The association between cannabis and psychosis is established, but the role of underlying genetics is unclear. We used data from the EU-GEI case-control study and UK Biobank to examine the independent and combined effect of heavy cannabis use and schizophrenia polygenic risk score (PRS) on risk for psychosis.

Genome-wide association study summary statistics from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium and the Genomic Psychiatry Cohort were used to calculate schizophrenia and cannabis use disorder (CUD) PRS for 1098 participants from the EU-GEI study and 143600 from the UK Biobank. Both datasets had information on cannabis use.

In both samples, schizophrenia PRS and cannabis use independently increased risk of psychosis. Schizophrenia PRS was not associated with patterns of cannabis use in the EU-GEI cases or controls or UK Biobank cases. It was associated with lifetime and daily cannabis use among UK Biobank participants without psychosis, but the effect was substantially reduced when CUD PRS was included in the model. In the EU-GEI sample, regular users of high-potency cannabis had the highest odds of being a case independently of schizophrenia PRS (OR daily use high-potency cannabis adjusted for PRS = 5.09, 95% CI 3.08–8.43, p = 3.21 × 10−10). We found no evidence of interaction between schizophrenia PRS and patterns of cannabis use.

Regular use of high-potency cannabis remains a strong predictor of psychotic disorder independently of schizophrenia PRS, which does not seem to be associated with heavy cannabis use. These are important findings at a time of increasing use and potency of cannabis worldwide.

Cannabis use and familial vulnerability to psychosis have been associated with social cognition deficits. This study examined the potential relationship between cannabis use and cognitive biases underlying social cognition and functioning in patients with first episode psychosis (FEP), their siblings, and controls.

We analyzed a sample of 543 participants with FEP, 203 siblings, and 1168 controls from the EU-GEI study using a correlational design. We used logistic regression analyses to examine the influence of clinical group, lifetime cannabis use frequency, and potency of cannabis use on cognitive biases, accounting for demographic and cognitive variables.

FEP patients showed increased odds of facial recognition processing (FRP) deficits (OR = 1.642, CI 1.123–2.402) relative to controls but not of speech illusions (SI) or jumping to conclusions (JTC) bias, with no statistically significant differences relative to siblings. Daily and occasional lifetime cannabis use were associated with decreased odds of SI (OR = 0.605, CI 0.368–0.997 and OR = 0.646, CI 0.457–0.913 respectively) and JTC bias (OR = 0.625, CI 0.422–0.925 and OR = 0.602, CI 0.460–0.787 respectively) compared with lifetime abstinence, but not with FRP deficits, in the whole sample. Within the cannabis user group, low-potency cannabis use was associated with increased odds of SI (OR = 1.829, CI 1.297–2.578, FRP deficits (OR = 1.393, CI 1.031–1.882, and JTC (OR = 1.661, CI 1.271–2.171) relative to high-potency cannabis use, with comparable effects in the three clinical groups.

Our findings suggest increased odds of cognitive biases in FEP patients who have never used cannabis and in low-potency users. Future studies should elucidate this association and its potential implications.

Corticosteroids are a key part of many cancer treatment regimens and neuropsychiatric side effects have long been recognised. Steroid-induced psychosis is a disorder classified under substance or medication-induced psychosis in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder, 5th edition. Management strategies include treatment with antipsychotic medication and reducing corticosteroid dosage.

To describe the case of steroid induced psychosis in a patient with mediastinal lymphoma and provide a concise literature review.

Clinical case report and brief literature review.

27-year-old male with a diagnosis of Stage IV Primary Mediastinal Lymphoma according to the Ann Arbor classification was admitted to the Haematology ward for chemotherapy treatment (R-DA EPOCH). Two days after admission the patient developed acute psychotic symptoms consisting of thought block, kinaesthetic hallucinations, and delusions. Prior to admission, the patient had been on corticosteroid treatment for two months (up to 8mg/day of dexamethasone), with a significant dose increase (up to 200mg/day of prednisone) at the beginning of chemotherapy treatment two days prior to symptom development. The patient had no personal or family history of mental health issues, no substance misuse and had not received any psychopharmacological treatment prior to admission.

Medical evaluations including a cranial CT scan, an MRI, EEG, blood tests and lumber puncture were all within normal parameters, discounting organic or metastatic causes for the symptoms.

