38 results
High-resolution study of layering within the percolation and soaked facies of the Greenland ice sheet
- Joel Brown, Joel Harper, W. Tad Pfeffer, Neil Humphrey, John Bradford
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- Journal:
- Annals of Glaciology / Volume 52 / Issue 59 / 2011
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 14 September 2017, pp. 35-42
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Within the percolation and soaked facies of the Greenland ice sheet, the relationship between radar-derived internal reflection horizons and the layered structure of the firn column is unclear. We conducted two small-scale ground-penetrating radar (GPR) surveys in conjunction with 10 m firn cores that we collected within the percolation and soaked facies of the Greenland ice sheet. The two surveys were separated by a distance of ~50 km and ~340m of elevation leading to ~40 days of difference in the duration of average annual melt. At the higher site (~1997ma.s.l.), which receives less melt, we found that internal reflection horizons identified in GPR data were largely laterally continuous over the grid; however, stratigraphic layers identified in cores could not be traced between cores over any distance from 1.5 to 14.0 m. Thus, we found no correlation between firn core stratigraphy observed directly and radar-derived internal reflection horizons. At the lower site (~1660ma.s.l.), which receives more melt, we found massive ice layers >0.5m thick and stratigraphic boundaries that span >15m horizontally. Some ice layers and stratigraphic boundaries correlate well with internal reflection horizons that are laterally continuous over the area of the radar grid. Internal reflection horizons identified at ~1997ma.s.l. are likely annual isochrones, but the reflection horizons identified at ~1660ma.s.l. are likely multi-annual features. We find that mapping accumulation rates over long distances by tying core stratigraphy to radar horizons may lead to ambiguous results because: (1) there is no stratigraphic correlation between firn cores at the 1997 m location; and (2) the reflection horizons at the 1660m location are multi-annual features.
Taylor's law, via ratios, for some distributions with infinite mean
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- Mark Brown, Joel E. Cohen, Victor H. de la Peña
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- Journal:
- Journal of Applied Probability / Volume 54 / Issue 3 / September 2017
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 15 September 2017, pp. 657-669
- Print publication:
- September 2017
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Taylor's law (TL) originated as an empirical pattern in ecology. In many sets of samples of population density, the variance of each sample was approximately proportional to a power of the mean of that sample. In a family of nonnegative random variables, TL asserts that the population variance is proportional to a power of the population mean. TL, sometimes called fluctuation scaling, holds widely in physics, ecology, finance, demography, epidemiology, and other sciences, and characterizes many classical probability distributions and stochastic processes such as branching processes and birth-and-death processes. We demonstrate analytically for the first time that a version of TL holds for a class of distributions with infinite mean. These distributions, a subset of stable laws, and the associated TL differ qualitatively from those of light-tailed distributions. Our results employ and contribute to the methodology of Albrecher and Teugels (2006) and Albrecher et al. (2010). This work opens a new domain of investigation for generalizations of TL.
SQUARED COEFFICIENT OF VARIATION OF TAYLOR'S LAW FOR RANDOM ABSOLUTE DIFFERENCES
- Mark Brown, Joel E. Cohen
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- Journal:
- Probability in the Engineering and Informational Sciences / Volume 32 / Issue 4 / October 2018
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 19 July 2017, pp. 483-494
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In a family, parameterized by θ, of non-negative random variables with finite, positive second moment, Taylor's law (TL) asserts that the population variance is proportional to a power of the population mean as θ varies: σ2 (θ) = a[μ(θ)]b, a > 0. TL, sometimes called fluctuation scaling, holds widely in science, probability theory, and stochastic processes. Here we report diverse examples of TL with b = 2 (equivalent to a constant coefficient of variation) arising from a difference of random variables in normed vector spaces of dimension 1 and larger. In these examples, we compute a exactly using, in some cases, a simple, new technique. These examples may prove useful in future models that involve differences of random variables, including models of the spatial distribution and migration of human populations.
High variability of climate and surface mass balance induced by Antarctic ice rises
- Jan T.M. Lenaerts, Joel Brown, Michiel R. Van Den Broeke, Kenichi Matsuoka, Reinhard Drews, Denis Callens, Morgane Philippe, Irina V. Gorodetskaya, Erik Van Meijgaard, Carleen H. Reijmer, Frank Pattyn, Nicole P.M. Van Lipzig
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- Journal:
- Journal of Glaciology / Volume 60 / Issue 224 / 2014
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 10 July 2017, pp. 1101-1110
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Ice rises play key roles in buttressing the neighbouring ice shelves and potentially provide palaeoclimate proxies from ice cores drilled near their divides. Little is known, however, about their influence on local climate and surface mass balance (SMB). Here we combine 12 years (2001–12) of regional atmospheric climate model (RACMO2) output at high horizontal resolution (5.5 km) with recent observations from weather stations, ground-penetrating radar and firn cores in coastal Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica, to describe climate and SMB variations around ice rises. We demonstrate strong spatial variability of climate and SMB in the vicinity of ice rises, in contrast to flat ice shelves, where they are relatively homogeneous. Despite their higher elevation, ice rises are characterized by higher winter temperatures compared with the flat ice shelf. Ice rises strongly influence SMB patterns, mainly through orographic uplift of moist air on the upwind slopes. Besides precipitation, drifting snow contributes significantly to the ice-rise SMB. The findings reported here may aid in selecting a representative location for ice coring on ice rises, and allow better constraint of local ice-rise as well as regional ice-shelf mass balance.
