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Raccoon rabies control and elimination in the northeastern USA and southern Québec, Canada
- Amy J. Davis, Marianne Gagnier, Ariane Massé, Kathleen M. Nelson, Jordona D. Kirby, Ryan Wallace, Xiaoyue Ma, Christine Fehlner-Gardiner, Richard B. Chipman, Amy T. Gilbert
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- Journal:
- Epidemiology & Infection / Volume 151 / 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 22 March 2023, e62
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Rabies virus (RABV) is a deadly zoonosis that circulates in wild carnivore populations in North America. Intensive management within the USA and Canada has been conducted to control the spread of the raccoon (Procyon lotor) variant of RABV and work towards elimination. We examined RABV occurrence across the northeastern USA and southeastern Québec, Canada during 2008–2018 using a multi-method, dynamic occupancy model. Using a 10 km × 10 km grid overlaid on the landscape, we examined the probability that a grid cell was occupied with RABV and relationships with management activities (oral rabies vaccination (ORV) and trap-vaccinate-release efforts), habitat, neighbour effects and temporal trends. We compared raccoon RABV detection probabilities between different surveillance samples (e.g. animals that are strange acting, road-kill, public health samples). The management of RABV through ORV was found to be the greatest driver in reducing the occurrence of rabies on the landscape. Additionally, RABV occupancy declined further with increasing duration of ORV baiting programmes. Grid cells north of ORV management were at or near elimination ($\hat{\psi }_{{\rm north}}$ = 0.00, s.e. = 0.15), managed areas had low RABV occupancy ($\hat{\psi }_{{\rm managed}}$ = 0.20, s.e. = 0.29) and enzootic areas had the highest level of RABV occupancy ($\hat{\psi }_{{\rm south}}$ = 0.83, s.e. = 0.06). These results provide evidence that past management actions have been being successful at the goals of reducing and controlling the raccoon variant of RABV. At a finer scale we also found that vaccine bait type and bait density impacted RABV occupancy. Detection probabilities varied; samples from strange acting animals and public health had the highest detection rates. Our results support the movement of the ORV zone south within the USA due to high elimination probabilities along the US border with Québec. Additional enhanced rabies surveillance is still needed to ensure elimination is maintained.
The utility of paired upper and lower respiratory tract sampling for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) testing in patients with artificial airways
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- Eimear M. Kitt, Daniela H. Davis, Caryn Kerman, Julia S. Sammons, Lori K. Handy, Elizabeth Gallagher, Kevin O’Callaghan, Rebecca M. Harris, Susan E. Coffin, Louis M. Bell, Kathleen Chiotos
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- Journal:
- Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology / Volume 43 / Issue 10 / October 2022
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 10 May 2021, pp. 1482-1484
- Print publication:
- October 2022
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Early in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the CDC recommended collection of a lower respiratory tract (LRT) specimen for severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) testing in addition to the routinely recommended upper respiratory tract (URT) testing in mechanically ventilated patients. Significant operational challenges were noted at our institution using this approach. In this report, we describe our experience with routine collection of paired URT and LRT sample testing. Our results revealed a high concordance between the 2 sources, and that all children tested for SARS-CoV-2 were appropriately diagnosed with URT testing alone. There was no added benefit to LRT testing. Based on these findings, our institutional approach was therefore adjusted to sample the URT alone for most patients, with LRT sampling reserved for patients with ongoing clinical suspicion for SARS-CoV-2 after a negative URT test.
A Novel Real-Time PCR Assay for Detection of HLA-A*31:01 in Individuals Being Considered for Carbamazepine Therapy
- David S. Krause, Kathleen Davis, Daniel Dowd, David J. Robbins
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- Journal:
- CNS Spectrums / Volume 26 / Issue 2 / April 2021
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 10 May 2021, pp. 154-155
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Background
Carbamazepine, an anticonvulsant also used as a mood stabilizer and for trigeminal neuralgia, is associated with serious, sometimes fatal cutaneous adverse drug reactions, including Stevens Johnson Syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis1. Current literature demonstrates a genetic predisposition linked to specific class I and II human leukocyte antigen (HLA) types in various ethnic populations2. HLA-A*31:01 is one such HLA type, and is routinely identified by the tag SNP rs1061235. However, rs1061235 has poor specificity for HLA*31:01 due to interference of HLA-A*33 types3. We investigated the false positive rate in our population and developed a novel real-time PCR assay that distinguishes HLA-A*31:01 from other HLA-A types including HLA-A*33.
Methods120 unique samples were tested in triplicate during the validation of this assay and were sent to a reference lab for HLA next generation sequencing (NGS) typing, including 89 in-house samples and 31 Coriell samples with documented HLA typing results. The results from our real-time PCR assay were compared to the HLA typing results. HLA typing results were also compared to the tag SNP rs1061235 results to calculate the false positive rate.
ResultsThere was 100% concordance between our real-time PCR results and expected results based on HLA typing. 89 sample results for tag SNP rs1061235 were compared to HLA typing results. 75/89 samples had a rs1061235 variant, but 31/75 (41%) samples did not have the HLA-A*31:01 type, thus defining the false positive rate of the tag SNP for our population. We theorized there would be a small subset of rare HLA-A types that would interfere with the assay and we tested the three types available to us. We confirmed that 3 of the HLA types (HLA-A*31:04, 31:12, and 31:16) result falsely positive due to sequence homology with 31:01. There is no known literature indicating whether these rare HLA-A*31 subtypes are associated with cutaneous adverse reactions. These 3 HLA types and the other suspected interfering HLA types have limited frequency data sets and are expected to occur rarely in our patient population; we expect these HLA types make up less than 0.003% of the our population. Our assay specificity for the validation is >99%.
