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200 Assessing Pre-Diabetes Knowledge, Attitudes, & Needs: A Study of the CHW Translational Advisory Board of South Texas
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- Elisabeth de la Rosa, Paula Winkler, Ariel Gomez, Belinda Flores, Ludivina Hernandez, Sharon Elwin, Virginia Lopez, April Kneuper, Vanessa Ortiz, Martha Flores, Raquel Romero, Kathryn E. Kanzler, The Community Health Worker Translational Advisory Board (TAB)
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- Journal of Clinical and Translational Science / Volume 8 / Issue s1 / April 2024
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 03 April 2024, pp. 61-62
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OBJECTIVES/GOALS: The CHW TAB is exploring pre-diabetes knowledge and perceived needs in south Texas to facilitate the role of CHWs to increase the capacity of community members to better manage their prediabetes diabetes risk. The long-term goal of this project is to show how the diagnosis of pre-diabetes can be managed to prevent type 2 diabetes. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We selected a two-pronged approach to gather quantitative and qualitative data. CHW TAB members collected data participated in different aspects of the project (e.g., study design, survey development, etc.). Data collection procedures include Quantitative - a 9-item survey in English and Spanish administered by each participating CHW in 2022 at community events. One hundred surveys were collected. In Phase 2: Qualitative, participants attended focus groups to gather in-depth data about pre-diabetes management, including challenges and opportunities, which will inform CHW-led intervention development. Eight English and one Spanish focus groups, with 65 participants in 6 counties were completed. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: This project is still in progress. Preliminary results show that most survey participants identify as Hispanic, and half have been diagnosed with pre-diabetes. Additionally, 87.8% report that prediabetes is a problem in their community. Preliminary focus group findings indicate that knowledge and support for managing prediabetes is missingin South Texas. Many participants report feeling “doomed” to develop type 2 diabetes but are eager to share their experiences. Additionally, participants report that family and culture play a huge part in their ability to eat healthier foods. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: These findings can help identify knowledge gaps, strengths, and areas for promoting and empowering better health behaviors among those who have pre-diabetes. Participant feedback and focus group responses will inform a CHW-led educational intervention through our TAB.
Early Beringian Traditions: Functioning and Economy of the Stone Toolkit from Swan Point CZ4b, Alaska
- Eugénie Gauvrit Roux, Yan Axel Gómez Coutouly, Charles E. Holmes, Yu Hirasawa
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- American Antiquity / Volume 89 / Issue 2 / April 2024
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 08 April 2024, pp. 279-301
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- April 2024
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The pressure knapping technique develops circa 25,000 cal BP in Northeast Asia and excels at producing highly standardized microblades. Microblade pressure knapping spreads throughout most of Northeast Asia up to the Russian Arctic, and Alaska, in areas where the human presence was unknown. Swan Point CZ4b is the earliest uncontested evidence of human occupation of Alaska, at around 14,000 cal BP. It yields a pressure microblade component produced with the Yubetsu method, which is widespread in Northeast Asia during the Late Glacial period. Through the techno-functional analysis of 634 lithic pieces from this site, this study seeks to identify the techno-economical purposes for which the Yubetsu method was implemented. Data show that the microblade production system is related to an economy based on the planning of future needs, which is visible through blanks standardization, their overproduction, their functional versatility, and the segmentation of part of the chaîne opératoire. This expresses the efficiency and economic value of the microblade production system. The flexible use of pressure microblades identified at Swan Point CZ4b is also found in Japan, Korea, Kamchatka, and the North Baikal region, suggesting that their modes of use accompany the spread of early microblade pressure knapping over an immense territory across Beringia.
12 Purpose in Life, Loneliness, and Subjective Cognitive Decline in an Ethnically Diverse US Sample
- Celina F. Pluim, Juliana A. U. Anzai, Jairo E. Martinez, Diana Munera, A. Paola Garza-Naveda, Clara Vila-Castelar, Edmarie Guzmán-Vélez, Liliana Ramirez-Gomez, Julian Bustin, Cecilia M. Serrano, Ganesh M. Babulal, Maira Okada de Oliveira, Yakeel T. Quiroz
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- Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society / Volume 29 / Issue s1 / November 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 21 December 2023, pp. 326-327
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Objective:
Subjective cognitive decline (SCD), the self-reported experience of worsening cognitive abilities (Jessen et al., 2014), is associated with increased risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment. Modifiable factors such as purpose in life (PiL), the experience of living a meaningful life where one’s life goals are attainable or being achieved (Boyle et al., 2009), and loneliness, an individual’s perceived social isolation (Luhmann & Hawkley, 2016), are known to be associated with SCD. These relationships are understudied among ethnically diverse groups. Using an online survey, we examined associations between PiL, loneliness and SCD in older ethnically diverse individuals living in the US.
Participants and Methods:870 older adults (126 Latino, 74 Black, 33 Asian, and 637 White; average age=67.0 [7.6]) completed an online survey including the Life Purpose Questionnaire, the Gierveld Loneliness Scale, and the Everyday Cognition scale (ECog), which measures subjective cognitive concerns in memory, language, executive function, and divided attention. Chi-square tests and analyses of variance were conducted to assess group differences in SCD and demographic/lifestyle predictors. Multiple regressions and correlations were conducted to assess the relationships between ethnicity and PiL with SCD, and the moderating effect of race/ethnicity. Multiple regressions and correlations were conducted to identify sociodemographic and lifestyle predictors of SCD in each study group.
Results:White participants were older (p<.001), and White and Asian groups had higher levels of education (p=.009) compared to Latinos. The White group had a higher proportion of female (p=.016) and middle-income (p=.019) respondents. Black participants had higher PiL (p=.035) and lower loneliness (p=.047) compared to White participants; there were no group differences in ECog ratings (p=.143). Regression results indicated that higher PiL associated with lower SCD in the whole sample (β=-.435, p<.001). The interaction between PiL and ethnic group was significant (β=.078, p=.025), suggesting the relationship between PiL and SCD was strongest in White participants, followed by Asian, then Latino, and finally Black participants. In Latinos, female sex (β=-.281, p=.004) and higher PiL (β=-.240, p=.034) predicted lower SCD ratings. In White participants, higher PiL (β = -.394, p < .001), and lower loneliness (β = .128, p = .003) predicted lower SCD ratings. Correlation analyses revealed no significant associations with SCD in the Black group, although the correlation between loneliness and SCD was trending (r=.222, p=.063). In the Asian group, greater PiL was associated with lower SCD ratings (r=-.439, p=.011).