Considering a potential episode of steroid-induced psychosis, the patient was started on olanzapine at a dosage of 10mg per day. The patient exhibited a positive response, with symptoms alleviating within 24 hours of the initial dose. In terms of corticosteroid therapy, haematologists adjusted the prednisone regimen to 100mg per day, and due to the encouraging progress, the olanzapine dosage was subsequently reduced to 5mg per day.

This case underscores the importance of considering the possibility of steroid induced psychosis as a differential diagnosis specially in patients on high dose steroids presenting with psychotic symptoms. A multidisciplinary approach is crucial to ensure optimum treatment and care.

None Declared

Sustained alcohol intake, when combined with incomplete treatment, can result in chronic structural changes in the Central Nervous System, including generalized cortical and cerebellar atrophy, amnesic syndromes like Korsakoff’s syndrome, and white matter disorders such as Central Pontine Myelinolysis and Marchiafava-Bignami syndrome. It is crucial to prevent these complications due to their potential for irreversible and debilitating consequences. For Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, early recognition and thiamine administration for prevention are paramount, as it arises from thiamine deficiency due to malnutrition caused by persistent alcohol use. In the case of Central Pontine Myelinolysis, which is caused by abrupt fluctuations in serum osmolality, controlled sodium correction is essential.

Through a clinical case and a review of published literature, this study aims to reflect on the importance of preventing neurological injuries associated with chronic alcohol consumption, specifically Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome and Central Pontine Myelinolysis.

A literature review was conducted by searching for articles on PubMed using the terms “Alcohol Use Disorder,” “Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome,” and “Central pontine myelinolysis.” A clinical case is presented, featuring a 50-year-old patient with alcohol use disorder who developed Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome and Central Pontine Myelinolysis. Considering this case, we reflect on the primary approaches that could have been beneficial in preventing these complications and propose a straightforward method for doing so.

A 50-year-old patient presented with poor general condition, characterized by low weight, significant loss of strength in the limbs and arms, and incoherent speech with anterograde amnesia and confabulation. This condition had progressed to a point where the patient could no longer walk, perform basic self-care tasks such as bathing, dressing, and eating independently, underscoring the severity of his condition. The diagnoses of Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome and Central Pontine Myelinolysis were established based on clinical manifestations and the presence of hyperintense lesions observed in the central pons on T2/FLAIR axial MRI scans. This clinical case highlights the importance of proper and precocious prevention of complications in patients with alcohol use disorder. The foremost step in preventing these complications is to treat alcohol dependence effectively, even when faced with patient resistance. It’s vital to remain vigilant about potential complications and implement suitable prophylactic measures.

The devastating effects of complications arising from Alcohol Use Disorder, such as Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome and Central Pontine Myelinolysis, underscore the importance of enhanced attention that clinicians should provide when approaching these patients at all clinical interactions.

None Declared

Chronic consumption of alcohol has clear deleterious effects on the nervous system. Among its less-recognized consequences are subacute and chronic alcohol-induced psychotic disorders. Lasègue, Garnier, Magnan, and Michaux provided exhaustive clinical descriptions of different presentations of subacute alcoholic delusional disorder, while Kraepelin, Allamagny, and Neveu defined the characteristics of chronic alcoholic hallucinatory psychosis. Both conditions are characterized by the occurrence of hallucinations and vivid dream-like content in their delusions, along with potential emotional detachment from the symptoms. Presently, both conditions are categorized under the generic term ‘Alcohol-Induced Psychotic Disorder,’ with limited available scientific literature.

Our goal is to bring attention to the existence of subacute and chronic alcohol-induced psychosis in individuals with long-term alcohol users.

Case report using clinical records and a non-systematic literature review.

A 63-year-old male, with a forty-year history of chronic alcoholism and no other prior mental health issues, was admitted in the emergency department. He conveyed vague delusional notions regarding his roommate and described vivid morning dreams in which he tried to communicate but couldn’t speak. This led him to believe his roommate harboured harmful intentions. Additionally, he mentioned that for the past two months, he had developed a telepathic connection with his sister and his deceased mother, with whom he felt he communicated without speaking. He described feeling strangement and anxiety concerning these experiences, which he firmly believed to be undeniably real. He reported being able to hear the voices of his mother and sister. He also described short-term memory problems dating back two years. He denied any other psychopathology and exhibited probable ideational and emotional impoverishment secondary to chronic alcohol consumption. Confirmation of the patient’s account was provided by his family members. The prescribed treatment included antipsychotic medication and a recommendation for alcohol abstinence.

