In this study, a classifier (hyperplane) is determined to distinguish the neural responses during emotion regulation versus viewing images in healthy adults and then applied to determine (i) the effectiveness of the emotion regulation response (defined as emotion regulation distance from the hyperplane [DFHER]) in independent samples of healthy adults, patients with BD, and the patients’ unaffected relatives (URs) and (ii) the association of DFHER with the duration of future (hypo)manic and depressive episodes for patients with BD over a 16-month follow-up period.

Study participants (N = 226) included 65 healthy adults (35 used for support vector machine [SVM] learning [HCTrain] and 30 kept as an independent test sample [HCTest]), 87 patients with newly diagnosed BD (67% BD type 2) and 74 URs. BOLD response data came from an emotion regulation task. Clinical symptoms were assessed at baseline fMRI and after 16 months of specialized treatment.

The SVM ML analysis identified a hyperplane with 75.7% accuracy. Patients with BD showed reduced DFHER relative to the HCTest and UR groups. Reduced DFHER was associated with reduced improvement in psychosocial functioning during the 16-month follow-up time (B = −1.663, p = 0.02).

The neural response during emotion regulation can be relatively well distinguished in healthy adults via ML. Patients with newly diagnosed BD show significant disruption in the recruitment of this emotion regulation response. Disrupted may indicate a reduced capacity for functional improvement during specialized treatment in a mood disorder clinic.

Achieving a first pass recanalization (FPR) improves clinical outcomes in patients with basilar artery strokes, but its association with initial infarct burden is unknown. We aimed to study the benefits of FPR for basilar artery strokes by initial infarct burden using the Posterior Circulation Alberta Stroke Program Early CT score (pc-ASPECTS).

We retrospectively analyzed the prospective multicentric Endovascular Treatment of Ischemic Stroke registry and included 194 patients diagnosed with an acute basilar artery occlusion who were treated with thrombectomy. Our primary outcome was a modified Rankin Scale (mRS) of 0–3 at 90 days, and our secondary outcomes were an mRS of 4–6 and mortality. We compared the 90-day clinical outcomes of achieving an FPR versus multiple thrombectomy passes based on patients’ initial infarct size on pretreatment MRI: small (pc-ASPECTS = 9–10), medium (pc-ASPECTS = 6–8) and large (pc-ASPECTS <6).

Patients with a medium or large infarct size had significantly better outcomes (mRS 0–3 at 3 months) if FPR was achieved than if multiple passes were required (RR = 1.61, 95% CI: 1.16, 2.24; p-value = 0.005; and RR = 3.41, 95% CI: 1.54–7.57; p-value = 0.003, respectively). No similar difference was seen among patients with small infarcts. Achieving an FPR was also associated with a significantly lower mortality risk among patients with a moderate infarct size (RR = 0.36, 95% CI: 0.17–0.79; p-value = 0.010) but not with those with small or large infarcts.

Achieving an FPR significantly improves clinical outcomes in acute stroke patients with basilar artery occlusions undergoing thrombectomy when their infarcts are medium or large. Ongoing research to develop surgical techniques to achieve FPR is crucial to improving patients’ prognoses.

Patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) exhibit smaller regional brain volumes in commonly reported regions including the amygdala and hippocampus, regions associated with fear and memory processing. In the current study, we have conducted a voxel-based morphometry (VBM) meta-analysis using whole-brain statistical maps with neuroimaging data from the ENIGMA-PGC PTSD working group.

T1-weighted structural neuroimaging scans from 36 cohorts (PTSD n = 1309; controls n = 2198) were processed using a standardized VBM pipeline (ENIGMA-VBM tool). We meta-analyzed the resulting statistical maps for voxel-wise differences in gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM) volumes between PTSD patients and controls, performed subgroup analyses considering the trauma exposure of the controls, and examined associations between regional brain volumes and clinical variables including PTSD (CAPS-4/5, PCL-5) and depression severity (BDI-II, PHQ-9).