Glufosinate reduces fungal diseases in transgenic glufosinate-resistant bentgrasses (Agrostis spp.)
- Yuexia Wang, Marsha Browning, Bridget A. Ruemmele, Joel M. Chandlee, Albert P. Kausch, Noel Jackson
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- Journal:
- Weed Science / Volume 51 / Issue 1 / February 2003
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 20 January 2017, pp. 130-137
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Glufosinate-resistant transgenic creeping and velvet bentgrass plants expressing a bar gene under the control of the maize ubiquitin promoter were inoculated separately with the fungal pathogens, Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotinia homoeocarpa, before or after treatment with 560 mg L−1 of glufosinate at a rate of 0.56 kg ha−1. Application of the herbicide 3 h before or 1 d after fungal inoculation significantly reduced infection of these transgenic grasses by R. solani and S. homoeocarpa. Assessment of the in vitro antifungal activity of the herbicide showed that 336 and 448 mg L−1 glufosinate completely inhibited the mycelial growth of S. homoeocarpa and R. solani, respectively. The results suggest that the nonselective herbicide glufosinate may also be used to suppress the activity of some fungal pathogens in turf composed of these transgenic glufosinate-resistant creeping and velvet bentgrasses.
11 - Direct behavioral indicators as a conservation and management tool
- from Part IV - Behavioral indicators
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- By Burt P. Kotler, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel, Douglas W. Morris, Lakehead University, Canada, Joel S. Brown, University of Illinois at Chicago, USA
- Edited by Oded Berger-Tal, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel, David Saltz, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel
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- Book:
- Conservation Behavior
- Published online:
- 05 April 2016
- Print publication:
- 03 May 2016, pp 307-351
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Summary
INTRODUCTION
Here is an exercise to try with your students or colleagues regarding wildlife conservation and management. Tell them they are managing an area containing a population of an endangered, charismatic, flagship wildlife species, say mountain nyala in Bale Mountains National Park, Ethiopia. Invite them to write down the one or two things they would most want to know in order to best manage the population. The answers will vary. Some may inquire into the population size or density; others may want to know what the nyala are eating; others may want to know about the nyalas’ levels of genetic heterozygosity. But what we really want to know is “what is the state of the population in terms of growth rate and relationship to resource density?” “what are the threats to the population?” and “what are the population's prospects for the future?” Are these questions we can answer? Will knowledge of population size or genetics or diet allow us to answer these? Or can answers best be obtained from other information? If so, how can such information be acquired? What are the best indicators?
Ideally, indicators of population well-being must be reliable. Further, they should be easy to measure, respond quickly to environmental change and forecast the future. Measurements of population sizes are frequently used in management decisions and may excel in identifying when small population issues are of concern, but are woefully inadequate as indicators of population processes. Such metrics do not necessarily respond quickly to environmental change. Most populations experience time-lagged dynamics. But time lags mean that density is a trailing indicator of current conditions. We must search elsewhere for leading indicators – indicators that predict the future rather than simply recapitulating the past. Perhaps we can find our indicators in the traits of organisms that have been shaped by evolution (Grafen 1982, Lucas & Grafen 1985, Mitchell & Valone 1990). One attractive class of characteristics comes from foraging theory and measures of behavior (Stephens & Krebs 1986). These can be classified into behavioral indicators based on diet, patch use or habitat selection.
Consider indicators of population well-being further. An example involving the Baltic tellin (Macoma balthica) illustrates this well. Baltic tellins, benthic bivalves from the Dutch Wadden Sea, suffer predation from red knots (Calidris canutus) (van Gils et al. 2009).
Infection Prevention and Control Guideline for Cystic Fibrosis: 2013 Update
- Part of
- Lisa Saiman, Jane D. Siegel, John J. LiPuma, Rebekah F. Brown, Elizabeth A. Bryson, Mary Jo Chambers, Veronica S. Downer, Jill Fliege, Leslie A. Hazle, Manu Jain, Bruce C. Marshall, Catherine O’Malley, Suzanne R. Pattee, Gail Potter-Bynoe, Siobhan Reid, Karen A. Robinson, Kathryn A. Sabadosa, H. Joel Schmidt, Elizabeth Tullis, Jennifer Webber, David J. Weber
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- Journal:
- Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology / Volume 35 / Issue S1 / August 2014
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 10 May 2016, pp. s1-s67
- Print publication:
- August 2014
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The 2013 Infection Prevention and Control (IP&C) Guideline for Cystic Fibrosis (CF) was commissioned by the CF Foundation as an update of the 2003 Infection Control Guideline for CF. During the past decade, new knowledge and new challenges provided the following rationale to develop updated IP&C strategies for this unique population:
1. The need to integrate relevant recommendations from evidence-based guidelines published since 2003 into IP&C practices for CF. These included guidelines from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)/Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC), the World Health Organization (WHO), and key professional societies, including the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA). During the past decade, new evidence has led to a renewed emphasis on source containment of potential pathogens and the role played by the contaminated healthcare environment in the transmission of infectious agents. Furthermore, an increased understanding of the importance of the application of implementation science, monitoring adherence, and feedback principles has been shown to increase the effectiveness of IP&C guideline recommendations.
