Active wake control (AWC) has emerged as a promising strategy for enhancing wind turbine wake recovery, but accurately modelling its underlying fluid mechanisms remains challenging. This study presents a computationally efficient wake model that provides end-to-end prediction capability from rotor actuation to wake recovery enhancement by capturing the coupled dynamics of wake meandering and mean flow modification, requiring only two inputs: a reference wake without control and a user-defined AWC strategy. The model combines physics-based resolvent modelling for large-scale coherent structures and an eddy viscosity modelling for small-scale turbulence. A Reynolds stress model is introduced to account for the influence of both coherent and incoherent wake fluctuations, so that the time-averaged wake recovery enhanced by the AWC can be quantitatively predicted. Validation against large-eddy simulations (LES) across various AWC approaches and actuating frequencies demonstrates the model’s predictive capability, accurately capturing AWC-specific and frequency-dependent mean wake recovery with less than 8 % error from LES while reducing computational time from thousands of central-processing-unit hours to minutes. The efficiency and accuracy of the model makes it a promising tool for practical AWC design and optimization of large-scale wind farms.

Long-duration and time-resolved particle image velocimetry measurements were conducted in rough-wall open channel flows (OCFs), with the friction Reynolds number ranging from 642 to 2034. The primary objective is to investigate the impacts of various turbulent motions at different scales on the mean wall-shear stress ($\langle \tau _w \rangle$). To achieve this aim, a physical decomposition of $\langle \tau _w \rangle$ was initially performed utilizing the double-averaged methodology proposed by Nikora et al. (2019 J. Fluid Mech. 872, 626–664). This method enabled the breakdown of $\langle \tau _w \rangle$ into three distinct constituents: viscous, turbulent and dispersive stress segments. The findings underscore the substantial roles that turbulent and dispersive stresses play, accounting for over 75 % and 9 % of $\langle \tau _w \rangle$, respectively. Subsequently, a scale decomposition was further applied to analyse the contributions of coherent motions at different scales to $\langle \tau _w \rangle$. Adopting typical cutoff streamwise wavelengths ($\lambda _x = 3h$ and $10h$), the contribution of large-scale motions (LSMs) and very large-scale motions (VLSMs) to the overall wall-shear stress was quantified. It was revealed that turbulent motions with $\lambda _x \gt 3h$ and $\lambda _x \gt 10h$ contribute more than 40 % and 18 % of $\langle \tau _w \rangle$, respectively. The scale decomposition of the wall-shear stress and the contribution from LSMs and VLSMs exhibit evident dependencies on the Reynolds number. The contribution of LSMs and VLSMs to $\langle \tau _w \rangle$ is lower in rough OCFs compared with those of smooth counterparts. Secondary currents induced by the rough wall are hypothesised to be responsible for the reduced strength of LSMs and VLSMs and decreases in their contribution to $\langle \tau _w \rangle$.

A linear stability model based on a phase-field method is established to study the formation of ripples on the ice surface. The pattern on horizontal ice surfaces, e.g. glaciers and frozen lakes, is found to be originating from a gravity-driven instability by studying ice–water–air flows with a range of water and ice thicknesses. Contrary to gravity, surface tension and viscosity act to suppress the instability. The results demonstrate that a larger value of either water thickness or ice thickness corresponds to a longer dominant wavelength of the pattern, and a favourable wavelength of 90 mm is predicted, in agreement with observations from nature. Furthermore, the profiles of the most unstable perturbations are found to be with two peaks at the ice–water and water–air interfaces whose ratio decreases exponentially with the water thickness and wavenumber.

Aims: We aimed to determine differences in subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (sgACC) resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) in Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) vs. healthy volunteers (HV) using 7-Tesla functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Abnormalities in the sgACC are linked to MDD, but the sgACC is anatomically and functionally diverse, including Brodmann area (BA) 25 (Cg25) and the subgenual portion of area 32 (Cg32). The differences in rsFC between Cg25 and Cg32 in MDD compared with HVs have not been directly examined. High-resolution 7T fMRI offers an unrivalled opportunity to measure differences in rsFC between these two subregions which otherwise suffer from signal dropout.

Methods: We used resting state 7T fMRI to compare rsFC between Cg25 and Cg32 in 40 patients with MDD, and 38 HVs. Within the MDD group, we correlated rsFC changes with anhedonia (SHAPS) and anxiety (STICSA) scores together with baseline high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) measures.

