mary E. Stuart, Breanna E. Studenka, Joel Suss, Leedjia Svec, James L. Szalma, James Tanaka, James Thompson, Wouter M. Bergmann Tiest, Lauren A. Vassiliades, Michael A. Vidulich, Paul Ward, Joel S. Warm, David A. Washburn, Christopher D. Wickens, Scott J. Wood, David D. Woods, Motonori Yamaguchi, Lin Ye, Jeffrey M. Zacks
- Edited by Robert R. Hoffman, Peter A. Hancock, University of Central Florida, Mark W. Scerbo, Old Dominion University, Virginia, Raja Parasuraman, George Mason University, Virginia, James L. Szalma, University of Central Florida
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- Book:
- The Cambridge Handbook of Applied Perception Research
- Published online:
- 05 July 2015
- Print publication:
- 26 January 2015, pp xi-xiv
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UIT or Not UIT? That Is Not the Only Question
- Douglas H. Reynolds, Laurie E. Wasko, Evan F. Sinar, Patrick H. Raymark, Joseph A. Jones
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- Industrial and Organizational Psychology / Volume 2 / Issue 1 / March 2009
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 07 January 2015, pp. 52-57
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Substance P and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection: Psychoneuroimmunology
- Wen-Zhe Ho, Dwight L. Evans, Steven D. Douglas
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- Journal:
- CNS Spectrums / Volume 7 / Issue 12 / December 2002
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 07 November 2014, pp. 867-874
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Effects on the immune system caused by changes in behavioral state or brain activity are mediated, at least in part, through neuroendocrine-immune pathways. Life stress and depression may be associated with altered blood levels of central nervous system-released neuropeptides, including substance P (SP). SP acts as a neuroregulator or neurotransmitter in the conduction of nociceptive stimuli, and is a modulator of neuroimmunoregulation. This review summarizes current knowledge regarding the role of the neuropeptide, SP, in psychoneuroimmunology, in particular as it relates to human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immunodeficiency disease syndrome. The association between depression, anxiety, and stress in HIV-disease progression suggests that neurobiologic and neurophysiologic factors play a role in modulating HIV infection and responses to antiretroviral therapy. Individuals with HIV or AIDS may experience stressful life circumstances that can result in increased symptoms of anxiety, stress, and/or depression. Furthermore, psychological and psychiatric symptoms, which occur in individuals with HIV and AIDS, may be related to the progression of AIDS disease. This review presents evidence from the literature, as well as findings from basic investigations conducted in the authors' laboratories, demonstrating that SP may play an important role in HIV pathophysiology. SP can impact the susceptibility of immune cells to HIV infection and modulate immune cell functions in ways that may affect the course of HIV in infected individuals. Moreover, modulation of SP activity and SP receptor is being explored for its potential as a novel therapeutic approach to the treatment of some psychological and psychiatric disorders and to the design of new anti-HIV therapy.
Neuropsychopharmacologic Treatment of Depression and Other Neuropsychiatric Disorders in HIV-Infected Individuals
- Martin J. Repetto, Dwight L. Evans, Dean G. Cruess, David R. Gettes, Steven D. Douglas, John M. Petitto
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- Journal:
- CNS Spectrums / Volume 8 / Issue 1 / January 2003
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 07 November 2014, pp. 59-63
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How can neuropsychiatric disorders and syndromes be underdiagnosed and inadequately treated in individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus? Depression in particular is among the most prevalent diagnoses and there is a solid foundation of data from controlled clinical studies that has begun to examine the efficacy of various antidepressants in HIV-infected persons. This article summarizes essential findings pertaining to the use of psychotropic medications to treat depression and other neuropsychiatric disorders in the context of immunodeficiency. This includes discussion of clinically significant treatment considerations (eg, efficacy, side effects, drug-drug interactions) derived from the existing literature. Taken together, there is compelling evidence that psychopharmacologic intervention can improve the quality of life of mentally ill HIV-infected individuals.
Depression and HIV Infection: Impact on Immune Function and Disease Progression
- Dean G. Cruess, John M. Petitto, Jane Leserman, Steven D. Douglas, David R. Gettes, Thomas R. Ten Have, Dwight L. Evans
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- Journal:
- CNS Spectrums / Volume 8 / Issue 1 / January 2003
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 07 November 2014, pp. 52-58
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Can psychological factors, such as depression, affect human immunodeficiency virus progession? HIV infection is viewed as a chronic illness in which those infected often confront a number of emotional challenges and physical health and disease-related issues. Over the past 20 years, there has been increasing evidence that depression and other mood-related disturbances are commonly observed among HIV-positive individuals. There is also mounting data showing that depressive symptoms might further impact upon specific elements of immune system functioning and influence quality of life and health status. This paper will highlight studies examining the prevalence of depression during HIV infection and review some of the evidence examining the impact of depressive symptoms on immune function and HIV disease progression.
25 - Use of paid media to encourage 2010 Census participation among the hard to count
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- By W. Douglas Evans, George Washington University, A. Rupa Datta, University of Chicago, Ting Yan, University of Michigan
- Edited by Roger Tourangeau, Brad Edwards, Timothy P. Johnson, University of Illinois, Chicago, Kirk M. Wolter, University of Chicago, Nancy Bates
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- Book:
- Hard-to-Survey Populations
- Published online:
- 05 September 2014
- Print publication:
- 28 August 2014, pp 519-540
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Summary
Introduction
This chapter describes a relatively uncommon approach, paid media campaigns, to encourage participation of hard-to-survey populations. Specifically, we discuss the paid media component of the 2010 Integrated Communication Campaign conducted by the US Census Bureau as part of its 2010 Decennial Census effort in the United States.