2. Experience with emerging pathogens in the non-CF population has expanded our understanding of droplet transmission of respiratory pathogens and can inform IP&C strategies for CF. These pathogens include severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and the 2009 influenza A H1N1. Lessons learned about preventing transmission of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and multidrug-resistant gram-negative pathogens in non-CF patient populations also can inform IP&C strategies for CF.
Processing Speed Delays Contribute to Executive Function Deficits in Individuals with Agenesis of the Corpus Callosum
- Elysa J. Marco, Kathryn M. Harrell, Warren S. Brown, Susanna S. Hill, Rita J. Jeremy, Joel H. Kramer, Elliott H. Sherr, Lynn K. Paul
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- Journal:
- Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society / Volume 18 / Issue 3 / May 2012
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 06 March 2012, pp. 521-529
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Corpus callosum malformation and dysfunction are increasingly recognized causes of cognitive and behavioral disability. Individuals with agenesis of the corpus callosum (AgCC) offer unique insights regarding the cognitive skills that depend specifically upon callosal connectivity. We examined the impact of AgCC on cognitive inhibition, flexibility, and processing speed using the Color-Word Interference Test (CWIT) and Trail Making Test (TMT) from the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System. We compared 36 individuals with AgCC and IQs within the normal range to 56 matched controls. The AgCC cohort was impaired on timed measures of inhibition and flexibility; however, group differences on CWIT Inhibition, CWIT Inhibition/Switching and TMT Number-Letter Switching appear to be largely explained by slow performance in basic operations such as color naming and letter sequencing. On CWIT Inhibition/Switching, the AgCC group was found to commit significantly more errors which suggests that slow performance is not secondary to a cautious strategy. Therefore, while individuals with agenesis of the corpus callosum show real deficits on tasks of executive function, this impairment appears to be primarily a consequence of slow cognitive processing. Additional studies are needed to investigate the impact of AgCC on other aspects of higher order cortical function. (JINS, 2012, 18, 521–529)
Contributors
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- By Candice A. Alfano, J. Todd Arnedt, Alon Y. Avidan, Ruth M. Benca, Jed E. Black, Katy Borodkin, Kirk J. Brower, Ritchie E. Brown, Daniel J. Buysse, Dani Choufani, Deirdre A. Conroy, Samuele Cortese, Yaron Dagan, Joel E. Dimsdale, Karl Doghramji, Fabio Ferrarelli, Marcos G. Frank, Philip R. Gehrman, Chad C. Hagen, J. Allan Hobson, Magdolna Hornyak, Thomas D. Hurwitz, Anna Ivanenko, Andrew D. Krystal, Michel Lecendreux, In-Soo Lee, Robert W. McCarley, James T. McKenna, Valerie McLaughlin Crabtree, Thomas A. Mellman, Marta Novak, Michael Perlis, Aimee L. Pierce, David T. Plante, Donn Posner, Allen C. Richert, Dieter Riemann, Carlos H. Schenck, Michael Schredl, Gregory Stores, Andras Szentkiralyi, Michael E. Thase, Wendy M. Troxel, John W. Winkelman
- Edited by John W. Winkelman, David T. Plante, University of Wisconsin, Madison
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- Book:
- Foundations of Psychiatric Sleep Medicine
- Published online:
- 01 June 2011
- Print publication:
- 23 December 2010, pp vii-x
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Contributors
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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. Chapman, James H. Charlesworth, Kenneth R. Chase, Chen Zemin, Luciano Chianeque, Philip Chia Phin Yin, Francisca H. Chimhanda, Daniel Chiquete, John T. Chirban, Soobin Choi, Robert Choquette, Mita Choudhury, Gerald Christianson, John Chryssavgis, Sejong Chun, Esther Chung-Kim, Charles M. A. Clark, Elizabeth A. Clark, Sathianathan Clarke, Fred Cloud, John B. Cobb, W. Owen Cole, John A Coleman, John J. Collins, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Paul K. Conkin, Beth A. Conklin, Sean Connolly, Demetrios J. Constantelos, Michael A. Conway, Paula M. Cooey, Austin Cooper, Michael L. Cooper-White, Pamela Cooper-White, L. William