Results: Across all 78 participants, Cg25 and Cg32 showed regionally distinct rsFC patterns despite their proximity. Cg25 had increased rsFC to the orbitofrontal cortex, amygdala, hippocampus and dorsolateral (dl)PFC/BA46, while Cg32 showed increased rsFC to the perigenual (pg) and dorsal (d)ACC, dlPFC/BA9, posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), ventral striatum, and ventral tegmental area. When comparing MDD patients to HV, both Cg25 and Cg32 exhibited increased rsFC to the anterior (ant)PFC/BA10, amygdala and hypothalamus, together with key nodes of the default mode network (DMN), including pgACC, rostral ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and the PCC. rsFC to nodes of the central executive and salience networks, such as the right dlPFC/BA46 and the bilateral insula, was decreased. Within the MDD group, Cg32-antPFC/BA10 and Cg32-dlPFC/BA9 rsFC was positively correlated with anhedonia scores; additionally, subthreshold clusters were identified in the ventral striatum, pgACC and hypothalamus. Cg25-antPFC/BA10 and Cg25-PCC rsFC was negatively correlated with anxiety scores. Cg32 rsFC to the insula, dlPFC/BA9 and and dmPFC/BA10 showed negative correlations with hsCRP measures.

Conclusion: These findings suggest that sgACC subregions have distinct rsFC patterns which are altered in MDD. rsFC changes are differentially related to symptoms of anhedonia and anxiety, together with inflammatory status. This has important implications for the development of targeted neuromodulation treatment strategies.

Aims: The Early Intervention in Psychosis (EPIP) team in Singapore extended its remit to see 12–15-year-old patients presenting with diagnosed psychosis (not ARMS) in 2019. This program has been running for 4 years and a sizeable data set is now available on this group of patients. This is a novel service. Research and evaluation of this service will add to the understanding of how to configure services for this clinically challenging population.

Methods: De-identified operational data is available at the Institute of Mental Health. Data from 2019–2022 was extracted with the permission of the Data Protection Officer and de-identified through the Data Science Office. Patients aged 12–18 seen by EPIP from 2019–2021 were included in the study. This will allow 1 year’s data to be included and studied. Descriptive statistics looking at the demographics, orders, chargeable contact points with the hospital, admissions and payment information are described for this group.

Results: 78 patients were found from this dataset to have been included in the 12–18 EPIP program. In the 3 years 2019–2021, there were gradually increasing numbers of patients seen in this program, 21, 25 and 32 respectively. There were similar numbers of patients in the 12–15 age group as compared with those accepted into the service between 16–18. There was a higher representation of ethnic minorities and females into the program.

Conclusion: This is a new service looking at confirmed cases of psychosis in the younger age group 12–15. As an estimate, this figure is similar to the number of patients accepted to Early psychosis intervention programs aged 16–18. There is an over representation of females and ethnic minorities in this clinical population. There is a distinct need for services targeting this group of patients.

The effort required for analysis of operational data is high and dependent on the quality of the operation data repository. The current state of the data sets in IMH are not conducive for studying and may limit the reliability of the data presented here. Knowledge of the dataset and its clinical implications was required to be able to process the data. Further exploration of this data is planned.

This study advances neorealist theory by examining how systemic constraints shape state behavior through economic statecraft, focusing on China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and Iran’s strategic calculations. Employing methodological triangulation – network analysis, discourse examination, and institutional assessment – this research explores the strategic logic underpinning the China-Iran engagement. For Iran, the BRI emerges as a mechanism for institutional resilience and sanctions circumvention, though its integration remains constrained by systemic limitations and regional competition. For China, the BRI serves as a geopolitical infrastructure strategy to expand influence and secure resources, despite concerns over economic sustainability. By framing economic statecraft as a strategic response to systemic constraints, this study challenges conventional materialist and militaristic paradigms of international relations. It critically assesses the generalizability of BRI partnerships, illustrating how states, bound by structural limitations, use economic instruments to reshape their strategic environments. Ultimately, the research offers nuanced insight into emerging power dynamics in a multipolar world, extending beyond traditional power-centric models.

This paper introduces a novel ray-tracing methodology for various gradient-index materials, particularly plasmas. The proposed approach utilizes adaptive-step Runge–Kutta integration to compute ray trajectories while incorporating an innovative rasterization step for ray energy deposition. By removing the requirement for rays to terminate at cell interfaces – a limitation inherent in earlier cell-confined approaches – the numerical formulation of ray motion becomes independent of specific domain geometries. This facilitates a unified and concise tracing method compatible with all commonly used curvilinear coordinate systems in laser–plasma simulations, which were previously unsupported or prohibitively complex under cell-confined frameworks. Numerical experiments demonstrate the algorithm’s stability and versatility in capturing diverse ray physics across reduced-dimensional planar, cylindrical and spherical coordinate systems. We anticipate that the rasterization-based approach will pave the way for the development of a generalized ray-tracing toolkit applicable to a broad range of fluid simulations and synthetic optical diagnostics.