Conclusions:Our findings suggest that PiL may be protective against SCD, particularly in Latino, Asian, and White adults. Differential predictive factors of SCD were also identified for our study groups, suggesting certain groups may benefit from specific targeted interventions. Overall, findings suggest that interventions geared toward increasing PiL and/or mitigating loneliness may help reduce SCD and the risk of cognitive decline in older adults in the US. As the current study was cross-sectional and faced sample size limitations in Asian and Black groups, future studies should include longitudinal assessment of these associations with larger and more representative samples to confirm our findings.
89 Depression and Executive Function in a Mexican Population
- Natalia Lozano Acosta, Yvette De Jesus, Krissy E Smith, Isabel D.C. Munoz, Adriana Cuello Cancino, Mariam Gomez, Raymundo Cervantes, Daniel W Lopez Hernandez
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- Journal:
- Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society / Volume 29 / Issue s1 / November 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 21 December 2023, pp. 289-290
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Objective:
Depression is a mood or emotional state that is characterized by feelings of sadness (i.e., a loss of interest in activities, low self-worth) for a minimum of two weeks. Executive function is a set of mental processes that are necessary for cognitive control of behavior to achieve and successfully execute a specific goal (e.g., inhibition). Researchers have reported that people with abnormal symptoms of depression (ASD) demonstrate worse executive functioning abilities (e.g., planning) compared to persons with normal symptoms of depression (NSD). Currently, there is a lack of research studies examining how depressive symptoms influence executive functioning in people that identify as Mexican. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the influence of depression on executive functioning in a healthy Mexican Spanish speaking population. We hypothesized that participants with NSD would demonstrate better executive functioning abilities compared to participants with ASD.
Participants and Methods:The sample in the present study consisted of 87 neurologically and psychologically healthy Mexican participants all residing in Mexico. Mean age was 24.71 (SD = 9.66) and 14.78 (SD = 4.50) years of education completed. Participants completed a neuropsychological battery in Spanish and were divided into two groups: NSD (n = 61) and ASD (n = 26). The Stroop Color Word Test - Color-Word (SCWT-CW) task, phonemic verbal fluency task consisting of three trials, and semantic verbal fluency task consisting of one trial were used to evaluate executive functioning. In addition, participants completed the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale in Spanish to report the current level of depression. ANCOVAS, controlling for age were used to examine executive functioning performance. We used a threshold of p < .05 for statistical significance.
Results:ANCOVAS revealed the NSD group outperformed the ASD group on the SCWT-CW task, p = .004, np2 = .10. We also found the NSD group outperformed the ASD group on the phonemic verbal fluency task, p = .045, np2 = .05. Finally, no significant differences were found between depression groups on the semantic verbal fluency task.
Conclusions:As we predicted, the NSD group demonstrated better executive functioning abilities compared to the ASD group, except on the semantic verbal fluency task. Our data suggests that the current level of depression have a significant influence on verbal executive functioning abilities in a Spanish speaking population. Future studies with larger sample size should evaluate if current symptoms of depression influence non-verbal executive functioning abilities in a Spanish speaking Mexican population.
25 Exploring Phonemic and Semantic Fluency Ability Across Multiple Generations
- Krithika Sivaramakrishnan, Dorthy Schmidt, Krissy E Smith, Brittany Heuchert, Adriana C Cuello, Natalia L Acosta, Miriam Gomez, Isabel D Munoz, Yvette D Jesus, Daniel W Lopez-Hernandez
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- Journal:
- Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society / Volume 29 / Issue s1 / November 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 21 December 2023, pp. 438-439
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Objective:
Verbal fluency tasks evaluate executive functioning by requiring a person to provide words within a certain time period that start with a certain letter (phonemic fluency) or category (semantic fluency). Research shows that age impacts test takers’ phonemic and semantic verbal fluency performance. In fact, it has been suggested that phonemic verbal fluency peaks around age 30 to 39 and begins to decline at older ages. In contrast to phonemic fluency, research suggests that semantic fluency increases steadily between test takers until age 12 and begins declining around age 20. A generation is a cohort of people born within a certain period who share age and experiences. Studies show that Generation X individuals (persons born between 1965-1980) outperform Generation Y (persons born between 19811995) and Generation Z individuals (persons born between 1965-1980) on the Cordoba Naming Test. To our knowledge, no study has investigated verbal fluency performance across generational groups. We predicted that Generation X individuals would outperform individuals from Generation Y and Z on both verbal fluency measures.
Participants and Methods:The sample of the present study consisted of 107 participants with a mean age of 27.39 (SD = 9.16). Participants were divided into three groups: Generation X (n = 19), Generation Y (n = 52), and Generation Z (n = 36). The phonemic verbal fluency task consisted of three trials and the semantic verbal fluency task consisted of one trial, one minute each. A series of ANCOVAs with Bonferroni post-hoc tests were used to evaluate verbal fluency performance between generational groups. All participants passed performance validity testing.
Results:We found significant differences between our generational groups on both verbal fluency tasks. Post-hoc tests revealed that the Generation Y group outperformed both Generation X and Z groups on both verbal fluency tasks, p’s <.05, np2 =.11 -.16. No significant differences were found on either verbal fluency task between the Generation X and Z groups.
Conclusions:Contrary to our hypothesis, Generation Y individuals possessed better phonemic and semantic fluency than both Generation X and Z individuals. Meanwhile, Generation X individuals did not significantly differ on any of the verbal fluency tasks compared to Generation Z individuals. Speaking multiple languages has been shown to impact verbal fluency performance. In our sample, the Generation X and Z groups consisted primarily of bilingual speakers compared to the Generation Y group. Examining generational differences is essential to understand the unique characteristics and impact of the times in which various individuals have grown up. Future research, for instance, should evaluate the influence of bilingualism across generational groups on verbal fluency performance.