Countryman, Sérgio Coutinho, Pamela Couture, Shannon Craigo-Snell, James L. Crenshaw, David Crowner, Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Elizabeth Mason Currier, Emmanuel Cutrone, Mary L. Daniel, David D. Daniels, Robert Darden, Rolf Darge, Isaiah Dau, Jeffry C. Davis, Jane Dawson, Valentin Dedji, John W. de Gruchy, Paul DeHart, Wendy J. Deichmann Edwards, Miguel A. De La Torre, George E. Demacopoulos, Thomas de Mayo, Leah DeVun, Beatriz de Vasconcellos Dias, Dennis C. Dickerson, John M. Dillon, Luis Miguel Donatello, Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, Susanna Drake, Jonathan A. Draper, N. Dreher Martin, Otto Dreydoppel, Angelyn Dries, A. J. Droge, Francis X. D'Sa, Marilyn Dunn, Nicole Wilkinson Duran, Rifaat Ebied, Mark J. Edwards, William H. Edwards, Leonard H. Ehrlich, Nancy L. Eiesland, Martin Elbel, J. Harold Ellens, Stephen Ellingson, Marvin M. Ellison, Robert Ellsberg, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Eldon Jay Epp, Peter C. Erb, Tassilo Erhardt, Maria Erling, Noel Leo Erskine, Gillian R. Evans, Virginia Fabella, Michael A. Fahey, Edward Farley, Margaret A. Farley, Wendy Farley, Robert Fastiggi, Seena Fazel, Duncan S. Ferguson, Helwar Figueroa, Paul Corby Finney, Kyriaki Karidoyanes FitzGerald, Thomas E. FitzGerald, John R. Fitzmier, Marie Therese Flanagan, Sabina Flanagan, Claude Flipo, Ronald B. Flowers, Carole Fontaine, David Ford, Mary Ford, Stephanie A. Ford, Jim Forest, William Franke, Robert M. Franklin, Ruth Franzén, Edward H. Friedman, Samuel Frouisou, Lorelei F. Fuchs, Jojo M. Fung, Inger Furseth, Richard R. Gaillardetz, Brandon Gallaher, China Galland, Mark Galli, Ismael García, Tharscisse Gatwa, Jean-Marie Gaudeul, Luis María Gavilanes del Castillo, Pavel L. Gavrilyuk, Volney P. Gay, Metropolitan Athanasios Geevargis, Kondothra M. George, Mary Gerhart, Simon Gikandi, Maurice Gilbert, Michael J. Gillgannon, Verónica Giménez Beliveau, Terryl Givens, Beth Glazier-McDonald, Philip Gleason, Menghun Goh, Brian Golding, Bishop Hilario M. Gomez, Michelle A. Gonzalez, Donald K. Gorrell, Roy Gottfried, Tamara Grdzelidze, Joel B. Green, Niels Henrik Gregersen, Cristina Grenholm, Herbert Griffiths, Eric W. Gritsch, Erich S. Gruen, Christoffer H. Grundmann, Paul H. Gundani, Jon P. Gunnemann, Petre Guran, Vidar L. Haanes, Jeremiah M. Hackett, Getatchew Haile, Douglas John Hall, Nicholas Hammond, Daphne Hampson, Jehu J. Hanciles, Barry Hankins, Jennifer Haraguchi, Stanley S. Harakas, Anthony John Harding, Conrad L. Harkins, J. William Harmless, Marjory Harper, Amir Harrak, Joel F. Harrington, Mark W. Harris, Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Van A. Harvey, R. Chris Hassel, Jione Havea, Daniel Hawk, Diana L. Hayes, Leslie Hayes, Priscilla Hayner, S. Mark Heim, Simo Heininen, Richard P. Heitzenrater, Eila Helander, David Hempton, Scott H. Hendrix, Jan-Olav Henriksen, Gina Hens-Piazza, Carter Heyward, Nicholas J. Higham, David Hilliard, Norman A. Hjelm, Peter C. Hodgson, Arthur Holder, M. Jan Holton, Dwight N. Hopkins, Ronnie Po-chia Hsia, Po-Ho Huang, James Hudnut-Beumler, Jennifer S. Hughes, Leonard M. Hummel, Mary E. Hunt, Laennec Hurbon, Mark Hutchinson, Susan E. Hylen, Mary Beth Ingham, H. Larry Ingle, Dale T. Irvin, Jon Isaak, Paul John Isaak, Ada María Isasi-Díaz, Hans Raun Iversen, Margaret C. Jacob, Arthur James, Maria Jansdotter-Samuelsson, David Jasper, Werner G. Jeanrond, Renée Jeffery, David Lyle Jeffrey, Theodore W. Jennings, David H. Jensen, Robin Margaret Jensen, David Jobling, Dale A. Johnson, Elizabeth A. Johnson, Maxwell E. Johnson, Sarah Johnson, Mark D. Johnston, F. Stanley Jones, James William Jones, John R. Jones, Alissa Jones Nelson, Inge Jonsson, Jan Joosten, Elizabeth Judd, Mulambya Peggy Kabonde, Robert Kaggwa, Sylvester Kahakwa, Isaac Kalimi, Ogbu U. Kalu, Eunice Kamaara, Wayne C. Kannaday, Musimbi Kanyoro, Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, Frank Kaufmann, Léon Nguapitshi Kayongo, Richard Kearney, Alice A. Keefe, Ralph Keen, Catherine Keller, Anthony J. Kelly, Karen Kennelly, Kathi Lynn Kern, Fergus Kerr, Edward Kessler, George Kilcourse, Heup Young Kim, Kim Sung-Hae, Kim Yong-Bock, Kim Yung Suk, Richard King, Thomas M. King, Robert M. Kingdon, Ross Kinsler, Hans G. Kippenberg, Cheryl A. Kirk-Duggan, Clifton Kirkpatrick, Leonid Kishkovsky, Nadieszda Kizenko, Jeffrey Klaiber, Hans-Josef