ConclusionsOur custom real-time PCR assay for detection of HLA-A*31:01 is significantly more specific than the commonly used tag SNP rs1061235. Clinicians considering carbamazepine therapy for their patients will have a better understanding of cutaneous adverse reaction risk and can make improved personalized treatment decisions. This quick, cost effective assay allows more patients in need of carbamazepine treatment to benefit from its use.
FundingGenomind, Inc.
Magnetic resonance imaging in dogs with neuroangiostrongyliasis (rat lungworm disease)
- Matthew K. Wun, Richard Malik, Jane Yu, Kathleen E. Chow, Michelle Lau, Juan M. Podadera, Natalie Webster, Rogan Lee, Jan Šlapeta, Sarah Davies
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- Journal:
- Parasitology / Volume 148 / Issue 2 / February 2021
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 21 September 2020, pp. 198-205
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The magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) appearance of the brain and spinal cord in humans with neuroangiostrongyliasis (NA) due to Angiostrongylus cantonensis infection has been well reported. Equivalent studies in animals are lacking. This case series describes clinical and MRI findings in 11 dogs with presumptively or definitively diagnosed NA. MRI of the brain and/or spinal cord was performed using high-field (1.5 T) or low-field (0.25 T) scanners using various combinations of transverse, sagittal, dorsal and three-dimensional (3D) T1-weighted (T1W), transverse, sagittal and dorsal T2-weighted (T2W), T2W fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) and T2*-weighted (T2*W) gradient echo (GRE), dorsal T2W short tau inversion recovery (STIR) and post-gadolinium transverse, sagittal, dorsal and 3D T1W and transverse T2W FLAIR sequences. In 4/6 cases where the brain was imaged, changes consistent with diffuse meningoencephalitis were observed. Evidence of meningeal involvement was evident even when not clinically apparent. The spinal cord was imaged in 9 dogs, with evidence of meningitis and myelitis detected in regions consistent with the observed neuroanatomical localization. Pathognomonic changes of neural larva migrans, as described in some human patients with NA, were not detected. NA should be considered in the differential diagnosis of dogs with MRI evidence of focal or diffuse meningitis, myelitis and/or encephalitis, especially in areas where A. cantonensis is endemic. If not precluded by imaging findings suggestive of brain herniation, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) collection for cytology, fluid analysis, real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) testing should be considered mandatory in such cases after the MRI studies.
Poverty-environment relationships under market heterogeneity: cash transfers and rural livelihoods in Zambia
- Kathleen Lawlor, Sudhanshu Handa, Benjamin Davis, David Seidenfeld, the Zambia Cash Transfer Evaluation Team
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- Journal:
- Environment and Development Economics / Volume 25 / Issue 3 / June 2020
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 11 October 2019, pp. 291-314
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We examine the environmental impacts of a cash transfer program in rural Zambia and investigate whether variation in market access is associated with heterogeneous impacts on natural resource use. We consider households’ use of firewood, charcoal, bushmeat and land for farming, as well as their ownership of non-farm businesses. We find that cash transfers increase the likelihood of charcoal consumption as well as the amount consumed for those living close to paved roads. The transfers also enable households to increase the size of their farms and establish non-farm businesses. These impacts are most pronounced for those living far from paved roads. While remoteness is associated with farm expansion in response to the cash transfer, more education causes those receiving the transfer to decrease the size of their farms. This impact heterogeneity has important implications for sustainable development.
Infant feeding practices and dietary consumption of US infants and toddlers: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003–2012
- Kathleen E Davis, Xilong Li, Beverley Adams-Huet, Lona Sandon
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- Journal:
- Public Health Nutrition / Volume 21 / Issue 4 / March 2018
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 23 November 2017, pp. 711-720
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Objective
To compare infant and toddler anthropometric measurements, feeding practices and mean nutrient intakes by race/ethnicity and income.
DesignCross-sectional analysis using general linear modelling. Ten years of survey data (2003–2012) were combined to compare anthropometric measurements, feeding practices and mean nutrient intakes from a nationally representative US sample.
SettingThe 2003–2012 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES).
SubjectsInfants and toddlers (n 3669) aged 0–24 months.
ResultsRates of overweight were higher among Mexican-American infants and toddlers (P=0·002). There were also several differences in feeding practices among groups based on race/ethnicity. Cessation of breast-feeding occurred earlier for non-Hispanic black and Mexican-American v. non-Hispanic white infants (3·6 and 4·2 v. 5·3 months; P<0·0001; P=0·001). Age at first feeding of solids was earlier for white than Mexican-American infants (5·3 v. 5·7 months; P=0·02). There were differences in almost all feeding practices based on income, including the lowest-income infants stopped breast-feeding earlier than the highest-income infants (3·2 v. 5·8 months, P<0·0001). Several differences in mean nutrient intakes by both race/ethnicity and income were also identified.
ConclusionsOur study indicates that disparities in overweight, feeding practices and mean nutrient intakes exist among infants and toddlers according to race/ethnicity, which cannot be disentangled from income.
Weed seed mortality in soils with contrasting agricultural management histories
- Adam S. Davis, Kathleen I. Anderson, Steven G. Hallett, Karen A. Renner
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- Journal:
- Weed Science / Volume 54 / Issue 2 / April 2006
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 20 January 2017, pp. 291-297
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It has been proposed that cropping systems can be managed to promote the development of soil microbial communities that accelerate weed seed mortality. We examined soil fungal and bacterial communities, soil C:N ratio, soil particle size fractions, and weed seed mortality in soil from fields with over 10 yr of five contrasting management histories with the objective of determining if seed mortality could be explained by differences in soil properties. Seed mortality of giant foxtail and velvetleaf were greatest in soil from the conventionally managed systems and lowest in soil from a reduced input system. Principal-components analysis of soil microbial communities, as determined through denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of polymerase chain reaction–amplified ribosomal RNA genes (PCR-DGGE), showed distinct differences in the composition of fungal and bacterial communities among the study soils. The first principal component of the 18S rDNA PCR-DGGE analysis of fungal community composition showed a strong negative correlation with both giant foxtail (− 0.52, P < 0.05) and velvetleaf (− 0.57, P < 0.01) seed mortality, as did ordination with nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMS) [giant foxtail (− 0.54, P < 0.01) and velvetleaf (− 0.60, P < 0.01)], suggesting that seeds of the two species were affected similarly by changes in the soil fungal community. For giant foxtail, weed seed mortality was also positively correlated (r = 0.48, P < 0.05) with the first NMS axis of the bacterial 16S rDNA analysis. None of the other measured soil properties were significantly correlated with weed seed mortality. Thus, for the soils tested here, management history, microbial community composition, and weed seed mortality were linked. To extend these results to the field, more work is needed to identify components of the fungal and bacterial communities that are active in seed degradation, and to develop conservation biocontrol recommendations for these species.