30 Analyzing Spanish Speakers Cordoba Naming Test Performance
- Raymundo Cervantes, Isabel D.C. Munoz, Estefania J. Aguirre, Natalia Lozano Acosta, Mariam Gomez, Adriana C. Cuello, Krissy E. Smith, Diana I. Palacios Mata, Krithika Sivaramakrishnan, Yvette De Jesus, Santiago I. Espinoza, Diana M. R. Maqueda, David J. Hardy, Tara L. Victor, Alberto L. Fernandez, Daniel W. Lopez-Hernandez
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- Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society / Volume 29 / Issue s1 / November 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 21 December 2023, pp. 443-444
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Objective:
A 30-item confrontation naming test was developed in Argentina for Spanish speakers, The Cordoba Naming Test (CNT). The Boston Naming Test is an established confrontation naming task in the United States. Researchers have used the Boston Naming Test to identify individuals with different clinical pathologies (e.g., Alzheimer’s disease). The current literature on how Spanish speakers across various countries perform on confrontational naming tasks is limited. To our knowledge, one study investigated CNT performance across three Spanish-speaking countries (i.e., Argentina, Mexico, and Guatemala). Investigators found that the Guatemalan group underperformed on the CNT compared to the Argentine and Mexican groups. The purpose of this study was to extend the current literature and investigate CNT performance across five Spanish-speaking countries (i.e., Argentina, Mexico, Guatemala, Colombia, United States). We predicted that the Argentine group would outperform the other Spanish-speaking countries.
Participants and Methods:The present study sample consisted of 502 neurologically and psychologically healthy participants with a mean age of 29.06 (SD = 13.41) with 14.75 years of education completed (SD = 3.01). Participants were divided into five different groups based on their country of birth and current country residency (i.e., United States, Mexico, Guatemala, Argentina, & Colombia). All participants consented to voluntary participation and completed the CNT and a comprehensive background questionnaire in Spanish. The CNT consisted of 30 black and white line drawings, ranging from easy to hard in difficulty. An ANCOVA, controlling for gender, education, and age, was used to evaluate CNT performance between the five Spanish-speaking country groups. Meanwhile, a Bonferroni post-hoc test was utilized to evaluate the significant differences between Spanish-speaking groups. We used a threshold of p < .05 for statistical significance.
Results:Results revealed significant group differences between the five Spanish speaking groups on the CNT, p = .000, np2 = .48. Bonferroni post-hoc test revealed that the United States group significantly underperformed on the CNT compared to all the Spanish-speaking groups. Next, we found the Guatemalan group underperformed on the CNT compared to the Argentinian, Mexican, and Colombian groups. Additionally, we found the Argentinian group outperformed the Mexican, Guatemalan, and United States groups on the CNT. No significant differences were found between the Argentinian group and Colombian group or the Mexican group and Colombian group on the CNT.
Conclusions:As predicted, the Argentinian group outperformed all the Spanish-speaking groups on the CNT except the Colombian group. Additionally, we found that the United States group underperformed on the CNT compared to all the Spanish-speaking groups. A possible explanation is that Spanish is not the official language in the United States compared to the rest of the Spanish-speaking groups. Meanwhile, a possible reason why the Argentinian and Colombian groups demonstrated better CNT performances might have been that it was less culturally sensitive than the United States, Mexican, and Guatemalan groups. Further analysis is needed with bigger sample sizes across other Spanish-speaking countries (e.g., Costa Rica, Chile) to evaluate what variables, if any, are influencing CNT performance.
94 Physical Activity, Emotional Functioning, and Cognitive Concerns During the COVID-19 Pandemic Among Older Adults in the US
- Perla K. Ortiz-Acosta, Edmarie Guzmán-Vélez, Valeria Torres, Jairo E. Martínez, Ana Baena, Diana Munera, Enmanuelle Pardilla-Delgado, Celina Pluim, Ganesh Babulal, Liliana Ramírez-Gómez, Clara Vila-Castelar, Joshua Fox Fuller, Yakeel T. Quiroz
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- Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society / Volume 29 / Issue s1 / November 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 21 December 2023, pp. 394-395
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Objective:
Physical inactivity is associated with a greater risk of frailty, neuropsychiatric symptoms, worse quality of life, and increased risk for Alzheimer’s disease. Little is known about how physical activity engagement of older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic relates to subjective cognitive concerns and management of emotional distress. This study aimed to examine whether there were changes in physical activity during the pandemic in older adults at baseline and 3 months compared to before the pandemic and whether these changes varied based on age, sex, income level, and employment status. Further, we examined whether individuals who reported engaging in less physical activity experienced greater subjective cognitive difficulties and symptoms of depression and anxiety than those who maintained or increased their physical activity levels.
Participants and Methods:301 participants (73% non-Hispanic whites) completed an online survey in either English or Spanish between May and October 2020 and 3 months later. The Everyday Cognition Scale was used to measure subjective cognitive decline, the CES-D-R-10 scale to measure depressive symptoms, and the GAD-7 scale to measure anxiety symptoms. Changes in physical activity were measured with the question “Since the coronavirus disease pandemic began, what has changed for you or your family in regard to physical activity or exercise levels?” with options “less physical activity,” “increase in physical activity,” or “same activity level.” Income was self-reported as high, middle, or low. Analyses of chi-squared tests were used to examine differences in physical activity maintenance by age, income level, sex, and employment status.
Results:Most individuals (60%) reported having decreased their physical activity levels during the pandemic, at baseline and 3-month followup. There were differences in physical activity levels based on income and age: participants with a high income reported engaging in more physical activity than those with low income (X^2=4.78, p =.029). At the 3-month follow-up, middle-income participants reported being less active than the high-income earners (X^2=8.92, p=.003), and younger participants (55-65 years, approximately) reported being less active than older participants (X^2=5.28, p =.022). Those who reported an increase in their physical activity levels had fewer cognitive concerns compared to those who were less active at baseline, but this difference was not seen in the 3-month follow-up. Participants of all ages who reported having maintained or increased their physical activity levels had fewer depressive symptoms than those who were less active (p < 0.0001). Those who reported maintaining their physical activity levels exhibited fewer anxiety symptoms than those who were less active (p < 0.01).