Klauck, Sidney Knight, Samuel Kobia, Robert Kolb, Karla Ann Koll, Heikki Kotila, Donald Kraybill, Philip D. W. Krey, Yves Krumenacker, Jeffrey Kah-Jin Kuan, Simanga R. Kumalo, Peter Kuzmic, Simon Shui-Man Kwan, Kwok Pui-lan, André LaCocque, Stephen E. Lahey, John Tsz Pang Lai, Emiel Lamberts, Armando Lampe, Craig Lampe, Beverly J. Lanzetta, Eve LaPlante, Lizette Larson-Miller, Ariel Bybee Laughton, Leonard Lawlor, Bentley Layton, Robin A. Leaver, Karen Lebacqz, Archie Chi Chung Lee, Marilyn J. Legge, Hervé LeGrand, D. L. LeMahieu, Raymond Lemieux, Bill J. Leonard, Ellen M. Leonard, Outi Leppä, Jean Lesaulnier, Nantawan Boonprasat Lewis, Henrietta Leyser, Alexei Lidov, Bernard Lightman, Paul Chang-Ha Lim, Carter Lindberg, Mark R. Lindsay, James R. Linville, James C. Livingston, Ann Loades, David Loades, Jean-Claude Loba-Mkole, Lo Lung Kwong, Wati Longchar, Eleazar López, David W. Lotz, Andrew Louth, Robin W. Lovin, William Luis, Frank D. Macchia, Diarmaid N. J. MacCulloch, Kirk R. MacGregor, Marjory A. MacLean, Donald MacLeod, Tomas S. Maddela, Inge Mager, Laurenti Magesa, David G. Maillu, Fortunato Mallimaci, Philip Mamalakis, Kä Mana, Ukachukwu Chris Manus, Herbert Robinson Marbury, Reuel Norman Marigza, Jacqueline Mariña, Antti Marjanen, Luiz C. L. Marques, Madipoane Masenya (ngwan'a Mphahlele), Caleb J. D. Maskell, Steve Mason, Thomas Massaro, Fernando Matamoros Ponce, András Máté-Tóth, Odair Pedroso Mateus, Dinis Matsolo, Fumitaka Matsuoka, John D'Arcy May, Yelena Mazour-Matusevich, Theodore Mbazumutima, John S. McClure, Christian McConnell, Lee Martin McDonald, Gary B. McGee, Thomas McGowan, Alister E. McGrath, Richard J. McGregor, John A. McGuckin, Maud Burnett McInerney, Elsie Anne McKee, Mary B. McKinley, James F. McMillan, Ernan McMullin, Kathleen E. McVey, M. Douglas Meeks, Monica Jyotsna Melanchthon, Ilie Melniciuc-Puica, Everett Mendoza, Raymond A. Mentzer, William W. Menzies, Ina Merdjanova, Franziska Metzger, Constant J. Mews, Marvin Meyer, Carol Meyers, Vasile Mihoc, Gunner Bjerg Mikkelsen, Maria Inêz de Castro Millen, Clyde Lee Miller, Bonnie J. Miller-McLemore, Alexander Mirkovic, Paul Misner, Nozomu Miyahira, R. W. L. Moberly, Gerald Moede, Aloo Osotsi Mojola, Sunanda Mongia, Rebeca Montemayor, James Moore, Roger E. Moore, Craig E. Morrison O.Carm, Jeffry H. Morrison, Keith Morrison, Wilson J. Moses, Tefetso Henry Mothibe, Mokgethi Motlhabi, Fulata Moyo, Henry Mugabe, Jesse Ndwiga Kanyua Mugambi, Peggy Mulambya-Kabonde, Robert Bruce Mullin, Pamela Mullins Reaves, Saskia Murk Jansen, Heleen L. Murre-Van den Berg, Augustine Musopole, Isaac M. T. Mwase, Philomena Mwaura, Cecilia Nahnfeldt, Anne Nasimiyu Wasike, Carmiña Navia Velasco, Thulani Ndlazi, Alexander Negrov, James B. Nelson, David G. Newcombe, Carol Newsom, Helen J. Nicholson, George W. E. Nickelsburg, Tatyana Nikolskaya, Damayanthi M. A. Niles, Bertil Nilsson, Nyambura Njoroge, Fidelis Nkomazana, Mary Beth Norton, Christian Nottmeier, Sonene Nyawo, Anthère Nzabatsinda, Edward T. Oakes, Gerald O'Collins, Daniel O'Connell, David W. Odell-Scott, Mercy Amba Oduyoye, Kathleen O'Grady, Oyeronke Olajubu, Thomas O'Loughlin, Dennis T. Olson, J. Steven O'Malley, Cephas N. Omenyo, Muriel Orevillo-Montenegro, César Augusto Ornellas Ramos, Agbonkhianmeghe E. Orobator, Kenan B. Osborne, Carolyn Osiek, Javier Otaola Montagne, Douglas F. Ottati, Anna May Say Pa, Irina Paert, Jerry G. Pankhurst, Aristotle Papanikolaou, Samuele F. Pardini, Stefano Parenti, Peter Paris, Sung Bae Park, Cristián G. Parker, Raquel Pastor, Joseph Pathrapankal, Daniel Patte, W. Brown Patterson, Clive Pearson, Keith F. Pecklers, Nancy Cardoso Pereira, David Horace Perkins, Pheme Perkins, Edward N. Peters, Rebecca Todd Peters, Bishop Yeznik Petrossian, Raymond Pfister, Peter C. Phan, Isabel Apawo Phiri, William S. F. Pickering, Derrick G. Pitard, William Elvis Plata, Zlatko Plese, John Plummer, James Newton Poling, Ronald Popivchak, Andrew Porter, Ute Possekel, James M. Powell, Enos Das Pradhan, Devadasan Premnath, Jaime Adrían Prieto Valladares, Anne Primavesi, Randall Prior, María Alicia Puente Lutteroth, Eduardo Guzmão Quadros, Albert Rabil, Laurent William Ramambason, Apolonio M. Ranche, Vololona Randriamanantena Andriamitandrina, Lawrence R. Rast, Paul L. Redditt, Adele Reinhartz, Rolf Rendtorff, Pål Repstad, James N. Rhodes, John K. Riches, Joerg Rieger, Sharon H. Ringe, Sandra