Exclusive breastfeeding in the first 6 months of life is crucial for the health of mothers and babies in low-and middle-income countries. Milk mid-chain fatty acids (MCFA) are potential biomarkers of milk production in other settings. This study investigates MCFA as markers of exclusive breastfeeding in low-and middle-income countries. This was an ancillary observational analysis of human milk fatty acids from a parent randomised controlled trial of vitamin D supplementation in Bangladesh. We categorised mothers as currently exclusively or non-exclusively breastfeeding based on weekly infant feeding questionnaires. We analysed milk fatty acids at 3 months postpartum by GC and modelled longitudinal exclusive breastfeeding using milk fatty acids in repeated-measures Poisson regression. Fatty acids are reported as % total fatty acids. The prevalence of currently exclusive breast-feeding was 76 % at 3 months and 43 % at 6 months (n 587). Both C6:0 and C15:0 were higher with exclusive breastfeeding (C6:0, P = 0·001; C15:0, P = 0·007), while C12:0 and C14:0 were lower (C12:0, P < 0·001; C14:0, P < 0·001). We combined these into an MCFA index defined as ((C6:0 + C15:0)/(C12:0 + C14:0)) × 1000 (Excl: 25 ± 0·50, Non-excl: 20 ± 0·60, P < 0·001). Mothers in the highest and lowest MCFA index tertiles had an exclusive breastfeeding prevalence at 3 months of 95 % and 60 %, respectively (P < 0·001), and remained different until 6 months. In secondary analysis, vitamin D supplementation during lactation was moderately associated with exclusive breastfeeding (relative prevalence: 1·17 (95 % CI 1·04, 1·32)). Milk MCFA were markers of exclusive breastfeeding in this cohort, and the milk MCFA index at 3 months predicted exclusive breastfeeding from 3 to 6 months postpartum.

In this article we consider the relationship between phonetic possibility and phonological permissibility of segment types. We ask (i) are any phonetically impossible segments phonologically permissible? and (ii) are any phonetically possible segments phonologically impermissible? Our main focus is on answering (ii). We analyze the implications of the only relevant case we can find, which is in Cohn's (1990, 1993a) examination of nasality spreading in Sundanese, and relates to the description of glottal nasals (produced with glottal place of articulation and lowered velum). Cohn tentatively proposes that nasalized [h] and [?] occur phonetically but not phonologically. We show that a persuasive theory of nasality spreading suggests otherwise, and it is supported by evidence from several languages. Our conclusion is that no sound argument exists for excluding any pronounceable segment from phonology on theoretical grounds. The relation between the phonetically possible and the phonologically possible accordingly becomes somewhat more straightforward.

This article presents a typology of consonant harmony or LONG DISTANCE CONSONANT AGREEMENT that is analyzed as arising through correspondence relations between consonants rather than feature spreading. The model covers a range of agreement patterns (nasal, laryngeal, liquid, coronal, dorsal) and offers several advantages. Similarity of agreeing consonants is central to the typology and is incorporated directly into the constraints driving correspondence. Agreement by correspondence without feature spreading captures the neutrality of intervening segments, which neither block nor undergo. Case studies of laryngeal agreement and nasal agreement are presented, demonstrating the model's capacity to capture varying degrees of similarity crosslinguistically.

Objectives/Goals: This research aims to identify genetic alterations influencing congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) and bridge a fundamental gap in understanding the cellular mechanisms underlying kidney development, with the long-term goal of enhancing treatments for congenital renal anomalies. Methods/Study Population: We will use a loss-of-function approach in combination with immunofluorescent microscopy techniques to determine the influence of Dnmbp perturbation on Daam1 localization, actin assembly, and junctional turnover. Additionally, to establish a foundation for delineating the molecular mechanism of DNMBP during kidney development, we will utilize clinical whole exome sequencing data to identify human DNMBP mutations associated with urogenital anomalies. Furthermore, we will determine whether human DNMBP mutations linked to CAKUT lead to disruptions in nephron development through loss-of-function rescue experiments in Xenopus. Results/Anticipated Results: Here, we evaluate the dynamics of Dnmbp-mediated transport of Daam1 within the developing kidney and show preliminary data suggesting that Dnmbp and Daam1 directly interact to promote adhesive contact formation between nephron progenitor cells. Furthermore, we propose a model in which Dnmbp functions as a critical regulator of epithelial tissue morphogenesis and provides a functional link between the dynamic processes of actin cytoskeleton regulation, intracellular adhesion, and vesicular transport. Future studies will determine whether Dnmbp interaction with Daam1 facilitates junctional actin assembly by directing Daam1 to cell–cell contact sites via Dnmbp-associated vesicle targeting, enhancing our understanding of the cellular mechanisms influencing tubule morphogenesis. Discussion/Significance of Impact: This research will establish a previously unknown role for DNMBP in kidney development and provide a comprehensive understanding of the impacts of simultaneously regulating vesicular transport and actin dynamics in nephrogenesis.

UK universities re-opened in September 2020, amidst the coronavirus epidemic. During the first term, various national social distancing measures were introduced, including banning groups of >6 people and the second lockdown in November; however, outbreaks among university students occurred. We aimed to measure the University of Bristol staff and student contact patterns via an online, longitudinal survey capturing self-reported contacts on the previous day. We investigated the change in contacts associated with COVID-19 guidance periods: post-first lockdown (23/06/2020–03/07/2020), relaxed guidance period (04/07/2020–13/09/2020), ‘rule-of-six’ period (14/09/2020–04/11/2020) and the second lockdown (05/11/2020–25/11/2020). In total, 722 staff (4199 responses) and 738 students (1906 responses) were included in the study. For staff, daily contacts were higher in the relaxed guidance and ‘rule-of-six’ periods than the post-first lockdown and second lockdown. Mean student contacts dropped between the ‘rule-of-six’ and second lockdown periods. For both staff and students, the proportion meeting with groups larger than six dropped between the ‘rule-of-six’ period and the second lockdown period, although was higher for students than for staff. Our results suggest university staff and students responded to national guidance by altering their social contacts. Most contacts during the second lockdown were household contacts. The response in staff and students was similar, suggesting that students can adhere to social distancing guidance while at university. The number of contacts recorded for both staff and students were much lower than those recorded by previous surveys in the UK conducted before the COVID-19 pandemic.