Conclusions:Older adults reported changes in physical activity levels during the pandemic and some of these changes varied by sociodemographic factors. Further, maintaining physical activity levels was associated with lower symptoms of depression, anxiety, and cognitive concerns. Encouraging individuals and providing resources for increasing physical activity may be an effective way to mitigate some of the pandemic’s adverse effects on psychological wellbeing and may potentially help reduce the risk for cognitive decline. Alternately, it is possible that improving emotional distress could lead to an increase in physical activity levels and cognitive health.
68 Bilinguals' Perceived Workloads on The Boston Naming Test
- Krithika Sivaramakrishnan, Yvette D Jesus, Dorthy Schmidt, Brittany Heuchert, Krissy E Smith, Adriana C Cancino, Natalia Lozano, Miriam Gomez, Isabel D Munoz, Daniel W Lopez-Hernandez
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- Journal:
- Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society / Volume 29 / Issue s1 / November 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 21 December 2023, pp. 272-273
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Objective:
The Boston Naming Test (BNT) is a 60-item confrontation naming task requiring participants to name a series of pictures. Prior research has shown that bilingual children have smaller vocabularies than monolinguals and that this effect continues into adulthood. Numerous studies have confirmed that bilingual adults name fewer pictures correctly than monolinguals on the BNT. Research also shows that self-reported workload correlates with neuropsychological test performance and that estimates of workload provide additional information regarding cognitive outcomes. Hardy and Wright (2018) conditionally validated a measure of perceived mental workload called the NASA Task Load Index (NASA-TLX; Hart & Staveland 1988) with healthy adults on a neuropsychological test (i.e., the Tower of Hanoi). Research also shows that bilinguals report higher perceived workloads on cognitive tasks compared to monolinguals. Although this work has recently extended to other tests, to our knowledge, the workload profile of the BNT remains relatively unexplored. We evaluated BNT performance and perceived workload via the NASA-TLX in monolinguals and bilinguals. We predicted that monolinguals would outperform bilinguals on the BNT, but that bilinguals would report higher workloads.
Participants and Methods:The study sample consisted of 84 healthy participants (36 monolinguals, 48 bilinguals) with a mean age of 28.94 (SD = 10.76). Participants completed the standard 60-item BNT in English. The NASA-TLX scale was utilized to evaluate perceived workload across six subscales. The NASA-TLX was also completed in English after the completion of the BNT. ANOVAs were used to test BNT performance and perceived workload ratings between our language groups.
Results:We found that monolinguals performed better on the BNT compared to bilinguals, p =.001, np2 = 24. However, bilinguals reported exerting more effort when completing the BNT compared to monolinguals, p =.002, np2 = .11. Additionally. bilinguals also experienced more frustration when completing the BNT compared to monolinguals, p =.034, np2 = .05.
Conclusions:As expected, results revealed that monolinguals outperformed bilingual participants on the BNT. However, bilinguals exerted more effort on the BNT and reported the BNT to be more frustrating. A possible reason for bilinguals underperforming and reporting higher perceived workloads on the BNT may be because correct responses were only accepted in English. This may have caused bilingual speakers to exert increased effort to complete the task in a non-native language. In turn, this increased effort likely increased cognitive load and led to higher frustration levels. Further research is needed to confirm our findings and support the idea that bilingualism leads to perceiving greater effort and frustration, and to determine whether there are subgroup differences in BNT performances among bilingual individuals (e.g., English learned as a first language compared to English learned as a second language).
41 Analyzing Perceived Workloads in Bilinguals and Monolinguals’ Digit Span Performance
- Yvette De Jesus, Krithika Sivaramakrishnan, Adriana Cuello Cancino, Mariam Gomez Curiel, Natalia Lozano Acosta, Isabel D.C. Munoz, Krissy E. Smith, Daniel W. Lopez Hernandez
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- Journal:
- Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society / Volume 29 / Issue s1 / November 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 21 December 2023, p. 452
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Objective:
A common neuropsychological task used is the Digit Span, known as a test of attention and working memory. The Digit Span Forward (DS-F) task evaluates attention; meanwhile, the Digit Span Backward (DS-B) and Sequencing (DS-S) evaluate working memory. Research shows that persons that speak multiple languages demonstrate better attention and working memory abilities compared to monolingual speakers. The NASA Task Load Index (NASA-TLX) was conditionally validated by Hardy and Wright (2018) to measure perceived mental workload. Research also shows that bilinguals report higher perceived workloads on cognitive tasks compared to monolinguals. With that said, it was hypothesized that bilinguals would demonstrate better performances on Digit Span tasks compared to monolinguals. Additionally, it was hypothesized that bilinguals would report higher perceived workloads on all digit span tasks compared to monolinguals.
Participants and Methods:The sample consisted of 29 psychologically and neurologically healthy participants with a mean age of 29.66 (SD = 7.14). Participants were divided into two groups: English monolingual speakers (n = 10) and English and other language bilingual speakers (n = 19).
Participants completed all the subtests of the Digit Span (i.e., DS-F, DS-B, DS-S) in English. The NASA-TLX was used to measured DS-F, DS-B, and DS-S perceived workloads. The NASA-TLX was completed after each Digit Span subtest in English. We used ANOVAs to evaluate DS-F, DS-B, and DS-S performance and their perceived workload between our language groups.
Results:We found no significant differences between language groups on the DS-F. However, the bilingual group reported the DS-F to be more temporally demanding and frustrating compared to the monolingual group, p’s < .05, nps2 =.14-.15. Next, we found that the monolingual group outperformed the bilingual group on the DS-B task, p = .027, np2 = .17. On the other hand, the bilingual group reported the DS-B task to be more temporally demanding and frustrating compared to the monolingual group, p’s < .05, nps2=.18-.20. Finally, on the DS-S task the monolingual group outperformed the bilingual group, p = .043, np2 = .14. Meanwhile, the bilingual group reported the DS-S task to be more mentally and temporally demanding compared to the monolingual group, p’s < .05, nps2=.18-.34.