The Effect of Total Household Decolonization on Clearance of Colonization With Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
- Valerie C. Cluzet, Jeffrey S. Gerber, Joshua P. Metlay, Irving Nachamkin, Theoklis E. Zaoutis, Meghan F. Davis, Kathleen G. Julian, Darren R. Linkin, Susan E. Coffin, David J. Margolis, Judd E. Hollander, Warren B. Bilker, Xiaoyan Han, Rakesh D. Mistry, Laurence J. Gavin, Pam Tolomeo, Jacqueleen A. Wise, Mary K. Wheeler, Baofeng Hu, Neil O. Fishman, David Royer, Ebbing Lautenbach, for the CDC Prevention Epicenters Program
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- Journal:
- Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology / Volume 37 / Issue 10 / October 2016
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 28 July 2016, pp. 1226-1233
- Print publication:
- October 2016
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OBJECTIVE
To determine the impact of total household decolonization with intranasal mupirocin and chlorhexidine gluconate body wash on recurrent methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection among subjects with MRSA skin and soft-tissue infection.
DESIGNThree-arm nonmasked randomized controlled trial.
SETTINGFive academic medical centers in Southeastern Pennsylvania.
PARTICIPANTSAdults and children presenting to ambulatory care settings with community-onset MRSA skin and soft-tissue infection (ie, index cases) and their household members.
INTERVENTIONEnrolled households were randomized to 1 of 3 intervention groups: (1) education on routine hygiene measures, (2) education plus decolonization without reminders (intranasal mupirocin ointment twice daily for 7 days and chlorhexidine gluconate on the first and last day), or (3) education plus decolonization with reminders, where subjects received daily telephone call or text message reminders.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURESOwing to small numbers of recurrent infections, this analysis focused on time to clearance of colonization in the index case.
RESULTSOf 223 households, 73 were randomized to education-only, 76 to decolonization without reminders, 74 to decolonization with reminders. There was no significant difference in time to clearance of colonization between the education-only and decolonization groups (log-rank P=.768). In secondary analyses, compliance with decolonization was associated with decreased time to clearance (P=.018).
CONCLUSIONSTotal household decolonization did not result in decreased time to clearance of MRSA colonization among adults and children with MRSA skin and soft-tissue infection. However, subjects who were compliant with the protocol had more rapid clearance
Trial registration. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00966446
Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2016;1–8
Exploring five factor model personality traits as predictors of burnout dimensions among college students in the Philippines
- Marc Eric S. Reyes, Roger D. Davis, Cherline A. San Diego, Mara Carmina A. Tamayo, Nolein Verniz V. Dela Cruz, Kathleen Kaye C. Don, Clarize V. Pallasigue
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- Journal:
- Journal of Tropical Psychology / Volume 6 / 2016
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 27 December 2016, e4
- Print publication:
- 2016
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Burnout occurs among students when they suddenly lose interest in their studies due to feeling physically and emotionally drained. They experience further emotional depletion due to study demands, distrustfulness and detachment about their work. This study investigated the relationship between the Five-Factor Model (FFM) personality traits and burnout, as operationalised by Maslach's three dimensions of burnout, namely exhaustion, cynicism and reduced personal efficacy. Previous Western research was replicated in order to contribute to the cross-cultural literature on burnout. The Maslach Burnout Inventory – Student Survey University Form and the NEO – Personality Inventory Revised Form S were subjected to stepwise forward regression using FFM factors and facets to predict the scores on each burnout dimension. Five hundred and seventy-seven Filipino college students (age 17 to 24) from private universities and colleges within Metro Manila participated. Results revealed that neuroticism and conscientiousness predict all three burnout constructs. However, certain facets of neuroticism and conscientiousness are more important than others. At the facet level, facets of agreeableness and openness contributed to prediction of burnout as well.
Contribution of dietary advanced glycation end products (AGE) to circulating AGE: role of dietary fat
- Kathleen E. Davis, Chandan Prasad, Parakat Vijayagopal, Shanil Juma, Beverley Adams-Huet, Victorine Imrhan
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- Journal:
- British Journal of Nutrition / Volume 114 / Issue 11 / 14 December 2015
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 22 September 2015, pp. 1797-1806
- Print publication:
- 14 December 2015
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The purpose of this pilot study was to determine whether macronutrient content (low-fat v. high-fat diet) influences an indicator of advanced glycation end products (AGE), Nε carboxymethyl-lysine (CML), in the context of a 1-d, high-AGE diet. The effect of the diets on inflammatory markers was also assessed. A total of nineteen overweight and obese adults (nine men and ten women) without known disease were recruited to participate in a crossover challenge of a high-fat, high-AGE (HFHA) and low-fat, high-AGE (LFHA) diet. In each phase patients had fasting blood drawn, followed by consumption of a high-fat or low-fat breakfast test meal, then three postprandial blood draws at 1, 2 and 3 h after consuming the test meal. After consuming high-AGE meals for the remainder of the day, participants returned the next day for a follow-up analysis. A different pattern in the 3-h post-meal CML and soluble receptor for AGE response to the two diets was observed (P=0·01 and 0·05, respectively). No change in serum CML was observed following consumption of a LFHA breakfast (535 (25th–75th percentile 451–790) to 495 (25th–75th percentile 391–682) ng/ml; P=0·36), whereas a rise in CML occurred after the HFHA breakfast (463 (25th–75th percentile 428–664) to 578 (25th–75th percentile 474–865) ng/ml; P=0·05). High sensitivity C-reactive protein and high molecular weight adiponectin were not affected by either diet. These findings suggest that dietary CML may not be as important in influencing serum CML as other dietary factors. In addition, acute exposure to dietary CML may not influence inflammation in adults without diabetes or kidney disease. This is contrary to previous findings.