Descriptions of chronic and subacute alcohol-induced psychoses are found in early psychiatric textbooks but have been omitted from contemporary classifications. While their incidence is low among chronic alcohol users, they represent a severe clinical entity. These disorders are usually distinguished by the presence of delusions and vivid hallucinations characterized by dream-like content. This distinct symptomatology aids in the accurate differentiation from other psychotic disorders and clinicians should be aware of their existence.

None Declared

The World Health Organization declared the coronavirus outbreak a pandemic on March 11th 2020. Since then, the containment measures were leading to increasing mental health problems in the general population and worsening of some pre‑existing psychiatric conditions. To our knowledge, there are few studies characterizing the impact of the COVID‑19 pandemic on psychiatric hospitalizations across the world.

We aimed to compare the number and characteristics of the hospitalizations in the mental health department of a Portuguese psychiatric hospital from March 2nd 2019 to October 31st 2019 with those that occurred in the same period in 2020.

We conducted a retrospective observational study including all patients admitted to hospital during these periods (n=805). Sociodemographic data, clinical characteristics and information about the context of hospitalization were collected. Statistical analysis was performed using t Student Test, Mann‑Whitney and Chi‑square.

In the pandemic period there was a marked reduction in the number of psychiatric hospitalizations. There was a statistically significant difference in the median length of stay and in the percentage of involuntary hospitalizations between the two periods. In 2019, the most frequent International Classification of Diseases (10th Revision) diagnostic categories were F30‑F39 (mood disorders) and in 2020 were F20‑F29 (schizophrenia, schizotypal and delusional disorders).

The reorganization of services and the decrease in admissions through the emergency department may explain these results.

None Declared

Antipsychotics are the primary class of drugs used to manage schizophrenia. These medications help control and reduce the severity of these symptoms, allowing individuals with schizophrenia to better function. On the other hand, rifampicin, used as treatment for tuberculosis, is a powerful inducer of several drug-metabolizing enzymes which have the potential to decrease the plasma levels of antipsychotics. Therefore, the presence of multiple pharmacokinetic interactions can alter how antipsychotics are metabolized, leading to a notable clinical impact when these medications are administered concurrently.

The objective is to share valuable clinical experiences and insights to aid healthcare providers in making informed decisions when faced with the challenge of co-administering antipsychotics with rifampicin, ultimately ensuring the safety and efficacy of treatment for their patients.

It will be discussed a case of a 41-year-old woman with the diagnosis of schizophrenia under treatment with paliperidone palmitate and clozapine who had a sudden relapse after starting treatment for latent tuberculosis with rifampicin as a framework for a literature review based off Pubmed.

The antituberculosis drug rifampicin induces drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver, having the greatest effects on the expression of cytochrome P450 (CYP3A4) and therefore can lead to a decrease in the plasma levels of antipsychotic medications that also rely on these pathways for clearance. In this particular case, although specific data on clozapine and paliperidone concentrations were not reported, fluctuations in symptomatology following rifampicin introduction were probably explained by an inducing effect of this drug on their metabolism. So, when initiating rifampicin treatment and when discontinuing it, clinicians should carefully assess the dosages of any concomitant medications that may potentially interact with rifampicin. To ensure effective therapy during rifampicin treatment, it is crucial to monitor both the patient’s clinical response and their blood drug concentrations, making dosage adjustments as necessary.

This case report offers valuable guidance to clinicians on safely and effectively managing drug interactions between antipsychotic medications and rifampicin, ensuring the well-being of their patients during treatment. The co-administration of these medications lacks robust clinical evidence, and notably, there is insufficient data regarding its impact on plasma antipsychotic levels, a crucial factor in determining clinical effectiveness.

None Declared

Lithium is a well-established mood stabilizer used in the management of bipolar disorder, that is generally well-tolerated; however, it is associated with rare but potentially severe neurological side effects. Lithium-induced encephalopathy is characterized by a spectrum of symptoms, ranging from subtle cognitive deficits to severe manifestations such as altered mental status to overt delirium, seizures and coma. Risk factors include advanced age, concomitant medication and underlying renal impairment. This symptoms do not consistentely correlate with lithium concentrations.