Rios, Tyler Roberts, David M. Robinson, James M. Robinson, Joanne Maguire Robinson, Richard A. H. Robinson, Roy R. Robson, Jack B. Rogers, Maria Roginska, Sidney Rooy, Rev. Garnett Roper, Maria José Fontelas Rosado-Nunes, Andrew C. Ross, Stefan Rossbach, François Rossier, John D. Roth, John K. Roth, Phillip Rothwell, Richard E. Rubenstein, Rosemary Radford Ruether, Markku Ruotsila, John E. Rybolt, Risto Saarinen, John Saillant, Juan Sanchez, Wagner Lopes Sanchez, Hugo N. Santos, Gerhard Sauter, Gloria L. Schaab, Sandra M. Schneiders, Quentin J. Schultze, Fernando F. Segovia, Turid Karlsen Seim, Carsten Selch Jensen, Alan P. F. Sell, Frank C. Senn, Kent Davis Sensenig, Damían Setton, Bal Krishna Sharma, Carolyn J. Sharp, Thomas Sheehan, N. Gerald Shenk, Christian Sheppard, Charles Sherlock, Tabona Shoko, Walter B. Shurden, Marguerite Shuster, B. Mark Sietsema, Batara Sihombing, Neil Silberman, Clodomiro Siller, Samuel Silva-Gotay, Heikki Silvet, John K. Simmons, Hagith Sivan, James C. Skedros, Abraham Smith, Ashley A. Smith, Ted A. Smith, Daud Soesilo, Pia Søltoft, Choan-Seng (C. S.) Song, Kathryn Spink, Bryan Spinks, Eric O. Springsted, Nicolas Standaert, Brian Stanley, Glen H. Stassen, Karel Steenbrink, Stephen J. Stein, Andrea Sterk, Gregory E. Sterling, Columba Stewart, Jacques Stewart, Robert B. Stewart, Cynthia Stokes Brown, Ken Stone, Anne Stott, Elizabeth Stuart, Monya Stubbs, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, David Kwang-sun Suh, Scott W. Sunquist, Keith Suter, Douglas Sweeney, Charles H. Talbert, Shawqi N. Talia, Elsa Tamez, Joseph B. Tamney, Jonathan Y. Tan, Yak-Hwee Tan, Kathryn Tanner, Feiya Tao, Elizabeth S. Tapia, Aquiline Tarimo, Claire Taylor, Mark Lewis Taylor, Bishop Abba Samuel Wolde Tekestebirhan, Eugene TeSelle, M. Thomas Thangaraj, David R. Thomas, Andrew Thornley, Scott Thumma, Marcelo Timotheo da Costa, George E. “Tink” Tinker, Ola Tjørhom, Karen Jo Torjesen, Iain R. Torrance, Fernando Torres-Londoño, Archbishop Demetrios [Trakatellis], Marit Trelstad, Christine Trevett, Phyllis Trible, Johannes Tromp, Paul Turner, Robert G. Tuttle, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Peter Tyler, Anders Tyrberg, Justin Ukpong, Javier Ulloa, Camillus Umoh, Kristi Upson-Saia, Martina Urban, Monica Uribe, Elochukwu Eugene Uzukwu, Richard Vaggione, Gabriel Vahanian, Paul Valliere, T. J. Van Bavel, Steven Vanderputten, Peter Van der Veer, Huub Van de Sandt, Louis Van Tongeren, Luke A. Veronis, Noel Villalba, Ramón Vinke, Tim Vivian, David Voas, Elena Volkova, Katharina von Kellenbach, Elina Vuola, Timothy Wadkins, Elaine M. Wainwright, Randi Jones Walker, Dewey D. Wallace, Jerry Walls, Michael J. Walsh, Philip Walters, Janet Walton, Jonathan L. Walton, Wang Xiaochao, Patricia A. Ward, David Harrington Watt, Herold D. Weiss, Laurence L. Welborn, Sharon D. Welch, Timothy Wengert, Traci C. West, Merold Westphal, David Wetherell, Barbara Wheeler, Carolinne White, Jean-Paul Wiest, Frans Wijsen, Terry L. Wilder, Felix Wilfred, Rebecca Wilkin, Daniel H. Williams, D. Newell Williams, Michael A. Williams, Vincent L. Wimbush, Gabriele Winkler, Anders Winroth, Lauri Emílio Wirth, James A. Wiseman, Ebba Witt-Brattström, Teofil Wojciechowski, John Wolffe, Kenman L. Wong, Wong Wai Ching, Linda Woodhead, Wendy M. Wright, Rose Wu, Keith E. Yandell, Gale A. Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
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- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
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- 05 August 2012
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- 20 September 2010, pp xi-xliv
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DC Photoelectron Gun Parameters for Ultrafast Electron Microscopy
- Joel A. Berger, John T. Hogan, Michael J. Greco, W. Andreas Schroeder, Alan W. Nicholls, Nigel D. Browning
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- Journal:
- Microscopy and Microanalysis / Volume 15 / Issue 4 / August 2009
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 03 July 2009, pp. 298-313
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- August 2009