Why, from a methodology perspective, might one want a paid media campaign to encourage survey participation? The conceptual model of survey participation laid out by Groves and Couper (1998) suggests that respondents’ decision to participate in a survey request is based on several factors – the social environment, respondent characteristics, survey design features, interviewer characteristics, and the respondent–interviewer interactions at the point of survey request. The first two factors are usually out of the control of survey organizations; in other words, survey organizations are not able to manipulate or change who respondents are and where they live. However, the context in which a survey request is presented, received, and perceived can be changed to facilitate a favorable participation outcome from respondents. We consider a paid media campaign a useful means for changing the survey-taking climate.
Adapting environmental conservation legislation for an enlarged European Union: experience from the Habitats Directive
- DOUGLAS EVANS, ANDRÁS DEMETER, PETER GAJDOŠ, ĽUBOŠ HALADA
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- Journal:
- Environmental Conservation / Volume 40 / Issue 2 / June 2013
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 March 2013, pp. 97-107
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The European Union's (EU's) Habitats Directive includes annexes listing the habitats and species requiring protection. As new countries join the EU these lists need to be amended to remain pertinent. In 2004 and 2007, 12 countries, mostly in central Europe, joined the EU and were asked to propose native species or habitats that required protection; this formed an initial base for negotiations with the European Commission in consultation with the existing member states and with scientific support from the European Topic Centre on Biological Diversity. The 12 countries made 831 proposals, resulting in the addition of 191 species and 33 habitats, and geographical exemptions for eight species. Although the Directive provided definitions, these needed to be supplemented with additional criteria to permit assessments of the proposals. The process involved many actors at both European and national level. This illustrates the development of biodiversity governance and provides potential lessons for future activities, including the need for scientific guidance and the importance of involving all relevant actors.
Contributors
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- By Leslie Citrome, Alan J. Cross, Judith Dunn, Kenneth R. Evans, Douglas E. Feltner, Philip D. Harvey, Amir Kalali, Richard S. E. Keefe, Michael Krams, Joseph Kwentus, Matthew Macaluso, Craig H. Mallinckrodt, Geert Molenberghs, Nuala Murphy, Ginette Nachman, Sheldon Preskorn, William R. Prucka, Penny Randall, Frank D. Yocca, Gwen L. Zornberg
- Edited by Amir Kalali, University of California, San Diego, Sheldon Preskorn, Joseph Kwentus, University of Mississippi, Stephen M. Stahl, University of California, San Diego
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- Book:
- Essential CNS Drug Development
- Published online:
- 05 July 2012
- Print publication:
- 07 June 2012, pp vi-viii
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Chapter 5 - Phase II development and the path to personalized medicine in CNS disease
- Edited by Amir Kalali, University of California, San Diego, Sheldon Preskorn, Joseph Kwentus, University of Mississippi, Stephen M. Stahl, University of California, San Diego
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- Book:
- Essential CNS Drug Development
- Published online:
- 05 July 2012
- Print publication:
- 07 June 2012, pp 70-91
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Summary
This chapter addresses general Phase II clinical development issues and pitfalls and the relationship of Phase II to the preceding and subsequent phases of development, and then focuses on the new issues introduced into Phase II development by the emergence of personalized medicine. The dosing frequency to test should be derived from preclinical data and from human biomarker evidence of the development of and recovery from tolerance to intended effect. Indication selection, matching targets to patients, can be facilitated by collecting appropriate genetic or other biological information about the proposed subject population, and assuring that the biology of the subjects is matched to the drug candidate's proposed mechanism. Biomarker technologies have proven their mettle in a number of applications, and practical methods are now available that enable the drug development process. CNS drug developers and their development plans need to adapt to incorporate the changes brought by personalized medicines.
Perceptions of the food shopping environment are associated with greater consumption of fruits and vegetables
- Jonathan L Blitstein, Jeremy Snider, W Douglas Evans
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- Journal:
- Public Health Nutrition / Volume 15 / Issue 6 / June 2012
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 21 February 2012, pp. 1124-1129
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Objective
The present study examined whether characteristics such as quality, selection and convenience are associated with dietary intake of fruits and vegetables independent of perceived costs in an inner-city, low-income population.
DesignSecondary analysis of baseline data from a social marketing intervention designed to change household dietary practices among parents of 3- to 7-year-old children.
SettingA community sample drawn from six low-income, primarily minority neighbourhoods in Chicago, IL, USA.
SubjectsFrom the parent study, 526 respondents completed the baseline survey and were eligible for inclusion. Of this number, 495 provided complete data on sociodemographic characteristics, fruit and vegetable consumption, perceptions of the shopping environment, perceived costs of fruits and vegetables, and food shopping habits.
ResultsLogistic regression analysis showed that more positive perceptions of the food shopping environment were associated with greater consumption of fruits and vegetables. There was an increase of approximately twofold in the likelihood of consuming three or more fruits and vegetables daily per level of satisfaction ascribed to the shopping environment. This association was independent of perceived cost, store type and sociodemographic characteristics.
ConclusionsOur data show that among a generally minority and low-income population, quality, selection and convenience are important determinants of fruit and vegetable consumption. Nutrition promotion campaigns that aim to alter the built environment by increasing access to fruits and vegetables should recognize that simply increasing availability may not yield beneficial change when characteristics of the shopping context are ignored.