This abstract aims to provide an overview of the clinical characteristics, underlying mechanisms, and management of lithium-induced encephalopathy.

We discuss a case of a 62-years-old woman diagnosed with bipolar disorder under treatment with lithium and olanzapine, without recent changes of posology. She presented to emergency department with subacute and fluctuating neuropsychiatric symptoms, including confusion, disorientation in time and space, complex visual hallucinations, delusional ideas, alteration in memory and logic thinking, dysarthria and dyspraxia. Neuroimaging showed no structural abnormalities, blood tests were normal and serum lithium levels were within the therapeutic range (0.8 mEq/L). Upon discontinuation of lithium, the patient exhibited a gradual resolution of symptoms. We conducted a comprehensive search of medical databases, including PubMed, to identify relevant articles related to lithium encephalopathy published up to September 2023.

This case challenges the conventionally established threshold of elevated serum lithium levels in the development of encephalopathy. The underlying pathophysiology is complex and multifactorial, with proposed mechanisms including alterations in neurotransmitter balance, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and individual susceptibility to idiosyncratic reactions. Early diagnosis is challenging, necessitating a high clinical suspicion, neuroimaging and exclusion of other etiologies. Management strategies involve discontinuation of lithium, even when serum lithium levels are within the therapeutic range, supportive care, and, in severe cases, hemodialysis to reduce lithium levels rapidly.

Clinicians should maintain a high index of suspicion of lithium-induced encephalopathy, especially in patients presenting with neurological symptoms while on lithium treatment. Early recognition and intervention are essential for minimizing morbidity and preventing potentially irreversible neurological damage. Further research is needed to better understand the precise mechanisms underlying it, risk factors and to refine treatment strategies.

None Declared

tardive dysphoria is a relatively new term used to describe the phenomenon of clinical worsening of depression after long-term antidepressant use. Most of the theories proposed to explain this talk about antidepressants tachyphylaxis that implies the loss of efficacy with its prolonged use, or even a pro-depressant effect of antidepressants when used for long periods of time.

to explore the concept of tardive dysphoria, potential causes and clinical implications, by making a literature review on the topic. Moreover we pretend to understand the challenges in its diagnosis and treatment.

bibliographical search in PubMed database, using the key-words “long-term antidepressant”, “tardive dysphoria” and “antidepressant tachyphylaxis”, limited to works published in the last twenty years.

from our search resulted 53 articles, 26 were chosen for further analysis.

the concept of tardive dysphoria is controversial, namely doubt persists if it constitutes a clinical entity by itself caused by long-term antidepressant use or if it simply relates to cases of treatment-resistant depression. We conclude that it is necessary further investigation in this area given the significant implications on clinical practice specifically in the psychopharmacological treatment with antidepressants, which is very common in psychiatric and general practices, with antidepressants being used to treat many mental health conditions.

None Declared

Addressing mental and physical health problems and promoting wellbeing in educational settings is a global priority. Teachers present a high risk of stress and burnout, which negatively impacts their professional performance as well as their mental and physical health. Compassion-based interventions have been found effective in promoting psychosocial and physiological wellbeing.

The current paper presents preliminary findings of the impact of a 6-module Compassionate Mind Training intervention for Teachers (CMT-T) on immunological markers and the Conserved Transcriptional Response to Adversity (CTRA; a gene expression signature that involves a group of 53 genes: pro-inflammatory genes, type I interferon response and genes related to antibody synthesis).

A pilot non-controlled study was conducted in a sample of public-school teachers in Portugal (n=36). Participants were assessed at 4 time-points: 1) Extended Baseline Control_M0, in order to establish a within-subjects psychological and biophysiological baseline (8 weeks before the start of the CMT-T); 2) Pre-intervention_M1 (8-weeks after M0); 3) Post-intervention_M2 (8-weeks after M1); and 4) Follow-up_M3 (3 months after the CMT-T end). In all assessment moments, participants completed a set of psychological self-report measures and were assessed in immunological and epigenetic biological markers through the collection of blood. After M1, teachers completed the 8-week group CMT-T intervention and given access to its resources and materials. They were instructed to practice daily and incorporate the teachings in their personal and professional lives. All assessments and the CMT-T intervention took place at the schools.