Theory in Time
- Kathleen Davis
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- Journal:
- PMLA / Publications of the Modern Language Association of America / Volume 130 / Issue 3 / May 2015
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 23 October 2020, pp. 759-767
- Print publication:
- May 2015
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To define or describe the middle ages is to take a political stance, wittingly or not. Controversy accompanies any period definition, of course, as recent skirmishes over the early modern, the modern, and modernity attest. But the politics of the Middle Ages has generally gone under the radar of literary and cultural critique, precisely because of the nature of its formation and its relation to the modern. In fact “the Middle Ages” is a colonial category, developed in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries as (primarily western) Europeans worked to legitimize, classify, and make sense of colonial policies, practices, and encounters. The formation of medieval studies as a discipline, vital to the then incipient discipline of history, was also fully integrated with colonial bureaucracy and administration (Frantzen; Biddick; Dagenais and Greer; Ganim; Kabir; Davis; Davis and Altschul; Lampert-Weissig). As a form of temporal spacing, the category of the Middle Ages enabled the thought of Europe's difference from itself, thus making it possible not only to define European nations across time but also to establish a scale of comparison by which to measure others and to deny them coeval status—that is, equal standing as human beings in regard to law, trade, the capacity for self-rule, and so on.
Contributors
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- By Mitchell Aboulafia, Frederick Adams, Marilyn McCord Adams, Robert M. Adams, Laird Addis, James W. Allard, David Allison, William P. Alston, Karl Ameriks, C. Anthony Anderson, David Leech Anderson, Lanier Anderson, Roger Ariew, David Armstrong, Denis G. Arnold, E. J. Ashworth, Margaret Atherton, Robin Attfield, Bruce Aune, Edward Wilson Averill, Jody Azzouni, Kent Bach, Andrew Bailey, Lynne Rudder Baker, Thomas R. Baldwin, Jon Barwise, George Bealer, William Bechtel, Lawrence C. Becker, Mark A. Bedau, Ernst Behler, José A. Benardete, Ermanno Bencivenga, Jan Berg, Michael Bergmann, Robert L. Bernasconi, Sven Bernecker, Bernard Berofsky, Rod Bertolet, Charles J. Beyer, Christian Beyer, Joseph Bien, Joseph Bien, Peg Birmingham, Ivan Boh, James Bohman, Daniel Bonevac, Laurence BonJour, William J. Bouwsma, Raymond D. Bradley, Myles Brand, Richard B. Brandt, Michael E. Bratman, Stephen E. Braude, Daniel Breazeale, Angela Breitenbach, Jason Bridges, David O. Brink, Gordon G. Brittan, Justin Broackes, Dan W. Brock, Aaron Bronfman, Jeffrey E. Brower, Bartosz Brozek, Anthony Brueckner, Jeffrey Bub, Lara Buchak, Otavio Bueno, Ann E. Bumpus, Robert W. Burch, John Burgess, Arthur W. Burks, Panayot Butchvarov, Robert E. Butts, Marina Bykova, Patrick Byrne, David Carr, Noël Carroll, Edward S. Casey, Victor Caston, Victor Caston, Albert Casullo, Robert L. Causey, Alan K. L. Chan, Ruth Chang, Deen K. Chatterjee, Andrew Chignell, Roderick M. Chisholm, Kelly J. Clark, E. J. Coffman, Robin Collins, Brian P. Copenhaver, John Corcoran, John Cottingham, Roger Crisp, Frederick J. Crosson, Antonio S. Cua, Phillip D. Cummins, Martin Curd, Adam Cureton, Andrew Cutrofello, Stephen Darwall, Paul Sheldon Davies, Wayne A. Davis, Timothy Joseph Day, Claudio de Almeida, Mario De Caro, Mario De Caro, John Deigh, C. F. Delaney, Daniel C. Dennett, Michael R. DePaul, Michael Detlefsen, Daniel Trent Devereux, Philip E. Devine, John M. Dillon, Martin C. Dillon, Robert DiSalle, Mary Domski, Alan Donagan, Paul Draper, Fred Dretske, Mircea Dumitru, Wilhelm Dupré, Gerald Dworkin, John Earman, Ellery Eells, Catherine Z. Elgin, Berent Enç, Ronald P. Endicott, Edward Erwin, John Etchemendy, C. Stephen Evans, Susan L. Feagin, Solomon Feferman, Richard Feldman, Arthur Fine, Maurice A. Finocchiaro, William FitzPatrick, Richard E. Flathman, Gvozden Flego, Richard Foley, Graeme Forbes, Rainer Forst, Malcolm R. Forster, Daniel Fouke, Patrick Francken, Samuel Freeman, Elizabeth Fricker, Miranda Fricker, Michael Friedman, Michael Fuerstein, Richard A. Fumerton, Alan Gabbey, Pieranna Garavaso, Daniel Garber, Jorge L. A. Garcia, Robert K. Garcia, Don Garrett, Philip Gasper, Gerald Gaus, Berys Gaut, Bernard Gert, Roger F. Gibson, Cody Gilmore, Carl Ginet, Alan H. Goldman, Alvin I. Goldman, Alfonso Gömez-Lobo, Lenn E. Goodman, Robert M. Gordon, Stefan