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We present a characterization of the performance of an ultrashort laser pulse driven DC photoelectron gun based on the thermionic emission gun design of Togawa et al. [Togawa, K., Shintake, T., Inagaki, T., Onoe, K. & Tanaka, T. (2007). Phys Rev Spec Top-AC10, 020703]. The gun design intrinsically provides adequate optical access and accommodates the generation of ∼1 mm2 electron beams while contributing negligible divergent effects at the anode aperture. Both single-photon (with up to 20,000 electrons/pulse) and two-photon photoemission are observed from Ta and Cu(100) photocathodes driven by the harmonics (∼4 ps pulses at 261 nm and ∼200 fs pulses at 532 nm, respectively) of a high-power femtosecond Yb:KGW laser. The results, including the dependence of the photoemission efficiency on the polarization state of the drive laser radiation, are consistent with expectations. The implications of these observations and other physical limitations for the development of a dynamic transmission electron microscope with sub-1 nm·ps space-time resolution are discussed.
Light-induced GTPase activity and GTP[γS] binding in squid retinal photoreceptors
- Joel E. Brown, Anthony Combs, Karen Ackermann, Craig C. Malbon
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- Visual Neuroscience / Volume 7 / Issue 6 / December 1991
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- 02 June 2009, pp. 589-595
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Illumination greatly increases the GTPase activity in homogenates of squid (Loligo) whole retinas or rhabdomeric membranes. Adenylylimidodiphosphate inhibits the light-insensitive (but not the light-sensitive) GTPase activity in these homogenates. Illumination also greatly increases the binding of GTP[γS] to the rhabdomeric membranes. This binding at saturating illuminations indicates that there are approximately 10–100 times more rhodopsin molecules than G-protein molecules in squid photoreceptors. Each light-activated rhodopsin molecule activates about 10 G-protein molecules which might provide amplification for the first stage of the phototransduction cascade.
List of Contributors
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- By Monika Ardelt, Paul B. Baltes, James E. Birren, Susan Bluck, Warren S. Brown, Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, Jessica Dörner, Lloyd S. Etheredge, Howard Gardner, Judith Glück, Jennifer Jordan, Ute Kunzmann, Joel J. Kupperman, Paula Marshall, Charlotte Mickler, Jeanne Nakamura, Lisa M. Osbeck, Willis F. Overton, M. Pasupathi, M. J. Richardson, Daniel N. Robinson, Jeffrey L. Solomon, Ursula M. Staudinger, Robert J. Sternberg, Cheryl M. Svensson, Masami Takahashi
- Edited by Robert Sternberg, Yale University, Connecticut, Jennifer Jordan, Yale University, Connecticut
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- A Handbook of Wisdom
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- 05 June 2012
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- 13 June 2005, pp vii-x
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9 - Matrix games
- Thomas L. Vincent, University of Arizona, Joel S. Brown, University of Illinois, Chicago
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- Evolutionary Game Theory, Natural Selection, and Darwinian Dynamics
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- 11 August 2009
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- 23 May 2005, pp 275-303
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Summary
Matrix games, introduced in Subsection 3.1.2, formed the core of the early work on evolutionary games. Most game theoretic models, notions of strategy dynamics, solution concepts and applications of ESS definitions occurred explicitly in the context of matrix games. For continuous strategies, modelers relied on either Nash solutions (Auslander et al., 1978), or model-specific interpretations of the ESS concept (Lawlor and Maynard Smith, 1976; Eshel, 1983). The bulk of developments in evolutionary game theory associated with matrix games pre-date the G-function, strategy dynamics, and the ESS maximum principle. For a review of these developments see Hines (1987), Hofbauer and Sigmund (1988), and Cressman (2003). In this chapter, we place matrix games within the context of G-functions and the more general theory of continuous evolutionary games. We reformulate the ESS frequency maximum principle developed in Section 7.5 for application to matrix games. This reformulation requires some additional terminology and new definitions.