Conclusions:Contrary to our hypothesis, results show that monolinguals outperformed bilinguals on DS-B and DS-S, but not DS-F. However, as expected, bilinguals did report higher perceived workloads (e.g., frustration) on Digit Span tasks compared to monolinguals. A possible explanation could be that bilinguals’ efforts to remember the numbers were more taxing compared to monolinguals’ because they had to inhibit from verbally responding in their other language. Rushing bilinguals to provide responses, ultimately developing higher perceived workloads on Digit Span tasks. Future work should investigate if time perspective may be influencing bilingual speakers Digit Span performances and perceived workloads.
14 - Impact of the French Caribbean Revolutions in Continental Iberian America, 1791–1833
- from Part I - The Spanish Empire
- General editor Wim Klooster, Clark University, Massachusetts
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- The Cambridge History of the Age of Atlantic Revolutions
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- 20 October 2023
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- 09 November 2023, pp 374-398
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Summary
As elsewhere in the Atlantic World, the revolutionary processes in France and the French Antilles of the late eighteenth century had a tremendous impact in Iberian America. It was particularly intense in the Caribbean and the circum-Caribbean, but it could also be noticed in regions as distant as Chile and Brazil. Given the different geographical emplacements and the diverse socio-racial composition of the Iberian-American societies, that impact experienced great variations in time, nature, and scope. Bearing this in mind, this chapter studies the different echoes, entwinements and connections between Brazil and the Spanish-speaking territories with the French Atlantic during the revolutionary period and beyond. Particular attention is paid to the way those ties and links affected or influenced the local political ideas and sentiments, especially regarding the racial scope of citizenship and the debates on slavery.
Effects of front-of-package caffeine and sweetener disclaimers in Mexico: cross-sectional results from the 2020 International Food Policy Study
- Laura Patricia Arellano-Gómez, Alejandra Jáuregui, Claudia Nieto, Alejandra Contreras-Manzano, Kathia Larissa Quevedo, Christine M White, James F Thrasher, Rachel E Davis, David Hammond, Simón Barquera
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- Public Health Nutrition / Volume 26 / Issue 12 / December 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 02 October 2023, pp. 3278-3290
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Objective:
Front-of-package warning labels introduced in Mexico in 2020 included disclaimers that caution against allowing children to consume products with non-sugary sweeteners and caffeine. We examined the awareness and use of the disclaimers among Mexican adults and youth 1 month after the regulation was implemented. We also investigated their impact on the perceived healthfulness of industrialised beverages designed for children.
Design:Data on the awareness and use of the disclaimers were analysed. Two between-subjects experiments examined the effect of a sweetener disclaimer (Experiment 1, youth and adults) or a caffeine disclaimer (Experiment 2, only adults) on the perceived healthfulness of industrialised beverages. Interactions between experimental conditions and demographic characteristics were tested.
Setting:Online survey in 2020.
Participants:Mexican adults (≥18 years, n 2108) and youth (10–17 years, n 1790).
Results:Most participants (>80 %) had seen the disclaimers at least rarely, and over 60 % used them sometimes or frequently. The sweetener disclaimer led to a lower perceived healthfulness of a fruit drink (adults: 2·74 ± 1·44; youth: 2·04 ± 0·96) compared with the no-disclaimer condition (adults: 3·17 ± 1·54; youth: 2·32 ± 0·96) (t’s: >4·0, P values: <0·001). This effect was larger among older adults and male youth. The caffeine disclaimer did not affect adult’s perceived healthfulness of a caffeinated drink (t = 0·861, P value = 0·3894).
Conclusions:There were high awareness and use of the sweeteners and caffeine disclaimers shortly after the warning labels were implemented. The sweetener disclaimer appears to be helping consumers modify their perceptions regarding industrialised beverages for children. Findings may help decision-makers improve the regulation and better target communication strategies.
Does gender of the consumer influence the potential for dietary microbes to confer health benefits? – A scoping review
- A. Iyer, A. Mukherjee, B. Gómez-Sala, E. O'Connor, J.G. Kenny, P.D. Cotter
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- Proceedings of the Nutrition Society / Volume 82 / Issue OCE4 / 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 05 September 2023, E238
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Effects of intrahipocampal nmda on re-extinction of an aversive emotional memory task in rats
- E. P. Ruiz Gonzalez, D. M. Gómez Ordoñez, L. F. Cárdenas, M. N. Muñoz Argel
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- European Psychiatry / Volume 66 / Issue S1 / March 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 19 July 2023, p. S613
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Introduction
N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are involved in learning and memory. It is known that ventral hippocampus is a crucial structure involved in emotional memory formation mainly for fear and anxiety situations. The aim of this research is to identify the effect of the stimulation of ventral hipocampal NMDA receptors on the reextinction of an aversive emotional memory task. NMDA (0.2 ug/μl; 0.2 μl) or saline (0.9 %; 0.2 μl) was bilateral and locally administered in the ventral hippocampus of male Wistar rats, before the re-instatement trial.
The experimental group consisted of 10 animals and the control group by 9 subjects. The results suggest that the activation of ventral hipocampal NMDA receptors induces an increase in the time needed to re-extinguish the conditioned fear, suggesting a possible potentiating effect on re-installation.
ObjectivesTo evaluate the effect of NMDA at the intrahippocampal level, on the reinstatement and re extinction of a conditioned fear response in male Wistar rats.
MethodsThis study is experimental, where two groups of adult male Wistar rats were used. The bilateral cannulas was implanted, the animals were injected intraperitoneally with a mixture of ketamine (Rotexmédica) and xylacin (Bayer; 75 mg/Kg and 5 mg/Kg), respectively, then the animals were placed in a stereotaxic apparatus (Narishige) and injected with veterinary antibiotic.The (21G) caliber cannulas were bilaterally implanted in HPv at the following coordinates: AP = -5.2 mm relative to Bregma; ML = ± 5 mm in relation to the midline and DV = 5.1 mm in relation to the skull and according to the atlas (Paxinos & Watson, 1985).