Gosepath, Jorge J. E. Gracia, Daniel W. Graham, George A. Graham, Peter J. Graham, Richard E. Grandy, I. Grattan-Guinness, John Greco, Philip T. Grier, Nicholas Griffin, Nicholas Griffin, David A. Griffiths, Paul J. Griffiths, Stephen R. Grimm, Charles L. Griswold, Charles B. Guignon, Pete A. Y. Gunter, Dimitri Gutas, Gary Gutting, Paul Guyer, Kwame Gyekye, Oscar A. Haac, Raul Hakli, Raul Hakli, Michael Hallett, Edward C. Halper, Jean Hampton, R. James Hankinson, K. R. Hanley, Russell Hardin, Robert M. Harnish, William Harper, David Harrah, Kevin Hart, Ali Hasan, William Hasker, John Haugeland, Roger Hausheer, William Heald, Peter Heath, Richard Heck, John F. Heil, Vincent F. Hendricks, Stephen Hetherington, Francis Heylighen, Kathleen Marie Higgins, Risto Hilpinen, Harold T. Hodes, Joshua Hoffman, Alan Holland, Robert L. Holmes, Richard Holton, Brad W. Hooker, Terence E. Horgan, Tamara Horowitz, Paul Horwich, Vittorio Hösle, Paul Hoβfeld, Daniel Howard-Snyder, Frances Howard-Snyder, Anne Hudson, Deal W. Hudson, Carl A. Huffman, David L. Hull, Patricia Huntington, Thomas Hurka, Paul Hurley, Rosalind Hursthouse, Guillermo Hurtado, Ronald E. Hustwit, Sarah Hutton, Jonathan Jenkins Ichikawa, Harry A. Ide, David Ingram, Philip J. Ivanhoe, Alfred L. Ivry, Frank Jackson, Dale Jacquette, Joseph Jedwab, Richard Jeffrey, David Alan Johnson, Edward Johnson, Mark D. Jordan, Richard Joyce, Hwa Yol Jung, Robert Hillary Kane, Tomis Kapitan, Jacquelyn Ann K. Kegley, James A. Keller, Ralph Kennedy, Sergei Khoruzhii, Jaegwon Kim, Yersu Kim, Nathan L. King, Patricia Kitcher, Peter D. Klein, E. D. Klemke, Virginia Klenk, George L. Kline, Christian Klotz, Simo Knuuttila, Joseph J. Kockelmans, Konstantin Kolenda, Sebastian Tomasz Kołodziejczyk, Isaac Kramnick, Richard Kraut, Fred Kroon, Manfred Kuehn, Steven T. Kuhn, Henry E. Kyburg, John Lachs, Jennifer Lackey, Stephen E. Lahey, Andrea Lavazza, Thomas H. Leahey, Joo Heung Lee, Keith Lehrer, Dorothy Leland, Noah M. Lemos, Ernest LePore, Sarah-Jane Leslie, Isaac Levi, Andrew Levine, Alan E. Lewis, Daniel E. Little, Shu-hsien Liu, Shu-hsien Liu, Alan K. L. Chan, Brian Loar, Lawrence B. Lombard, John Longeway, Dominic McIver Lopes, Michael J. Loux, E. J. Lowe, Steven Luper, Eugene C. Luschei, William G. Lycan, David Lyons, David Macarthur, Danielle Macbeth, Scott MacDonald, Jacob L. Mackey, Louis H. Mackey, Penelope Mackie, Edward H. Madden, Penelope Maddy, G. B. Madison, Bernd Magnus, Pekka Mäkelä, Rudolf A. Makkreel, David Manley, William E. Mann (W.E.M.), Vladimir Marchenkov, Peter Markie, Jean-Pierre Marquis, Ausonio Marras, Mike W. Martin, A. P. Martinich, William L. McBride, David McCabe, Storrs McCall, Hugh J. McCann, Robert N. McCauley, John J. McDermott, Sarah McGrath, Ralph McInerny, Daniel J. McKaughan, Thomas McKay, Michael McKinsey, Brian P. McLaughlin, Ernan McMullin, Anthonie Meijers, Jack W. Meiland, William Jason Melanson, Alfred R. Mele, Joseph R. Mendola, Christopher Menzel, Michael J. Meyer, Christian B. Miller, David W. Miller, Peter Millican, Robert N. Minor, Phillip Mitsis, James A. Montmarquet, Michael S. Moore, Tim Moore, Benjamin Morison, Donald R. Morrison, Stephen J. Morse, Paul K. Moser, Alexander P. D. Mourelatos, Ian Mueller, James Bernard Murphy, Mark C. Murphy, Steven Nadler, Jan Narveson, Alan Nelson, Jerome Neu, Samuel Newlands, Kai Nielsen, Ilkka Niiniluoto, Carlos G. Noreña, Calvin G. Normore, David Fate Norton, Nikolaj Nottelmann, Donald Nute, David S. Oderberg, Steve Odin, Michael O’Rourke, Willard G. Oxtoby, Heinz Paetzold, George S. Pappas, Anthony J. Parel, Lydia Patton, R. P. Peerenboom, Francis Jeffry Pelletier, Adriaan T. Peperzak, Derk Pereboom, Jaroslav Peregrin, Glen Pettigrove, Philip Pettit, Edmund L. Pincoffs, Andrew Pinsent, Robert B. Pippin, Alvin Plantinga, Louis P. Pojman, Richard H. Popkin, John F. Post, Carl J. Posy, William J. Prior, Richard Purtill, Michael Quante, Philip L. Quinn, Philip L. Quinn, Elizabeth S. Radcliffe, Diana Raffman, Gerard Raulet, Stephen L. Read, Andrews Reath, Andrew Reisner, Nicholas Rescher, Henry S. Richardson, Robert C. Richardson, Thomas Ricketts, Wayne D. Riggs, Mark Roberts, Robert C. Roberts, Luke Robinson, Alexander Rosenberg, Gary Rosenkranz, Bernice Glatzer Rosenthal, Adina L. Roskies, William L. Rowe, T. M. Rudavsky, Michael Ruse, Bruce Russell, Lilly-Marlene Russow, Dan Ryder, R. M. Sainsbury, Joseph Salerno, Nathan Salmon, Wesley C. Salmon, Constantine Sandis, David H. Sanford, Marco Santambrogio, David Sapire, Ruth A. Saunders, Geoffrey Sayre-McCord, Charles Sayward, James P. Scanlan, Richard Schacht, Tamar