Preliminary data on the impact of CMT-T on Immune Response Profiling revealed that teachers’ Natural Killer (i.e., NK) cells were decreased after the CMT-T intervention. In regard to the CTRA gene expression, results showed that type one interferon response genes (e.g., IFI16, IFI27L2, IFITM2, IFITM3, IFITM4P) were decreased after the intervention. In addition, we observed that the gene c-Jun, a pro-inflammatory gene, had a decreased expression after the CMT-T intervention.

These preliminary findings seem to corroborate previous studies involving the type one interferon response, the pro-inflammatory genes and antibody synthesis genes in a signature involving 53 genes previously described as the CTRA gene signature. Furthermore, our results suggest that cultivating compassion using a compassion focused intervention may have a positive impact on markers of the immune system response, associated with how our bodies respond to stress, infection and cancer, as well as, on reducing the expression of genes related to our bodies’ response to stress and inflammation.

None Declared

Involuntary admission rates differ between gender across various countries. In several European Union countries, men are more frequently involuntarily admitted, while an opposite trend, associating women with involuntary care, has been observed in countries like Switzerland, Brazil, and China.

Considering the contradictory evidence about gender and involuntary care in the literature, we aim to analyze the gender patterns of involuntary care in Centro Hospitalar Médio Tejo’s Psychiatric Acute Unit, exploring the gender differences in diagnosis among involuntary patients.

We stored and analyzed the data using Microsoft Excel and IBM SPSS Statistics. We studied psychiatry admissions at Centro Hospitalar Médio Tejo, Portugal over 2 years. The Acute Psychiatric Unit, located within a general hospital, has 24 beds, and offers acute mental healthcare services to adults aged 18 and above, serving a coverage area of approximately 251,000 residents. As part of our data collection process for all admissions to the Acute Psychiatry Unit, we recorded information such as gender, age, diagnosis at discharge, treatment type (voluntary or involuntary), and length of stay.

From January 1, 2021, to December 31, 2022, there were 686 psychiatry admissions at Centro Hospitalar Médio Tejo, of which 125 (18,2%) were involuntary. The admission rates were approximately 136.6 per 100,000 people annually, with 24.9 being involuntary admissions per 100,000 people annually. In our analysis of involuntary admissions, women had a lower rate of such admissions, making up 6.4%, while men had a higher rate at 11.8%. No other gender identity was mentioned. Schizophrenia-related disorders were the primary cause for involuntary admissions for both genders, with 67.9% for men and 50% for women. Mood disorders were the second most common reason for involuntary admission, accounting for around 40.9% of cases for women and a significantly lower 16% for men. Involuntarily hospitalized patients exhibited longer lengths of stay independently of the gender. Men hospitalized involuntarily tended to be younger, whereas for women, involuntary hospitalizations were associated with older ages.

In conclusion, our study reveals gender differences in psychiatric involuntary admissions, with more men being involuntarily admitted than women. Schizophrenia group disorders were the most common diagnoses among male and female involuntary patients. Furthermore, all hospitalized women exhibited a higher prevalence of mood disorders, a trend that was more pronounced among those admitted involuntarily. These gender trends match the overall patterns seen in the epidemiology of schizophrenia and mood disorders. Additionally, women with schizophrenia generally exhibit better social functioning than men, which may explain the lower needs of involuntary hospitalization.

None Declared

Psychotherapy serves as the foundation of care for individuals with borderline personality disorder (BPD), with pharmacotherapy being regarded as a supplementary measure to be considered when necessary. In clinical practice, however, most of BPD patients receive medication.

A major problem in the treatment of BPD is the lack of compliance derived from the pathological impulsivity of BPD patients. The use of long-acting antipsychotics (LAI) may be an option.

This work aims to address the use of long-acting injectables in borderline personality disorder.

Non-systematic review of literature using the PubMed ® database, based on terms “Borderline Personality Disorder” and “Long-acting antipsychotics”. Only six articles were found.

Several studies have shown promising results in the treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) with long-acting injectable (LAI) antipsychotics. A six-month study using IM risperidone demonstrated significant improvement, while LAI Aripiprazole also exhibited positive outcomes in individuals with BPD and Substance Abuse. Additionally, Palomares et al. (2015) found that palmitate paliperidone LAI reduced impulsive-disruptive behaviors and enhanced overall functioning in BPD patients. Carmona et al. (2021) compared oral and LAI antipsychotics and concluded that LAIs may have a role to play in the management of BPD.

