OBJECTIVES/GOALS: The goal was to develop foundational research knowledge and skills for clinicians interested in conducting clinical research. Emphasis was on the development of a research question and the iterative process necessary to transform a research question into a well-designed study and well-articulated research proposal for pilot grant funding. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: The course took place over 10 sessions, May - September 2021. The application process required participants to provide an initial self-assessment of research skills and a proposed research question. 25 clinicians applied to the program, 11 were accepted, and 9 enrolled. All clinicians in the initial cohort were clinical faculty physicians. Because of the geographical distance of participants as well as the ongoing pandemic, the course used a blended learning approach with both synchronous and asynchronous learning. Participants viewed online lectures on core content coupled with live virtual sessions with opportunities for discussion and application of the content. Relevant CTSI and institutional resources were highlighted in each session. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Of the 9 clinician participants who enrolled in Research 101, the average attendance per session was 67% or 6 people. 89% or 8 participants attended five or more sessions. 5 participants submitted a letter of intent for the annual CTSI Pilot grant program, and of the five, two were invited to submit a grant application. Formal evaluation of the program is currently ongoing and will close on November 30th, at which time full results will be available. Research competencies will be assessed through a pre-post comparison, each self-rated by course participants. Additionally, participants were asked to provide input on the most and least valuable components of the course, as well as any open-ended feedback. Research 101 leadership will use these results to improve the course for future participants. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: A learning health system (LHS) is recognized as an essential means by which research evidence is translated into practice. Important to realizing the LHS vision is the engagement of clinicians into the generation and translation of research into practice. Research 101 is an important way to bolster clinician engagement in translational research.

Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) is a common but poorly understood phenomenon in adolescents. This study examined the Sustained Threat domain in female adolescents with a continuum of NSSI severity (N = 142). Across NSSI lifetime frequency and NSSI severity groups (No + Mild NSSI, Moderate NSSI, Severe NSSI), we examined physiological, self-reported and observed stress during the Trier Social Stress Test; amygdala volume; amygdala responses to threat stimuli; and resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) between amygdala and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Severe NSSI showed a blunted pattern of cortisol response, despite elevated reported and observed stress during TSST. Severe NSSI showed lower amygdala–mPFC RSFC; follow-up analyses suggested that this was more pronounced in those with a history of suicide attempt for both moderate and severe NSSI. Moderate NSSI showed elevated right amygdala activation to threat; multiple regressions showed that, when considered together with low amygdala–mPFC RSFC, higher right but lower left amygdala activation predicted NSSI severity. Patterns of interrelationships among Sustained Threat measures varied substantially across NSSI severity groups, and further by suicide attempt history. Study limitations include the cross-sectional design, missing data, and sampling biases. Our findings highlight the value of multilevel approaches in understanding the complexity of neurobiological mechanisms in adolescent NSSI.

A detailed assessment of the inter-scale energy budget of the turbulent flow in a von Kármán mixing tank has been performed based on two extensive experimental data sets. Measurements were performed at a Taylor microscale Reynolds number of $Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}}=199$ in the central region of the tank, using scanning particle image velocimetry (PIV) to fully resolve the velocity gradient tensor (VGT), and stereoscopic PIV for an expanded field of view. Following a basic flow characterisation, the Kármán–Howarth–Monin–Hill equation was used to investigate the inter-scale energy transfer. Access to the full VGT enabled the contribution of the different terms of the energy budget to be evaluated without any assumptions or approximations. The scale-space distribution of the dominant terms was also reported to assess the isotropy of the energy transfer. The results show a highly anisotropic distribution of energy transfer in scale space. Energy transfer was shown in a spherically averaged sense to be dominated at the small scales by the nonlinear inter-scale transfer term. However, in contrast to flows considered in previous studies, the local energy transfer is found to depend heavily on the linear contribution associated with the mean flow. Analysis of the scale-to-scale transfer of energy also allowed direct assessment of the classical picture of the energy cascade. It was found that while the inter-scale energy cascade driven by the turbulent fluctuations always proceeds in the forward direction, the total energy cascade driven by both the turbulent fluctuations and the mean flow exhibits significant inverse cascade regions, where energy is transferred from smaller to larger scales.

Caregivers’ nutrition knowledge and attitudes may influence the variety of foods available in the household and the quality of children’s diets. To test the link, this study collected data on caregivers’ (n 608) nutrition knowledge and feeding attitudes as well as the diets of their household and of their 2–5-year-old children in twelve rural communities nested in the three main agro-ecological zones of Ghana. Household foods and children’s animal source foods (ASF) consumed in the past 7 d were categorised into one of fourteen and ten groups, respectively. About 28 % of caregivers believed that their children needed to be fed only 2–3 times/d. Reasons for having adult supervision during child meal times, feeding diverse foods, prioritising a child to receive ASF and the perceived child benefits of ASF differed across zones (P<0·001). Households with caregivers belonging to the highest tertile of nutrition knowledge and attitude scores consumed more diverse diets compared with those of caregivers in the lowest tertile group (11·2 (sd 2·2) v. 10·0 (sd 2·4); P<0·001). After controlling for the effect of agro-ecological zone, caregivers’ nutrition knowledge and feeding attitudes positively predicted household dietary diversity and the frequency and diversity of children’s ASF intakes (P<0·001). The number of years of formal education of caregivers also positively predicted household dietary diversity and children’s ASF diversity (P<0·001). A key component to improving child nutrition is to understand the context-specific nutrition knowledge and feeding attitudes in order to identify relevant interventions.

Few studies explore the application of literature on care home closures in practice or how it can influence residents' experiences. The aim of this study was to investigate from multiple perspectives how a protocol, designed by a local council for the involuntary relocation and safe transfer of older adult residents, was adhered to and the influence that the protocol had on the experiences of residents who relocated from two care homes. Interviews were conducted with 34 stakeholders, including relocated residents (N=11), relatives (N=2), care home staff (N=13), managers (N=6) and advocates (N=2), and analysed using framework analysis. The protocol covered key aspects of guidelines extracted from research evidence grouped into four themes: involvement; staff approaches; preparation; and consistency and familiarity, with the majority of the guidelines being followed in practice. Two further themes that centred on the processes of transitional adjustment and impact of relocation were influenced by the protocol but were also mediated by factors relating to the environment and the resident. Involvement of residents, relatives and advocates, extensive planning and a person-centred approach were of particular importance in improving residents' experiences of relocation. A model that places residents' experiences at the centre of relocations is proposed, which draws on and applies the themes identified in this study and applies them within the context of opportunities and risks.

This study examines young New Zealand smokers’ views of what would help them quit smoking. A qualitative investigation using 10 focus groups with 66 current young smokers, aged between 15 and 17 years, was conducted throughout New Zealand, in late 2011. Transcripts from the focus groups were analysed using NVivo, and common themes and categories within themes were identified. Around half the participants had made a quit attempt in the past, some had tried multiple times using a range of methods; all were unsuccessful. They described both mental and physical difficulties for young people quitting. The participants developed an array of ideas for how to help young people quit smoking, encompassing having supportive people around them, making personal changes and adopting alternative behaviours to smoking, legislative changes, and ideas that were unique to young people. Cessation strategies which reach high risk smokers such as young people, Māori and Pacific peoples, are going to be vital for achieving a smokefree Aotearoa by 2025.