Schapiro, Frederick F. Schmitt, Jerome B. Schneewind, Calvin O. Schrag, Alan D. Schrift, George F. Schumm, Jean-Loup Seban, David N. Sedley, Kenneth Seeskin, Krister Segerberg, Charlene Haddock Seigfried, Dennis M. Senchuk, James F. Sennett, William Lad Sessions, Stewart Shapiro, Tommie Shelby, Donald W. Sherburne, Christopher Shields, Roger A. Shiner, Sydney Shoemaker, Robert K. Shope, Kwong-loi Shun, Wilfried Sieg, A. John Simmons, Robert L. Simon, Marcus G. Singer, Georgette Sinkler, Walter Sinnott-Armstrong, Matti T. Sintonen, Lawrence Sklar, Brian Skyrms, Robert C. Sleigh, Michael Anthony Slote, Hans Sluga, Barry Smith, Michael Smith, Robin Smith, Robert Sokolowski, Robert C. Solomon, Marta Soniewicka, Philip Soper, Ernest Sosa, Nicholas Southwood, Paul Vincent Spade, T. L. S. Sprigge, Eric O. Springsted, George J. Stack, Rebecca Stangl, Jason Stanley, Florian Steinberger, Sören Stenlund, Christopher Stephens, James P. Sterba, Josef Stern, Matthias Steup, M. A. Stewart, Leopold Stubenberg, Edith Dudley Sulla, Frederick Suppe, Jere Paul Surber, David George Sussman, Sigrún Svavarsdóttir, Zeno G. Swijtink, Richard Swinburne, Charles C. Taliaferro, Robert B. Talisse, John Tasioulas, Paul Teller, Larry S. Temkin, Mark Textor, H. S. Thayer, Peter Thielke, Alan Thomas, Amie L. Thomasson, Katherine Thomson-Jones, Joshua C. Thurow, Vzalerie Tiberius, Terrence N. Tice, Paul Tidman, Mark C. Timmons, William Tolhurst, James E. Tomberlin, Rosemarie Tong, Lawrence Torcello, Kelly Trogdon, J. D. Trout, Robert E. Tully, Raimo Tuomela, John Turri, Martin M. Tweedale, Thomas Uebel, Jennifer Uleman, James Van Cleve, Harry van der Linden, Peter van Inwagen, Bryan W. Van Norden, René van Woudenberg, Donald Phillip Verene, Samantha Vice, Thomas Vinci, Donald Wayne Viney, Barbara Von Eckardt, Peter B. M. Vranas, Steven J. Wagner, William J. Wainwright, Paul E. Walker, Robert E. Wall, Craig Walton, Douglas Walton, Eric Watkins, Richard A. Watson, Michael V. Wedin, Rudolph H. Weingartner, Paul Weirich, Paul J. Weithman, Carl Wellman, Howard Wettstein, Samuel C. Wheeler, Stephen A. White, Jennifer Whiting, Edward R. Wierenga, Michael Williams, Fred Wilson, W. Kent Wilson, Kenneth P. Winkler, John F. Wippel, Jan Woleński, Allan B. Wolter, Nicholas P. Wolterstorff, Rega Wood, W. Jay Wood, Paul Woodruff, Alison Wylie, Gideon Yaffe, Takashi Yagisawa, Yutaka Yamamoto, Keith E. Yandell, Xiaomei Yang, Dean Zimmerman, Günter Zoller, Catherine Zuckert, Michael Zuckert, Jack A. Zupko (J.A.Z.)
- Edited by Robert Audi, University of Notre Dame, Indiana
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- The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy
- Published online:
- 05 August 2015
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- 27 April 2015, pp ix-xxx
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Risk Factors for Recurrent Colonization With Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Community-Dwelling Adults and Children
- Valerie C. Cluzet, Jeffrey S. Gerber, Irving Nachamkin, Joshua P. Metlay, Theoklis E. Zaoutis, Meghan F. Davis, Kathleen G. Julian, Darren R. Linkin, Susan E. Coffin, David J. Margolis, Judd E. Hollander, Warren B. Bilker, Xiaoyan Han, Rakesh D. Mistry, Laurence J. Gavin, Pam Tolomeo, Jacqueleen A. Wise, Mary K. Wheeler, Baofeng Hu, Neil O. Fishman, David Royer, Ebbing Lautenbach
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- Journal:
- Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology / Volume 36 / Issue 7 / July 2015
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 14 April 2015, pp. 786-793
- Print publication:
- July 2015
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OBJECTIVE
To identify risk factors for recurrent methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) colonization.
DESIGNProspective cohort study conducted from January 1, 2010, through December 31, 2012.
SETTINGFive adult and pediatric academic medical centers.
PARTICIPANTSSubjects (ie, index cases) who presented with acute community-onset MRSA skin and soft-tissue infection.
METHODSIndex cases and all household members performed self-sampling for MRSA colonization every 2 weeks for 6 months. Clearance of colonization was defined as 2 consecutive sampling periods with negative surveillance cultures. Recurrent colonization was defined as any positive MRSA surveillance culture after clearance. Index cases with recurrent MRSA colonization were compared with those without recurrence on the basis of antibiotic exposure, household demographic characteristics, and presence of MRSA colonization in household members.