The cold storage of biological control agents, such as parasitoids, is a valuable method utilised in mass rearing to ensure the availability of sufficient individuals when needed. This study evaluated the effects of storage temperatures of 9°C and 12°C, along with incubation periods of 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 days, on the biological fitness of Bracon adoxophyesi Minamikawa (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). The results demonstrated that the survival rates of adult wasps exceeded 90.0% after being stored at both 9°C and 12°C for 35 days. At these temperatures, female wasps exhibited their longest lifespan at 14 days, whereas male longevity decreased progressively from 7 to 35 days. The parasitism rates observed were 43.0% at 9°C and 46.0% at 12°C after 7 days of refrigeration, with a subsequent reduction noted after 35 days. The fecundity of parasitic wasps decreased with the extension of storage time, but no significant difference was found in total egg production within 28 days of storage. Additionally, cold storage did not significantly affect the survival of the offspring; however, the proportion of females among the raised offspring was higher than in the control group. In comparing fitness parameters to the control, wasp vitality was notably higher after 21 days of storage at 9°C or 14 days at 12°C, indicating that these combinations of temperature and time are optimal. The findings of this study serve as a reference for optimising cold storage techniques and facilitating the large-scale application of B. adoxophyesi.

Manganese (Mn) is a crucial trace element that actively participates in a diverse array of physiological processes. Mn is maintained at appropriate levels in the body by absorption and excretion by the body. Dysregulation of Mn homeostasis can lead to a variety of diseases, especially the accumulation of Mn in the brain, resulting in toxic side effects. We reviewed the metabolism and distribution of Mn at multiple levels, including organ, cellular, and sub-cell levels. Mitochondria are the main sites of Mn metabolism and energy conversion in cells. Enhanced Mn superoxide dismutase activity reduces mitochondrial oxidative stress and inhibits cancer development. In addition, Mn enhances anticancer immune responses through the cGAS-STING pathway. We introduced various delivery vectors for Mn delivery to cancer sites for Mn supplementation and anti-cancer immunity. This review aims to provide new research perspectives for the application of Mn in the prevention and treatment of human diseases, especially by enhancing anticancer immune responses to inhibit cancer progression.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity, accompanied by deficits in executive function (EF). However, how the two core symptoms of ADHD are affected by EF deficits remains unclear. 649 children with ADHD were recruited. Data were collected from ADHD rating scales, the Behavior Rating Inventory of EF (BRIEF), and other demographic questionnaires. Regression and path analyses were conducted to explore how deficits in cool and hot EF influence different ADHD core symptoms. Latent class analysis and logistic regression were employed to further examine whether classification of ADHD subtypes is associated with specific EF deficits. EF deficits significantly predicted the severity of ADHD core symptoms, with cool EF being a greater predictor of inattention and hot EF having a more significant effect on hyperactivity/impulsivity. Moreover, person-centered analyses revealed higher EF deficits in subtypes of ADHD with more severe symptoms, and both cool and hot EF deficits could predict the classification of ADHD subtypes. Our findings identify distinct roles for cool and hot EF deficits in the two core symptoms of ADHD, which provide scientific support for the development of ADHD diagnostic tools and personalized intervention from the perspective of specific EF deficits.

With numerous applications of coilable masts in high-precision space application scenarios, there are also greater demands on the accuracy of their dynamic modelling and analysis. The modelling of hinges is a critical issue in the dynamic modelling of coilable masts, which significantly affects the accuracy of the dynamic response analysis. For coilable masts, the rotational effect is the most important problem in hinge modelling. However, few studies have focused on this topic. To address this problem, the concept of hinge equivalent rotational stiffness is proposed in this paper to describe the rotational effect of the coilable mast hinges. After that, a new coilable mast dynamic model containing the undetermined hinge equivalent rotational stiffness is introduced, and an identification method for the hinge equivalent rotational stiffness based on the hammer test is proposed. Finally, the dynamic modelling method is validated through an actual coilable mast example, and the analysis and test results show that the accuracy of the dynamic model established by the proposed method in this paper is greater than that of the traditional model.