PTSD patients exhibited smaller GM volumes across the frontal and temporal lobes, and cerebellum, with the most significant effect in the left cerebellum (Hedges’ g = 0.22, pcorrected = .001), and smaller cerebellar WM volume (peak Hedges’ g = 0.14, pcorrected = .008). We observed similar regional differences when comparing patients to trauma-exposed controls, suggesting these structural abnormalities may be specific to PTSD. Regression analyses revealed PTSD severity was negatively associated with GM volumes within the cerebellum (pcorrected = .003), while depression severity was negatively associated with GM volumes within the cerebellum and superior frontal gyrus in patients (pcorrected = .001).

PTSD patients exhibited widespread, regional differences in brain volumes where greater regional deficits appeared to reflect more severe symptoms. Our findings add to the growing literature implicating the cerebellum in PTSD psychopathology.

To better understand clinicians’ rationale for ordering testing for C. difficile infection (CDI) for patients receiving laxatives and the impact of the implementation of a clinical decision support (CDS) intervention.

A mixed-methods, case series was performed from March 2, 2017 to December 31, 2018.

Yale New Haven Hospital, a 1,541 bed tertiary academic medical center.

Hospitalized patients ≥ 18 years old, and clinicians who were alerted by the CDS.

CDS was triggered in real-time when a clinician sought to order testing for CDI for a patient who received one or more doses of laxatives within the preceding 24 hours.

A total of 3,376 CDS alerts were triggered during the 21-month study period from 2,567 unique clinician interactions. Clinicians bypassed the CDS alert 74.5% of the time, more frequent among residents (48.3% bypass vs. 39.9% accept) and advanced practice providers (APPs) (34.9% bypass vs. 30.6% accept) than attendings (11.3% bypass vs. 22.5% accept). Ordering clinicians noted increased stool frequency/output (48%), current antibiotic exposure (34%), and instructions by an attending physician to test (28%) were among the most common reasons for overriding the alert and proceeding with testing for CDI.

Testing for CDI despite patient laxative use was associated with an increased clinician concern for CDI, patient risk for CDI, and attending physician instruction for testing. Attendings frequently accepted CDS guidance while residents and APPs often reinstated CDI test orders, suggesting a need for greater empowerment and discretion when ordering tests.

Symptoms of complex post-traumatic stress disorder (cPTSD) may play a role in the maintenance of psychotic symptoms. Network analyses have shown interrelationships between post-traumatic sequelae and psychosis, but the temporal dynamics of these relationships in people with psychosis and a history of trauma remain unclear. We aimed to explore, using network analysis, the temporal order of relationships between symptoms of cPTSD (i.e. core PTSD and disturbances of self-organization [DSOs]) and psychosis in the flow of daily life.

Participants with psychosis and comorbid PTSD (N = 153) completed an experience-sampling study involving multiple daily assessments of psychosis (paranoia, voices, and visions), core PTSD (trauma-related intrusions, avoidance, hyperarousal), and DSOs (emotional dysregulation, interpersonal difficulties, negative self-concept) over six consecutive days. Multilevel vector autoregressive modeling was used to estimate three complementary networks representing different timescales.

Our between-subjects network suggested that, on average over the testing period, most cPTSD symptoms related to at least one positive psychotic symptom. Many average relationships persist in the contemporaneous network, indicating symptoms of cPTSD and psychosis co-occur, especially paranoia with hyperarousal and negative self-concept. The temporal network suggested that paranoia reciprocally predicted, and was predicted by, hyperarousal, negative self-concept, and emotional dysregulation from moment to moment. cPTSD did not directly relate to voices in the temporal network.

cPTSD and positive psychosis symptoms mutually maintain each other in trauma-exposed people with psychosis via the maintenance of current threat, consistent with cognitive models of PTSD. Current threat, therefore, represents a valuable treatment target in phased-based trauma-focused psychosis interventions.