RESULTSThe study cohort comprised 195 index cases; recurrent MRSA colonization occurred in 85 (43.6%). Median time to recurrence was 53 days (interquartile range, 36–84 days). Treatment with clindamycin was associated with lower risk of recurrence (odds ratio, 0.52; 95% CI, 0.29–0.93). Higher percentage of household members younger than 18 was associated with increased risk of recurrence (odds ratio, 1.01; 95% CI, 1.00–1.02). The association between MRSA colonization in household members and recurrent colonization in index cases did not reach statistical significance in primary analyses.
CONCLUSIONA large proportion of patients initially presenting with MRSA skin and soft-tissue infection will have recurrent colonization after clearance. The reduced rate of recurrent colonization associated with clindamycin may indicate a unique role for this antibiotic in the treatment of such infection.
Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 2015;36(7):786–793
Contributors
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- By Christopher Ames, Cathy W. Barks, Ronald Berman, Anthony J. Berret, Robert Beuka, William Blazek, Elisabeth Bouzonviller, Jackson R. Bryer, Deborah Clarke, Gretchen Comba, Kirk Curnutt, Linda De Roche, Suzanne Del Gizzo, Kathleen Drowne, Richard Fine, Edward Gillin, Michael K. Glenday, Richard Godden, Steven Goldleaf, Peter L. Hays, Pearl James, Joel Kabot, Heidi M. Kunz, Jarom Lyle McDonald, Philip McGowan, Bonnie Shannon McMullen, Bryant Mangum, Lauren Rule Maxwell, James H. Meredith, Linda Patterson Miller, James Nagel, Michael Nowlin, Ruth Prigozy, Laura Rattray, Walter Raubicheck, Deborah Davis Schlacks, Gail D. Sinclair, Robert Sklar, Linda Wagner-Martin, James L. W. West, Doni M. Wilson
- Edited by Bryant Mangum, Virginia Commonwealth University
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- F. Scott Fitzgerald in Context
- Published online:
- 05 February 2013
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- 18 March 2013, pp xi-xx
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Contributors
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- By Ashok Agarwal, Linda D. Applegarth, Nelson E. Bennett, Nancy L. Brackett, Melissa B. Brisman, Mark F. H. Brougham, Cara B. Cimmino, Owen K. Davis, Rian J. Dickstein, Michael L. Eisenberg, Mikkel Fode, Gretchen A. Gignac, Bruce R. Gilbert, Ellen R. Goldmark, Marc Goldstein, Wayne J. G. Hellstrom, Wayland Hsiao, Jack Huang, Kathleen Hwang, Ann A. Jakubowski, Keith Jarvi, Loren Jones, Hey-Joo Kang, Joanne Frankel Kelvin, Mohit Khera, Thomas F. Kolon, Kate H. Kraft, Andrew C. Kramer, Dolores J. Lamb, Andrew B. Lassman, Helen R. Levey, Larry I. Lipshultz, Charles M. Lynne, Akanksha Mehta, Marvin L. Meistrich, Gregory C. Mitchell, Mark A. Moyad, John P. Mulhall, Lauren Murray, Craig Niederberger, Ariella Noy, Robert D. Oates, Dana A. Ohl, Kutluk Oktay, Ndidiamaka Onwubalili, Fabio Firmbach Pasqualatto, Elena Pentsova, Susanne A. Quallich, Gwendolyn P. Quinn, Alex Ridgeway, Matthew T. Roberts, Kenny A. Rodriguez-Wallberg, Allison B. Rosen, Lisa Rosenzweig, Edmund S. Sabanegh, Hossein Sadeghi-Nejad, Mary K. Samplaski, Jay I. Sandlow, Peter N. Schlegel, Gunapala Shetty, Mark Sigman, Jens Sønksen, Peter J. Stahl, Eytan Stein, Doron S. Stember, Raanan Tal, Susan T. Vadaparampil, W. Hamish, B. Wallace, Leonard H. Wexler, Daniel H. Williams
- Edited by John P. Mulhall, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York
- Edited in association with Linda D. Applegarth, Robert D. Oates, Peter N. Schlegel
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- Fertility Preservation in Male Cancer Patients
- Published online:
- 05 March 2013
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- 21 February 2013, pp vii-x
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13 - Old English lyrics: a poetics of experience
- from II - EARLY ENGLISH LITERATURE
- Edited by Clare A. Lees, King's College London
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- The Cambridge History of Early Medieval English Literature
- Published online:
- 05 February 2013
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- 29 November 2012, pp 332-356
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Summary
Without question, the most controversial yet persistent effort to assign a generic label to Old English poems has been the identification of ‘elegies’ associated with lament and longing for a lost past. Despite common knowledge that this designation grew out of nineteenth-century nationalism as part of an ‘often idealized and romanticized picture of pre-Christian German life’, and despite repeated admission that the label is technically and historically inappropriate for the Old English poems in question, this generic distinction has steadily grown rigid in critical and editorial practice. In part, critics have sidestepped the inherent problems of this label by expanding from ‘elegy’ as a poetic term to the idea of an ‘elegiac mood’, defined long ago as ‘the sense of the vanity of life, the melancholy regret for departed glories’, and this idea has gradually extended to a general association with lament and nostalgia. The odd result is that the more doubtful the Old English genre became, the more flexible and disparate its definitions, so that – despite nearly a century of study and much evidence to the contrary – the nine poems named as elegies by Ernst Sieper in 1915 are still considered to determine the field: The Wanderer, The Seafarer, The Ruin, The Wife’s Lament, Deor, Wulf and Eadwacer, The Husband’s Message, Resignation and The Riming Poem. All of these poems appear in the famous Exeter Book, the first anthology of poetry in English, and together with Beowulf (which is often said to contain elegies and/or to be elegiac) they include the most studied Old English texts.