Ladin (ISO 639-3: lld) is a Romance language spoken in the Italian Central-Eastern Alps by a community of about 30,000 speakers (Dell’Aquila 2010). The classification of Ladin within Western Romance has been the subject of a long-lasting scientific and at times ideological debate, particularly because at the end of the 19th century the region was contested between the new-born Italian state and the Habsburg empire. The varieties of Ladin share phonetic-phonological, morphological, syntactic and lexical features with the other languages spoken in the Central-Eastern Alps, such as Friulian and Romansh, thus leading to the identification of the Rhaeto-Romance group (Haiman & Benincà 1992). However, in Ladin there are still many linguistic phenomena that connect it to the Romance dialects of Northern Italy. Therefore, a clear assignment of Ladin to a group is by no means a simple and uncontroversial operation (Salvi 2016).

Language-specific maximal size restrictions on syllables have been defined using frames such as moraic structure. In General American English, a trimoraic syllable template makes largely successful predictions about contexts where tense/lax vowel contrasts are neutralised, but neutralisation preceding a coda rhotic has not been adequately explained. We attribute the apparent special properties of coda /ɹ/ to two characteristics of its representation, informed by our articulatory investigation: sequential coordination of dorsal and coronal subsegmental units and a high blending strength specification, corresponding to high coarticulatory dominance. Characteristics of coda laterals are compared. Our approach employs phonological representations where sequencing is encoded directly among subsegments, and coordination is sensitive to strength. Mora assignment is computed over sequencing of subsegments, predicting that complex segments may be bimoraic. The account brings phonotactics for rhymes with postvocalic liquids into line with the trimoraic template, and supports representing coordination and strength at the subsegmental level.

We present the results of an approximately 6 100 deg2 104–196 MHz radio sky survey performed with the Murchison Widefield Array during instrument commissioning between 2012 September and 2012 December: the MWACS. The data were taken as meridian drift scans with two different 32-antenna sub-arrays that were available during the commissioning period. The survey covers approximately 20.5 h < RA < 8.5 h, − 58° < Dec < −14°over three frequency bands centred on 119, 150 and 180 MHz, with image resolutions of 6–3 arcmin. The catalogue has 3 arcmin angular resolution and a typical noise level of 40 mJy beam− 1, with reduced sensitivity near the field boundaries and bright sources. We describe the data reduction strategy, based upon mosaicked snapshots, flux density calibration, and source-finding method. We present a catalogue of flux density and spectral index measurements for 14 110 sources, extracted from the mosaic, 1 247 of which are sub-components of complexes of sources.

Eradication of introduced species is often necessary to conserve native biota on islands. Seven wild turkeys Meleagris gallopavo were introduced to Santa Cruz Island, California, in 1975 and the population began to irrupt in the early 2000s. Turkeys posed a variety of threats to native species, including that they could replace the previously eradicated population of feral pigs Sus scrofa as a prey subsidy for golden eagles Aquila chrysaetos, which through incidental predation had driven three subspecies of island fox Urocyon littoralis to near extinction. We implemented a four-phase programme to eradicate the turkey population, based on general principles for eradication efforts. For example, we focused on preventing individual turkeys from becoming aware of our methods, which increased the likelihood we would be able to detect and dispatch all of the birds. Leveraging the tendency of turkeys to aggregate during winter, we used baited drop nets, precision shooting, and monitoring of surgically sterilized, radio-telemetered ‘Judas turkeys’ to eliminate the population. We estimate the population comprised 310 individuals when the project began in 2006 and that the last bird died in December 2012. Methods used in this project could be applied to other alien bird eradication programmes, of which there are few examples in the scientific literature.

In the dominant “climate change” imaginary, this phenomenon is distant and abstracted from our experiences of weather and the environment in the privileged West. Moreover, climate change discourse is saturated mostly in either neoliberal progress narratives of controlling the future or sustainability narratives of saving the past. Both largely obfuscate our implication therein. This paper proposes a different climate change imaginary. We draw on feminist new materialist theories—in particular those of Stacy Alaimo, Claire Colebrook, and Karen Barad—to describe our relationship to climate change as one of “weathering.” We propose the temporal frame of “thick time”—a transcorporeal stretching between present, future, and past—in order to reimagine our bodies as archives of climate and as making future climates possible. In doing so, we can rethink the temporal narratives of climate change discourse and develop a feminist ethos of responsivity toward climatic phenomena. This project reminds us that we are not masters of the climate, nor are we just spatially “in” it. As weather‐bodies, we are thick with climatic intra‐actions; we are makers of climate‐time. Together we are weathering the world.

The number of people employed in international humanitarian care is growing at a yearly rate of 6%. The demand for better coordination, accountability, and training has led to a need for standardized humanitarian training programs for providers. Training should be based on comprehensive core competencies that providers must demonstrate in addition to their skill-specific competencies. This report explores the competencies specific to humanitarian training that are practice- and application-oriented, teachable, and measurable. Competency-based, standardized programs will be used to select humanitarian workers deployed in future crises and to guide the professionalization of this discipline.