ResultsIt was observed that in the first phase of extinction there were no statistically significant differences between the two groups, experimental and control, as in the second phase of extinction. The results obtained for the re-extinction phase 1 and 2 showed that there were significant statistical differences between the groups. This difference was only evident in the first three minutes in the two phases of re-extinction.
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ConclusionsStatistically significant differences were observed between the two groups, in the phases of re-extinction, seeing a longer time of the freezing response in the experimental group, as an effect of the application of NMDA in the ventral hippocampus (HPv), which suggests that this substance has a memory-enhancing effect, and therefore contributes to increasing the permanence of the fear response. It should be noted that this difference was only evident in the first three minutes in the two re-extinction phases. These results may be related to other studies where it has been shown that LTP is dependent on the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor in the CA1 region in vivo (Zhong, Cherry, Bies, Florence, & Gerges, 2009)
Disclosure of InterestNone Declared
Hyperammonemic Encephalopathy: valproic acid-induced adverse reaction
- E. Gómez, L. Gallardo, R. Fernández, E. Talaya, L. Al Chaal, E. Rybak
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- Journal:
- European Psychiatry / Volume 66 / Issue S1 / March 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 19 July 2023, pp. S1053-S1054
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Introduction
Hyperammonemic encephalopathy is an unusual but fatal consequence of patients being treated with valproic acid (VPA). The most relevant clinical features in cases of valproic acid-induced hyperammonemia include confusion, lethargy, vomiting, and increased seizure frequency and may progress to stupor, coma, and lead to death in isolated cases. The causes are not fully elucidated, but studies suggest alterations in liver and kidney function with abnormalities in the urea cycle causing increased ammonium levels.
ObjectivesClinical review and treatment approach for VPA-induced hyperammonemia encephalopathy.
MethodsClinical case and literature review.
ResultsA 23 - years - old male, admitted to the psychiatric unit for a psychotic episode in the context of drug use and associated affective symptoms. Treatment with antipsychotic (Risperidone 6mg per day) and mood stabilizer (valproic acid up to 1000/mg per day) was prescribed. After ten days of treatment, the patient started with low level of awareness and abnormal behaviour. Neurological examination showed marked somnolence, dysarthric language, unstable gait and behavioral alterations. In the physical examination the constants are stable with discrete tachycardia. Laboratory tests revealed hyperammonemia (609μg/dL), with normal liver function and serum concentration of total valproic acid was therapeutic (69mg/L). Brain computed tomography (CT) revealed no significant anomalies. Doctors initiated treatment with daily cleansing enema and VPA was suspended immediatly. After forty-eight hours the patient’s mental status gradually improved back to baseline and the ammonium levels were normalized in medical tests.
ConclusionsValproate-induced hyperammonemic encephalopathy is an unusual but serious complication. It is often underdiagnosed, with an unclearly incidence. The consequences of undertreatment can be potentially deadly. Clinical suspicion should be established in all patients with decreased level of consciousness in patients receiving VPA. Hyperammonemia can be asymptomatic in half of the cases and can occur in people with normal therapeutic doses and normal serum valproate levels. The mechanism of VPA-induced hyperammonemic encephalopathy is unclear. At present, it is thought to be primarily due to propionic acid, a metabolite of VPA, which inhibits an enzyme necessary for the elimination of ammonia in the urea cycle. In addition, VPA can raise plasma ammonia levels through interaction with carnitine, leading to increased renal excretion of carnitine. In terms of treatment, the main recommendations agree that discontinuation of valproate is the most effective therapy, followed by administration of lactulose to reduce ammonium levels. Carnitine supplementation may be useful in the following cases: for seizure disorders in children at risk of developing carnitine deficiency, in VPA poisoning and in VPA-induced hepatotoxicity.
Disclosure of InterestNone Declared
TRANVIA: A program for continuum mental health assistance in transition period
- L. Pérez Gómez, A. González Álvarez, M. A. Reyes Cortina, E. Lanza Quintana, N. Álvarez Alvargonzález, C. Rodríguez Turiel, E. Lago Machado, J. J. Martínez Jambrina
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- European Psychiatry / Volume 66 / Issue S1 / March 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 19 July 2023, p. S728
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Introduction
Transition between adolescence and adulthood represents the most important challenge for personal development and involves several transformations: physical, psychological and social. It is a complex age bracket, concurring the transition from youth psychiatric units to adult ones, with an increased risk for the appearance of mental disorders and risky behaviours. TRANVIA program, developed in Avilés, provides psychiatric assistance to patients between 15 and 25 years old, diagnosed with a severe psychiatric disorder or with an increased risk of having one.
ObjectivesOur objectives are: ensuring clinical continuity assistance, promoting communication among professionals and the empowerment of our patients to improve their functionality and quality of life.
MethodsDescriptive study including patients involved in TRANVIA program from November 2019 to November 2021.
ResultsDuring this two-years period there have been 44 referrals to the program, 11 of them were rejected for failure to comply with diagnostic criteria. In November 2021 there were 33 patients included in the TRANVIA program with an average age of 17 years old (range: 15-22). 70% of them were men and 30% women. All of them had psychiatric assistance from different sources: youth mental health units, neuropediatrics… About 75% of the patients were diagnosed with autistic spectrum disorder and approximately three-quarters of the sample needed pharmacological treatment. Risperidone was the most prescribed drug. We have also developed other assistance alternatives as home-based care, relaxation sessions, social worker interventions and coordination with schools.
ConclusionsTRANVIA program has allowed us to provide continual attention to vulnerable patients that shift from youth psychiatric units to adult ones. Patients that meet inclusion criteria were enrolled independently the type of assistance they have previously received. Accessibility and flexibility were our priority. During the described period there was only one dropout, three patients required psychiatric hospitalization and two others visited the emergency department. There have been no cases of completed suicide.
Disclosure of InterestNone Declared
A clinical case of anosognosia in a CADASIL disease.