Fitness for a matrix game is expressed in terms of strategy frequency and a matrix of payoffs. As with continuous games, the G-function in the matrix game setting must take on a maximum value at all of the strategies which make up the ESS coalition vector. The reformulated maximum principle is applicable to both the traditional bi-linear matrix game and a more general non-linear matrix game.
Index
- Thomas L. Vincent, University of Arizona, Joel S. Brown, University of Illinois, Chicago
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- Book:
- Evolutionary Game Theory, Natural Selection, and Darwinian Dynamics
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- 11 August 2009
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- 23 May 2005, pp 377-382
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Evolutionary Game Theory, Natural Selection, and Darwinian Dynamics
- Thomas L. Vincent, Joel S. Brown
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- 11 August 2009
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- 23 May 2005
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All of life is a game, and evolution by natural selection is no exception. The evolutionary game theory developed in this 2005 book provides the tools necessary for understanding many of nature's mysteries, including co-evolution, speciation, extinction and the major biological questions regarding fit of form and function, diversity, procession, and the distribution and abundance of life. Mathematics for the evolutionary game are developed based on Darwin's postulates leading to the concept of a fitness generating function (G-function). G-function is a tool that simplifies notation and plays an important role developing Darwinian dynamics that drive natural selection. Natural selection may result in special outcomes such as the evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS). An ESS maximum principle is formulated and its graphical representation as an adaptive landscape illuminates concepts such as adaptation, Fisher's Fundamental Theorem of Natural Selection, and the nature of life's evolutionary game.
3 - The Darwinian game
- Thomas L. Vincent, University of Arizona, Joel S. Brown, University of Illinois, Chicago
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- Evolutionary Game Theory, Natural Selection, and Darwinian Dynamics
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- 11 August 2009
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- 23 May 2005, pp 61-87
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Summary
Because evolution occurs within an ecological setting, the concepts and models of population ecology are integral to evolutionary game theory. The organisms' environment and ecologies provide the “rules,” the context to which evolution responds. The transition from an ecological model to an evolutionary model can be made seamless. Examples include the Logistic growth model, Lotka–Volterra competition equations, models of predator–prey interactions, and consumer-resource models. In fact, any model or characterization of population dynamics can be reformulated as an evolutionary game. One need only identify evolutionary strategies that determine fitness and population growth rates. Conjoining an ecological model of population growth with heritable strategies puts the model in an evolutionary game setting. Not surprisingly, then, evolutionary game theory is well suited for addressing FF&F (fit of form and function) under all of nature's diverse ecological scenarios.
Games such as arms races, Prisoner's Dilemma, chicken, battle of the sexes, and wars of attrition have become standard bases for considering the evolution of many social behaviors (any issue of animal behavior offers examples of these or variants of these games). These games, however, are not unique to evolutionary ecology. They are products of and recurrent themes in economics, engineering, sociology, and political science. It is from these disciplines that game theory first emerged as the mathematical tools for understanding and solving conflicts of interest.
Frontmatter
- Thomas L. Vincent, University of Arizona, Joel S. Brown, University of Illinois, Chicago
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- Evolutionary Game Theory, Natural Selection, and Darwinian Dynamics
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- 11 August 2009
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- 23 May 2005, pp i-vi
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6 - Evolutionarily stable strategies
- Thomas L. Vincent, University of Arizona, Joel S. Brown, University of Illinois, Chicago
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- Evolutionary Game Theory, Natural Selection, and Darwinian Dynamics
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- 11 August 2009
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- 23 May 2005, pp 151-196
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Summary
Natural selection produces strategies that are continually better than those discarded along the way to some evolutionary equilibrium. Intuitively this implies that eventually, natural selection should produce the “best” strategy for a given situation. The flowering time of a plant, the leg length of a coyote, or the filter feeding system of a clam should produce higher fitness than alternative strategies that are evolutionarily feasible (within the genetic, developmental, and physical constraints in the bauplan). In graphical form these products of natural selection should reside on peaks of the adaptive landscape. Yet we have seen in the previous chapter how, under Darwinian dynamics, natural selection may produce strategies that evolve to minimum points, maximum points, and saddlepoints on the adaptive landscape.
An evolutionary ecologist studying the traits of a species whose strategy has evolved to a convergent stable minimum on the adaptive landscape may, on reflection, be surprised. At this minimum, any individual with a strategy that deviates slightly from that produced by Darwinian dynamics has a higher, not lower, fitness than the resident strategy. While an evolutionarily stable minimum can result from Darwinian dynamics, this strategy is not the “correct” solution to the evolutionary game. In this chapter, we expand upon the original word definition of an evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS) as given by Maynard Smith: “An ESS is a strategy such that, if all members of a population adopt it, then no mutant strategy could invade the population under the influence of natural selection” (Maynard Smith, 1974).
References
- Thomas L. Vincent, University of Arizona, Joel S. Brown, University of Illinois, Chicago
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- Book:
- Evolutionary Game Theory, Natural Selection, and Darwinian Dynamics
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- 11 August 2009
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- 23 May 2005, pp 364-376
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