Treatment with LAIs may play an important role in clinical and functional improvement in BPD patients.

None Declared

Neuropsychiatric disorders can develop following a group A β-hemolytic streptococcal infection, through autoimmune inflammation of the nervous system. Sydenham’s chorea and PANDAS (Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococcal Infection) are the two most well-known syndromes, primarily affecting children but rarely observed in adults.

Our aims are to contribute to the scientific understanding of adult PANDAS-like syndrome and provide a comprehensive literature review on the subject.

Case report using clinical records and a non-systematic literature review.

A 24-year-old female presented to the emergency department with profound emotional distress triggered by intrusive thoughts of existential dread, accompanied by compulsive praying. She reported that these symptoms had commenced five days earlier. Two days prior to the onset of her obsessions, she had experienced a high fever, odynophagia, cough, and chills and received an empirical diagnosis of tonsillitis following a physical examination. She was prescribed antibiotics with good response. She revealed that she had experienced two prior episodes of similar anxiety and obsessions when she was approximately seven years old.

She developed acute obsessive thoughts, including doubts about the meaning of her life, and engaged in compulsive prayer and seeking reassurance from relatives. Notably, there were no signs of affective, dissociative, or psychotic disorders during her admission to the ED or in the preceding months. She reported suffering from anxiety, insomnia, and loss of appetite in the past five days but did not express any suicidal ideation.

Physical examination indicated mild laryngeal erythema, and laboratory tests showed non-specific signs of infection with no further significant findings. Symptoms were alleviated within a week, aided by treatment with benzodiazepines (lorazepam 1 mg/8h), and she did not require further psychiatric counselling.

It is worth noting that adult patients can experience a PANDAS-like reaction after a streptococcal infection and may also undergo symptom relapse following new immunological challenges upon reinfection. The existence of a PANDAS spectrum has been postulated, encompassing various manifestations. Thus, when presented with acute obsessive symptoms, healthcare providers should consider this diagnosis, inquire about previous episodes, and conduct a comprehensive medical history and etiological assessment.

None Declared

Philosophy of mind grapples with fundamental questions concerning the Consciousness, the Mind-body problem, the Identity, and Free will (as opposed to Determinism). In the context of psychiatry, this philosophical groundwork provides a conceptual framework for comprehending the intricate workings of the human psyche.

We aim to discuss how the philosophical investigation of the mind influence and enhance psychiatrists understanding of psychiatric disorders and patient-centered care.

Review of the literature.

Philosophy of mind explores what it means to be conscious and the nature of subjective experience. This includes questions about the “hard problem” of consciousness, that refers to the difficulty of explaining why and how physical processes in the brain give rise to subjective, first-person experiences (or qualia). The “hard problem” posits that even if we knew everything about the brain’s physical processes and how they relate to cognitive functions, we would still lack an explanation for why these processes give rise to subjective consciousness. Psychiatry often deals with individuals who experience disturbances in their subjective conscious experiences, so the “hard problem” perspective allows psychiatrists to appreciate the diversity of conscious experiences and to empathize with their patients’ unique mental worlds.

Related with the previous topic is the mind-body problem. The elucidation of this problem highlights the challenge of reconciling mental phenomena with neurobiological processes. Integrating philosophical notions of dualism, materialism, and emergentism into psychiatric practice is essential for addressing the holistic nature of mental health.

Concerning to philosophical perspectives on personal identity, questions about the continuity of identity, selfhood, and the role of narrative in shaping one’s sense of self contribute to a deeper understanding of disorders like dissociative identity disorder, borderline personality disorder and even psychosis.

Furthermore, philosophical discussions on free will and determinism are pertinent to psychiatric ethics and the treatment of individuals with behavioral disorders, informing the ethical considerations surrounding involuntary psychiatric hospitalization, medication administration, and the delicate balance between autonomy and paternalism in psychiatric care.

Philosophy of mind provides psychiatry with a rich conceptual landscape, offering insights into the nature of mental phenomena. As our understanding of the brain and consciousness continues to evolve, the philosophy of mind remains an evolving area of philosophical inquiry.

None Declared