Effects of home on the mental health of British forces serving in Iraq and Afghanistan
- Kathleen Mulligan, Norman Jones, Mark Davies, Peter McAllister, Nicola T. Fear, Simon Wessely, Neil Greenberg
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- Journal:
- The British Journal of Psychiatry / Volume 201 / Issue 3 / September 2012
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 02 January 2018, pp. 193-198
- Print publication:
- September 2012
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Background
Most studies of the mental health of UK armed forces focus on retrospective accounts of deployment and few sample personnel while they are deployed.
AimsThis study reports the results of a survey of deployed personnel, examining the perceived impact of events at home and military support for the family on current mental health during the deployment.
MethodSurveys were conducted with 2042 British forces personnel serving in Iraq and Afghanistan. Prevalence of common mental disorders was assessed with the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was assessed with the PTSD Checklist – Civilian version (PCL-C).
ResultsThe prevalence of common mental disorders was 17.8% and of probable PTSD was 2.8%. Perceived home difficulties significantly influenced the mental health of deployed personnel; the greater the perception of negative events in the home environment, the greater the reporting of adverse mental health effects. This finding was independent of combat exposure and was only partially mitigated by being well led and reporting subjectively good unit cohesion; however, the effect of the totality of home-front events was not improved by the latter. Poor perceived military support for the family had a detrimental impact on deployment mental health.
ConclusionsThe armed forces offer many support services to the partners and families of deployed personnel and ensuring that the efforts being made on their behalf are well communicated might improve the mental health of deployed personnel.
Royal College examination fees surplus
- Catia Acosta, Mark Ashraph, John Bainton, David Baird, Lindsay Banham, Anna Barnes, Caroline Biddle, Sulagna Chakrabarti, Katrina Davis, Tom Dixon, Jacek Donocik, Sarah Dorrington, Muhammad Firdosi, Marcella Fok, Christopher Garrett, Lauren Gavaghan, Vishaal Goel, Ben Goldacre, Surya Goudaman, Jemima Gregory, Duncan Harding, Simon Harrison, Jenna Hathway, James Hecker, Brad Hillier, Daniel Hume, Rosemary Humphreys, Elizabeth Hunt, Jonathan Huntley, Nicolas Crossley Karmelic, Adam Kasparek, Tom Lavender, William Lee, Kathleen Levick, Geraldine Lines, Vanessa Loftus, Catherine Louise Murphy, Deirdre MacManus, Rebecca Marriot, Ian McClelland, Isabel McMullen, Ben McNeillis, Amritha Mishra, Valeria Mondelli, Omer Moghaby, Ana Morelli, Christoph Mueller, Omar Murad, David Nelson, Tim Nicholson, Sarah Nyame, Aspasia Paspali, Areti Pavlidou, Tom Pollak, Catherine Polling, Sotiris Posporelis, Annabel Price, Jalon Quinn, Lena Rane, Muffazal Rawala, Ricardo Sainz-Fuertes, Gregory Shields, Pratima Singh, Sarah Stringer, Alex Thomson, Alex Tulloch, Tom Walker-Tilley, Wojtek Wojcik, Felicity Wood, Angeliki Zoumpouli
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- Journal:
- The Psychiatrist / Volume 36 / Issue 7 / July 2012
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 02 January 2018, pp. 273-274
- Print publication:
- July 2012
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Engaging High School Students in University Research
- Kathleen M. Davis, Joseph J. Muskin
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- Journal:
- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 1320 / 2011
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 14 March 2011, mrsf10-1320-xx02-10
- Print publication:
- 2011
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The absence of engineering from K-12 curricula and mainstream media often causes students to refer back to historical stereotypes regarding what engineers look like and the type of work they do. Such misconceptions may prevent high school students from pursuing engineering as a field of study and increase the need for engineering educational programs [1]. Nano-Challenge is an outreach program that orients high school students to engineering through a one-year research internship. The program is held at the Center for Nanoscale Chemical, Electrical, Mechanical Manufacturing Systems (Nano-CEMMS) at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. A major focus of the program is to involve students from groups traditionally underrepresented in STEM fields and inform them about engineering earlier in their careers. An external program evaluation provides anecdotal information about the students’ experiences and gives feedback to inform program improvement.
Creating an Inexpensive 3D Printer to Engage Students in Material Science Education
- Joseph J. Muskin, Kathleen M. Davis
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- Journal:
- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 1320 / 2011
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 17 March 2011, mrsf10-1320-xx04-11
- Print publication:
- 2011
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Material science can be used to enrich secondary school curriculum and illuminate for students the connection between science and technology. Based on materials research being conducted at the University of Illinois, we have developed an interdisciplinary activity that integrates engineering with chemistry and material science.
Students investigate the behaviors of polymers by creating 3-dimensional (3-D) objects. Students can design objects that they “print” on the order of a cubic inch in about 20 minutes. The process students use to create these objects shows the application of engineering to material science in a novel and engaging way.
A photoactive chemical is initiated by the UV and blue light emitted from a data projector. This causes the formation of free radicals, which interact with molecules of a monomer and cause a polymerization reaction. The visual result of this reaction is that a liquid solidifies where students shine light. With black-and-white images, a data projector can direct the light to form any shape. This process can be easily modified to create true 3-D objects by adding another layer of the liquid to the top of the object and then shining the light again. With about 20 dollars worth of supplies from a hardware store, a simple staging device can be created to greatly simplify the process to create a 3-D printer in the classroom. Fabrication of this device can be done by students because the projector controls the x and y array of pixels; the object only needs to move in the z direction, unlike traditional rapid prototyping machines which control movement in the x, y, and z directions.
Results of integration into high school and college curriculum are discussed, and methods of integration and student perceptions of the activity are reported.