- E. Talaya Navarro, L. Gallardo Borge, E. Gómez Fernández, R. Fernández Díaz, L. Al Chaal Marcos, E. Rybak Koite
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- European Psychiatry / Volume 66 / Issue S1 / March 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 19 July 2023, pp. S1000-S1001
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Introduction
CADASIL (Cerebral Autosomal Dominant Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy) is a cerebrovascular disease, tht appears in 1.98/100,000. It´s caused by a mutation of the Notch3 gene and is characterized by accumulation of granular osmiophilic material in the middle layer of the small and median sized cerebral arteries.
Sypmtoms are migraine, recurrent cerebral ischemic episodes, dementia, neuropsychiatric disorders (anosognosia, character disorders, apathy and cognitive impairment). It usually appears between 30-60 years, although there is an important variability. There is no curative treatment, only palliative.
ObjectivesClinical review of anosognosia and its presence in CADASIL disease.
MethodsClinical case and literatura review.
ResultsWe presented the clinical case of a 68-year-old man, who was diagnosed with CADASIL after a stroke 3 years earlier. In his family, his brother was diagnosed also with CADASIL. The patient had previously presented disturbances in impulse control (hyperorality) and important executive failures. He currently presented anosognosia, deficits in verbal memory, spatial perception and executive functions, in addition to behavioral alterations and apathy. Due to these deficits he was prohibited from certain activities (driving, hunting).
The patient was not aware of these deficits and becouse of his “no knowledge of his illness”, he disagreed with these prohibitions, so he showed rage and anger at the impotence of not understanding why certain actions are prohibited.
In the consultation, mnesic errors and in naming objects were also objectified, for which it was recommended to carry out cognitive stimulation on a daily basis. In addition, he presented failures of sphincter incontinence, especially of urine and occasionally also of the anal sphincter. He had previously had episodes of myoclonus or fasciculations.
A genetic study by massive sequencing confirmed the heterozygous presence of the pathogenic variant c.1819C>T p.(Arg607Cys) in the NOTCH3 gene, a CADASIL disease.
ConclusionsThe anosognosia that many patients with CADASIL disease present constitutes a problem because it contributes to the delay in consultation and, therefore, the delay in the adequate diagnostic approach, therapeutic possibilities and family genetic counseling. Due in part to anosognosia, CADASIL is considered an underdiagnosed entity. Due to the lack of awareness and the consequent lack of recognition of the deficit, these people are often seen as stubborn and difficult to deal with by people in their immediate environment.
In addition, there is general difficulty in the rehabilitation process, since patients do not think the neccesity to be treated. This can generate frustration and despair both in their relatives and in the health personnel.
For all these reasons, both in anosognosia and in CADASIL disease, adequate psychological support is needed for both those affected and their families.
Disclosure of InterestNone Declared
A family history of suicide in bipolar disorders: powerful, powerless
- M. Sagué Vilavella, G. Fico, G. Anmella, A. Giménez, M. Gómez Ramiro, M. T. Pons Cabrera, S. Madero, A. Murru, E. Vieta
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- European Psychiatry / Volume 66 / Issue S1 / March 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 19 July 2023, p. S387
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Introduction
When completing the medical record of a patient with bipolar disoder (BD), hardly anything is more impacting than a family history of completed suicide (FHS). In fact, FHS is a main risk factor for personal suicide attempts and death in this population. There are few modifiable protective factors against suicide in BD, such as lithium treatment and absence of substance abuse.
ObjectivesWe aimed to explore the relationship between a FHS and clinical characteristics in patients with BD. Given the impact that FHS has on the individual and on healthcare professionals, we hypothesized that it would modify behaviors towards a higher prevalence of the modifiable protective factors against suicide, namely more treatment with lithium and less drug addiction.
MethodsThis is a cross-sectional study that included all patients with BD that were followed up in a specialised unit between 1998 and 2020. Only subjects with complete information on FHS were retained for the analysis. We assessed sociodemographic and clinical data and described it with measures of frequency, central tendency and dispersion. Differences between subjects with and without FHS were calculated with χ², Fisher’s exact test and Student’s t-test as appropriate. We set the significance level at p≤0.05. All tests were two-tailed.
ResultsThe sample consisted of 480 subjects with a mean age of 45.9 years (standard deviation 14.4, range 18-88), of which 54.4% (n=261) were women. 69.2% (n=332) had a diagnosis of BD type I and 30.8% (n=148) of BD type II. 77 subjects (16%) had a FHS. Regarding differences between groups, those with relatives who had committed suicide did not show statistically significant differences in terms of sociodemographic variables (age, gender, civil status, employment) or key clinical features (type of BD, illness duration, psychotic features, predominant polarity, rapid cycling, number of lifetime manic and depressive episodes, comorbid personality disorder), neither did they have a higher use of lithium (55.8% vs 59.3%, p=0.572) nor lower substance use disorder (10.9% vs 15.5%, p=0.34). Predictably, people with FHS had a higher prevalence of family history of mental and affective disorders (96.1% vs 70.9%, p<0.001; 86.3% vs 56.3%, p<0.001) and of stressful life events (71.6% vs 58.9%, p=0.05). Personal lifetime suicide attempts also tended to be higher (36.4% vs 26.7%, p=0.088).
ConclusionsContrary to our hypothesis, in our sample of subjects with BD a FHS was not associated with a higher prevalence of the modifiable protective factors against suicide. Therefore, although suicide has a major impact both in families and healthcare professionals, our results suggest it does not modify attitudes towards prevention in a real-life scenario. The main limitation of our study is its cross-sectional design, which does not allow for causal inference. In conclusion, there is room for improvement in the fight against suicide.
Disclosure of InterestNone Declared
Examining the ontogeny of the Pennsylvanian cladid crinoid Erisocrinus typus Meek and Worthen, 1865
- Noel J. Hernandez Gomez, Lisette E. Melendez, Whitney A. Lapic, Sarah L. Sheffield, Ronald D. Lewis
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- Journal of Paleontology / Volume 97 / Issue 4 / July 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 13 July 2023, pp. 906-913
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Crinoids were major constituents of late Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian) marine ecosystems, but their rapid disarticulation rates after death result in few well-preserved specimens, limiting the study of their growth. This is amplified for cladids, who had among the highest disarticulation rates of all Paleozoic crinoids due to the relatively loose suturing of the calyx plates. However, Erisocrinus typus Meek and Worthen, 1865 has been found in unusually large numbers, most preserved as cups but some as nearly complete crowns, in the Barnsdall Formation in Oklahoma. The Barnsdall Formation, a Koncentrat Lagerstätte, is composed predominantly of fine- to medium-grained sandstone, overlain by mudstone and shale; severe compaction of the fossils in the mudstone and shale layer in this formation allowed for exceptional preservation of the plates. Herein, we summarize a growth study based on 10 crowns of E. typus, showcasing a well-defined growth series of this species from the Barnsdall Formation, including fossils from juvenile stages of development, which are rarely preserved. We used high-resolution photographs imported into ImageJ and recorded measurements of the cup and arms for all nondistorted or disarticulated plates. Results show that the plates of the cup grew anisometrically with both positive and negative allometry. The primibrachial plates of E. typus grew with positive allometry. The brachial plates started as uniserial (i.e., cuneiform) as juveniles but shifted to be biserial. Erisocrinus typus broadly shares similar growth trajectories with other cladids. These growth patterns provide insight into feeding strategies and can aid in understanding crinoid evolutionary paleoecological trends.
Effect of COVID-19 pandemic on utilisation of community-based mental health care in North-East of Italy: A psychiatric case register study
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- E. Prina, F. Tedeschi, D. Salazzari, T. Botte, M. Ballarin, L. Rabbi, G. Imperadore, S. Roccato, S. Nicolaou, M. Ruggeri, F. Gomez, A. Lasalvia, F. Amaddeo
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- Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences / Volume 32 / 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 11 April 2023, e17
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Aims
WHO declared that mental health care should be considered one essential health service to be maintained during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. This study aims to describe the effect of lockdown and restrictions due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy on mental health services’ utilisation, by considering psychiatric diagnoses and type of mental health contacts.
MethodsThe study was conducted in the Verona catchment area, located in the Veneto region (northeastern Italy). For each patient, mental health contacts were grouped into: (1) outpatient care, (2) social and supportive interventions, (3) rehabilitation interventions, (4) multi-professional assessments, (5) day care. A ‘difference in differences’ approach was used: difference in the number of contacts between 2019 and 2020 on the weeks of lockdown and intermediate restrictions was compared with the same difference in weeks of no or reduced restrictions, and such difference was interpreted as the effect of restrictions. Both a global regression on all contacts and separate regressions for each type of service were performed and Incidence Rate Ratios (IRRs) were calculated.
ResultsIn 2020, a significant reduction in the number of patients who had mental health contacts was found, both overall and for most of the patients’ characteristics considered (except for people aged 18–24 years for foreign-born population and for those with a diagnosis of schizophrenia. Moreover, in 2020 mental health contacts had a reduction of 57 096 (−33.9%) with respect to 2019; such difference remained significant across the various type of contacts considered, with rehabilitation interventions and day care showing the greatest reduction. Negative Binomial regressions displayed a statistically significant effect of lockdown, but not of intermediate restrictions, in terms of reduction in the number of contacts. The lockdown period was responsible of a 32.7% reduction (IRR 0.673; p-value <0.001) in the overall number of contacts. All type of mental health contacts showed a reduction ascribable to the lockdown, except social and supportive interventions.
ConclusionsDespite the access to community mental health care during the pandemic was overall reduced, the mental health system in the Verona catchment area was able to maintain support for more vulnerable and severely ill patients, by providing continuity of care and day-by-day support through social and supportive interventions.
(Epi)genetic control of secondary seed dormancy depth and germination in Capsella bursa-pastoris
- Sara Gomez-Cabellos, Peter E. Toorop, Eduardo Fernández-Pascual, Pietro P. M. Iannetta, Hugh W. Pritchard, Anne M. Visscher
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- Seed Science Research / Volume 32 / Issue 4 / December 2022
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 29 November 2022, pp. 200-221
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Despite the importance of secondary dormancy for plant life cycle timing and survival, there is insufficient knowledge about the (epigenetic) regulation of this trait at the molecular level. Our aim was to determine the role of (epi)genetic processes in the regulation of secondary seed dormancy using natural genotypes of the widely distributed Capsella bursa-pastoris. Seeds of nine ecotypes were exposed to control conditions or histone deacetylase inhibitors [trichostatin A (TSA), valproic acid] during imbibition to study the effects of hyper-acetylation on secondary seed dormancy induction and germination. Valproic acid increased secondary dormancy and both compounds caused a delay of t50 for germination (radicle emergence) but not of t50 for testa rupture, demonstrating that they reduced speed of germination. Transcriptome analysis of one accession exposed to valproic acid versus water showed mixed regulation of ABA, negative regulation of GAs, BRs and auxins, as well as up-regulation of SNL genes, which might explain the observed delay in germination and increase in secondary dormancy. In addition, two accessions differing in secondary dormancy depth (deep vs non-deep) were studied using RNA-seq to reveal the potential regulatory processes underlying this trait. Phytohormone synthesis or signalling was generally up-regulated for ABA (e.g. NCED6, NCED2, ABCG40, ABI3) and down-regulated for GAs (GA20ox1, GA20ox2, bHLH93), ethylene (ACO1, ERF4-LIKE, ERF105, ERF109-LIKE), BRs (BIA1, CYP708A2-LIKE, probable WRKY46, BAK1, BEN1, BES1, BRI1) and auxin (GH3.3, GH3.6, ABCB19, TGG4, AUX1, PIN6, WAT1). Epigenetic candidates for variation in secondary dormancy depth include SNL genes, histone deacetylases and associated genes (HDA14, HDA6-LIKE, HDA-LIKE, ING2, JMJ30), as well as sequences linked to histone acetyltransferases (bZIP11, ARID1A-LIKE), or to gene silencing through histone methylation (SUVH7, SUVH9, CLF). Together, these results show that phytohormones and epigenetic regulation play an important role in controlling differences in secondary dormancy depth between accessions.